Uma language
| Uma | |
|---|---|
| Pipikoro | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sulawesi |
Native speakers | (20,000 cited 1990)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ppk |
| Glottolog | umaa1242 |
Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato- (alveolar) |
Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | |||
| prenasalized | ᵐp | ⁿt | ⁿtʃ | ᵑk | |||
| Fricative | β | s | h | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | (ɭ) | ||||
Notes:
- /h/ acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [hampulu'] 'ten'→/haᵐpuluʔ/ with nasal vowels).
- /l/ is realized as retroflex [ɭ] contiguous to non-front vowels.
- /ʔ/ is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.[2]
- In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, /ⁿtʃ/ is pronounced /ns/.
- The semivowel [j] is rare, found mainly in loan words.
- The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.
Orthographic notes:
- /β/ is 'w'
- /ɲ/ is 'ny'
- /ŋ/ is 'ng'
- /j/ is 'y'
- /dʒ/ is 'j'
- /tʃ/ is 'c'
- /ʔ/ is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Pronouns
| Free | ABS | ERG | GEN | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1P (SG) | akuʔ | -a | ku- | -ku | ||||
| 1P (PL.ex) | kaiʔ | -kai | ki- | -kai | ||||
| 1P (PL.in) | kitaʔ | -ta | ta- | -ta | ||||
| 2P (SG) | iko | -ko | nu- | -nu | ||||
| 2P (PL) | koiʔ | -koi | ni- | -ni | ||||
| 3P (SG) | hiʔa | -i | na- | -na | ||||
| 3P (PL) | hiraʔ | -ra | ra- | -ra | ||||
Notes:[2]
- ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
- 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
- (SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
- [∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
- [-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
- In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-nu] and [-ni] are [-mu] and [-mi] respectively.
- In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [-kai] and [-koi] are [-kami] and [-komi] respectively. The free forms [kaiʔ] and [koiʔ] are [kamiʔ] and [komiʔ] respectively.
Numerals
The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:
- isaʔ
- dua
- tolu
- opoʔ
- lima
- ono
- pitu
- walu
- sio
- hampuluʔ
Classification of Uma varieties
Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.
- Bana
- Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
- Kantewu (= Central Uma)
- Aria (= Southern Uma)
- Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
- Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
- Winatu (= Northern Uma)
Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma,[3] noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.
- Kantewu (= Central)
- Southern
- Tolee'
- Tobaku
- Winatu
- Tori'untu
Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.
- Sarudu
- Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
References
- ^ Uma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Martens 1988a, p. 168
- ^ Martens, Michael P. (2014), Uma Dialect Word Lists, Sulawesi Language Alliance, pp. 1–2
Bibliography
- Martens, Michael (1988a). "Notes on Uma Verbs". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 167–237. doi:10.15144/PL-A79.167. hdl:1885/145108. ISBN 0-85883-3832.
- Martens, Martha A.; Martens, Michael P. (1988). "Some Notes on the Inelegant Glottal: A Problem in Uma Phonology". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 279–281. doi:10.15144/PL-A79.279. hdl:1885/145108. ISBN 0-85883-3832.