User:PizzaKing13/sandbox

Population of Central America (1821)
Race Location
Chiapas Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua
Black 60,000–70,000
Indigenous 58,000+4,000 107,750–200,000 265,000
Mixed
White
  • JSTOR
Acelhuate River
Río Acelhuate Error {{native name checker}}: parameter value is malformed (help)
LocationEl Salvador
TypeRiver
Primary outflowsLempa River
Max. length25 miles (40 km)
SettlementsSan Salvador

origin: Panchimalco

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Acelhuate River


Category:Rivers of El Salvador

PizzaKing13/sandbox
President of El Salvador
Personal details
OccupationPolitician

Celia Medrano
Medrano in 2023
Born
Celia Yaneth Medrano
NationalitySalvadoran
Occupation(s)Journalist, human rights defender
Political partyNuestro Tiempo

Celia Yaneth Medrano is a Salvadoran journalist and human rights defender. She is currently the vice presidential candidate for Nuestro Tiempo for the 2024 Salvadoran general election.

Biography

Published works

References

Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Living people Category:Nuestro Tiempo (El Salvador) politicians Category:Salvadoran human rights activists

Section 353
Great Seal of the United States
Long titleCorrupt and Undemocratic Actors
Nicknames
  • Section 353
  • Engel List

Section 353 Corrupt and Undemocratic Actors, commonly known as the Engel List, is a document released and updated by the United States Department of State which lists individuals in the Central American countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua labeled as "knowingly engaged in acts that threaten democratic processes or institutions, engaged in significant corruption, or obstructed investigations of such acts of corruption".[1]

History

On July 1, 2021, United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced that the United States Department of State would issue a public list of individuals in the Central American countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras who were labeled as engaging in undemocratic actions, engaging in corruption, or obstructing investigations into corruption. He stated that the list would be a part of the United States–Northern Triangle Enhanced Engagement Act,[2] signed by President Joe Biden on June 21, 2021.[3]

According to the Department of State, the reason and goal for publishing the list is to "support the people of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador in their efforts to form a democratic, prosperous, and safe region where people can contribute to and benefit from the democratic process, have confidence in public institutions, reduce inequality, and enjoy opportunities to create the futures they desire for themselves and their families". Individuals listed on the Engel List are ineligible for visas to the United States and will be denied entry.[2]

Individuals listed

The following individuals are listed on the Engel List as of July 2022.[4]

El Salvador

Name Occupation Date added Reason
Cecilia Coronada Alvarenga de Figueroa Spouse of René Figueroa, Minister of Public Security (2004–2009) Engaging in corruption
Francisco Javier Argueta Gómez Presidential legal advisor (2019–present) Undermining democratic processes
René Mario Figueroa Figueroa [es] Minister of Public Security (2004–2009) Engaging in corruption
Christian Reynaldo Guevara Guadrón Deputy of the Legislative Assembly (2021–present) Undermining democratic processes
José Wilfredo Salgado García [es] Mayor of San Miguel (2000–2015, 2021–present) Undermining democratic processes
José Ernesto Sanabria Presidential press secretary (2019–present) Undermining democratic processes

Guatemala

Name Occupation Date added Reason
Ramón Campollo Codina Businessman Engaging in corruption
Mayra Alejandra Carrillo de León Director of the Victim's Institute Undermining democratic processes
José Rafael Curruchiche Cacul Chief of the Public Ministry Office (2021–present) Obstruction of investigations into corruption
Carlos Estuardo Gálvez Barrios Rector of the University of San Carlos (2006–2010) Undermining democratic processes
Sofía Janeth Hernández Herrera Member of Congress (2016–present) Undermining democratic processes
Dennis Billy Herrera Arita Lawyer Undermining democratic processes
Steffan Christian Emanuel Lehnhoff Hernández Businessman Engaging in Corruption
Ramiro Mauricio López Camey Businessman Engaging in corruption
Axel Arturo Samayoa Camacho Businessman Engaging in corruption
Geisler Smaille Pérez Domínguez Judge for the Third Criminal Court Undermining democratic processes
Erick Gustavo Santiago de León Engaging in corruption

Honduras

Name Occupation Date added Reason

Nicaragua

Name Occupation Date added Reason

See also

References

  1. ^ Méndez Dardón, Ana María (21 July 2022). "Engel List: What is the United States Telling Central America?". Washington Office on Latin America. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  2. ^ a b Blinken, Antony (1 July 2021). "U.S. Releases Section 353 List of Corrupt and Undemocratic Actors for Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador". Embassy of the United States, Tegucigalpa. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Delegation of Certain Authorities and Functions Under Section 353 of the United States–Northern Triangle Enhanced Engagement Act". Federal Register. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  4. ^ "Section 353 Corrupt and Undemocratic Actors Report". United States Department of State. July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2023.


