Kaure language

Kaure
Kaure
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Papua: Aurina, Harna, Lereh, Masta, and Wes villages on the Nawa River
Native speakers	(450 cited 1995)
Language family	Kaure–Kosare Kaure;
Dialects	Narau;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	bpp
Glottolog	kaur1271
ELP	Kaure; Narau;
	Map: The Kaure, Kapori, and Kosare languages of New Guinea The Kaure, Kapori, and Kosare languages Other Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited

Kaure is a Papuan language of West Papua. It is spoken in the villages of Lereh, Harna, Wes, Masta, and Aurina.^[2]^[3]

Narau is either a dialect or a closely related language. It is known from a short word list in Giël (1959).^[4] Texts include Auri et al. (1991).^[5]

Phonology

Consonants

The Kaure consonants are:^[6]^: 456

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k
Plosive	voiced	ᵐb	ⁿd	ʤ
Fricative			s			h
Liquid				l
Semivowel		w		j

Vowels

The Kaure vowels are:^[6]^: 456

	Front	Back
Close	i, y
Mid	e	o
Open	a

Tone

Like the Lakes Plain languages, Kaure is a tonal language. There are two tones, namely high and low.^[6]^: 456

Monosyllabic minimal pairs showing phonemic tone contrast include:

tái ‘footprint’, tài ‘sago’
pí ‘boil’, pì ‘pig’
hín ‘limbum wood’, hìn ‘blood’
héik ‘flower’, hèik ‘snake’

In multisyllabic words, only one stressed syllable carries full tone contrasts, while the other syllables are "neutral" or toneless.^[6]^: 456

Multisyllabic minimal sets include:

káteil ‘toss it’, katéil ‘dry’, katèil ‘dry’
nálain ‘female animal’, naláin ‘kind of root’, nalàin ‘to run off’

Pronouns

Attested pronouns are 1sg wẽ, 2sg hane, 1pl nene. The 2sg form resembles Mek *ka-n, and 1pl resembles Pauwasi numu~nin, but apart from that little can be said.

Kaure pronouns listed by Foley (2018) are:^[6]

	Independent	Possessive prefixes
1excl	wen	na-
1incl	nene	nene-
2	hane	ha-
3	nene	ne-

Kaure pronouns are not specified for number, just like in Nimboran.^[6]

Kaure–Kapori hypothesis

Voorhoeve (1975) suggested that Kaure was related to Kapori and Kosare, two otherwise unclassified languages. However, subsequent evaluations have not found any significant connections (Rumaropen 2006, Wambaliau 2006).

References

^ Kaure at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ van Voskuylen, E.; et al. "Kaure" (PDF). Kaure: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-25.
^ "Kaure | Ethnologue".
^ Giël, R. 1959. Exploratie Oost-Meervlakte [Exploration of the Eastern Lakes Plain Area]. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Koloniën: Kantoor Bevolkingszaken Nieuw-Guinea te Hollandia: Rapportenarchief, 1950–1962, nummer toegang 2.10.25, inventarisnummer 13.
^ Auri, Piter, Peter R. Dommel and Markus Pokoko. 1991. Kaureki a Opoksel (Percakapan-percakapan Dalam Bahasa Kaure: Kaure Conversations). Jayapura: University of Cenderawasih and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
^ a b c d e f Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

Benny Rumaropen (2006). Draft Survey Report on the Kapauri Language of Papua. SIL Electronic Survey Reports.
Theresia Wambaliau (2006). Draft Laporan Survei pada Bahasa Kosare di Papua, Indonesia. SIL Electronic Survey Reports.
Dommel, Peter R., Gudrun E. Dommel, Pieter Auri and Markus Pokoko. 1991. Kaure Vocabulary. Jayapura: Cooperative Program of the University of Cenderawasih and the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Dommel, Peter R. and Gudrun Dommel. 1993. Orang Kaure. In: Etnografi Irian Jaya: panduan sosial budaya (buku satu). 21–75. [Jayapura]: Kelompok Peneliti Etnografi Irian Jaya.
Giël, R. 1959. Exploratie Oost-Meervlakte [Exploration of the Eastern Lakes Plain Area]. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Koloniën: Kantoor Bevolkingszaken Nieuw-Guinea te Hollandia: Rapportenarchief, 1950–1962, nummer toegang 2.10.25, inventarisnummer 13. (Contains word lists of Taworta, Taria, Airo, Kaowera, Manowa (Boromesso), and Narau)

[e18-1] Kaure at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] van Voskuylen, E.; et al. "Kaure" (PDF). Kaure: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-25.

[3] "Kaure | Ethnologue".

[4] Giël, R. 1959. Exploratie Oost-Meervlakte [Exploration of the Eastern Lakes Plain Area]. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Koloniën: Kantoor Bevolkingszaken Nieuw-Guinea te Hollandia: Rapportenarchief, 1950–1962, nummer toegang 2.10.25, inventarisnummer 13.

[5] Auri, Piter, Peter R. Dommel and Markus Pokoko. 1991. Kaureki a Opoksel (Percakapan-percakapan Dalam Bahasa Kaure: Kaure Conversations). Jayapura: University of Cenderawasih and Summer Institute of Linguistics.

[Foley-NWNG-6] Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.