The following article lists the civil and military orders, decorations, and medals presented by the Republic of El Salvador.

Civil decorations

  • Order of José Matías Delgado Order of José Matías Delgado
  • Order of José Simeón Cañas, Liberator of the Slaves Order of José Simeón Cañas, Liberator of the Slaves [es]
  • 5 November 1811 Order of Merit 5 November 1811 Order of Merit [es]
  • Order of Military Merit Order of Military Merit
  • Order of Police Merit Order of Police Merit
  • 1839 Medal for Heroism 1839 Medal for Heroism
  • 1839 Medal for Distinguished Valor 1839 Medal for Distinguished Valor
  • Red Cross Medal of Merit Red Cross Medal of Merit
  • Meritorious Son or Daughter of El Salvador Meritorious Son or Daughter of El Salvador [es]

Military decorations

  • Golden Cross of the Armed Forces Golden Cross of the Armed Forces
  • Silver Medal of Valor Silver Medal of Valor
  • Gold Medal for Distinguished Service Gold Medal for Distinguished Service
  • Gold Medal of Merit Gold Medal of Merit
  • Medal for Excellence in Military Service Medal for Excellence in Military Service
  • Fighter's Medal Fighter's Medal
  • Wound Medal Wound Medal
  • Killed in Action Medal Killed in Action Medal
  • 1980–1992 Military Campaign Medal 1980–1992 Military Campaign Medal
  • General Captain Gerardo Barrios Medal General Captain Gerardo Barrios Medal
  • Medal for the Graduate with Honors Medal for the Graduate with Honors
  • Command Medal of Military Education Command Medal of Military Education
  • Nu Tanesi Star Nu Tanesi Star
  • Star for Distinguished Services Star for Distinguished Services
  • Star for Merit Star for Merit
  • Star of Captain General Gerardo Barrios Star of Captain General Gerardo Barrios
  • Medal of Atonal, Warrior of Cuscatlán Medal of Atonal, Warrior of Cuscatlán
  • Medal Helmet of Valor Medal Helmet of Valor
  • Air Force Medal Protector Coeli Air Force Medal Protector Coeli
  • Mare Nostrum Medal Mare Nostrum Medal
  • Medal Torch of Doctor Manuel Enrique Araujo Medal Torch of Doctor Manuel Enrique Araujo
  • Medal Torch of Academic Excellence Medal Torch of Academic Excellence

References

  • Awards


Ibrajim Bukele
Born
Ibrajim Antonio Bukele Ortez

(1989-09-22) 22 September 1989 (age 34)
El Salvador
NationalitySalvadoran
Alma materPanamerican School
OccupationBusinessman
Organization(s)Global Motors, S.A de C.V.
Parent
RelativesNayib Bukele (brother)
Karim Bukele (brother)
Yusef Bukele (brother)

Ibrajim Antonio Bukele Ortez (born 22 September 1989) is a Salvadoran businessman. He is a younger brother of and advisor to Nayib Bukele, the incumbent president of El Salvador.

Early life

Ibrajim Antonio Bukele Ortez was born on 22 September 1989 in El Salvador.[1] His father was Armando Bukele Kattán and his mother is Olga Marina Ortez. Ibrajim has a twin brother, Yusef, and has two older brothers, Nayib and Karim.[2]

Bukele graduated from the Panamerican School in San Salvador.[2]

Business ventures

Bukele became the CEO of Global Motors, S.A de C.V. (also known as Yamaha Motor El Salvador) on 20 July 2017, succeeding his brother Karim. In October 2023, the El Faro digital newspaper alleged that, from 2017 to 2019, the company secretly received 16 checks from the Banco Hipotecario amounting to US$118,143.23 which supposedly came then-President Salvador Sánchez Cerén's black budget.[3][4] Bukele became the president of NRA, S.A. de C.V. in 2018, succeeding Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara.[5]

Political career

In April 2020, Fabio Castillo, a former secretary of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), stated that Bukele had "an incredible influence over the affairs of the state that [he] should not have" ("una influencia increíble en los asuntos del estado que [él] no [debe] tener").[6]

In 2019, before Nayib assumed office as president of El Salvador, Bukele conducted 270 interviews for government positions regarding the economy and sent a list of candidates to Nayib for consideration. In 2020, Bukele was named by Nayib as the president of a committee tasked with managing US$2 billion of emergency COVID-19 refied funds.[2]

In August 2019, Bukele accompanied Minister of Foreign Affairs Alexandra Hill Tinoco on a diplomatic visit to Turkey where he met with the Foreign Economic Relations Board of Turkey.[2] In July 2022, Bukele met with Hong Sang Jo, the president of Samsung Latin America.[7]

In May and June 2021, Bukele and his twin brother Yusef met with foreign investors to discuss the possibility of introducing digital currency or cryptocurrency in El Salvador.[8] Shortly afterwards, on 9 June 2021, the Legislative Assembly voted to pass a bill to make bitcoin legal tender in El Salvador.[9]

Personal life

Bukele married Samantha on 19 November 2022.[10]

In 2021, Attorney General Raúl Melara launched an investigation into Bukele, Ibrajim, and Karim regarding allegations of arbitrary acts, document falsification, and embezzlement.[11] The investigation, known as Operation Cathedral which alleged the three of being the leaders of a "complex network of corruption",[12] was suspended following Melara's removal by the Legislative Assembly and his replacement by Rodolfo Delgado.[11]

References

  1. ^ Canizalez, Luis; Pérez, David Ernesto (19 November 2021). "Cómo los Bukele se Hicieron Millonarios" [How the Bukeles Became Millionaires]. Revista Elementos (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Alvarado, Jimmy; Labrador, Gabriel; Arauz, Sergio (17 June 2020). "The Bukele Clan that Rules with Nayib". El Faro. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  3. ^ Lingelbach, David; Rodríguez Guerra, Valentina (2023). The Oligarchs' Grip: Fusing Wealth and Power. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783111029320. OCLC 1381184684. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  4. ^ Lemus, Efren; Cáceres, Gabriela (31 October 2023). "Empresa de los Hermanos Bukele Recibió $118,143 de la Partida Secreta de Sánchez Cerén" [Bukele's Brothers' Company Received $118,143 from Sánchez Cerén's Secret Budget]. El Faro (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  5. ^ Lemus, Efren; Cáceres, Gabriela (13 December 2023). "Bukele Recibió Pagos de Empresa Dirigida por Actual Delegada Presidencial Cuando Él Era Alcalde" [Bukele Received Payments from Company Led by the Current Presidential Designee When He Was Mayor]. El Faro (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  6. ^ "Fabio Castillo: Los Hermanos del Presidente Tienen una Influencia en los Asuntos de Estado que no Deberían Tener" [Fabio Castillo: The Brothers of the President Have Influence in the Affairs of the State that They Should Not Have]. El Liberal (in Spanish). 30 April 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Presidente de Samsung Latinoamérica se Reúne con Personeros del Gobierno Salvadoreño" [President of Samsung Latin America Meets with Salvadoran Government Officials]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 22 July 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  8. ^ Arauz, Sergio; Rauda, Nelson; Gressier, Roman (16 July 2021). "Bukele y Sus Hermanos Planean Emitir Colones Digitales" [Bukele and His Brothers Plan to Issue Digital Colónes]. El Faro (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  9. ^ Benítez, Beatriz; Oliva, Xenia (10 June 2021). "Asamblea de Bukele Aprueba Ley Bitcoin sin Evaluar el Impacto en la Economía" [Bukele's Assembly Approves the Bitcoin Law Without Evaluating the Impact on the Economy]. Gato Encerrado (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  10. ^ "Ibrajim and Samantha's Beautiful Wedding". Airline Ambassadors International. 20 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  11. ^ a b Urbina, Javier (30 December 2021). "Fiscalía Investigó a Hermanos de Nayib Bukele" [The Attorney General Investigated Nayib Bukele's Brothers]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  12. ^ Alvarado, Jimmy (23 August 2022). "Salvadoran AG Buried Evidence of Corruption in Covid-19 Food Contracts Worth $22.7 Million". El Faro. Retrieved 3 November 2023.


Category:1989 births Category:21st-century Salvadoran politicians Category:Bukele family Category:Living people Category:Salvadoran businesspeople Category:Salvadoran people of Palestinian descent

Salvadoran constitutional crisis
Part of the 2024 Salvadoran general election
Nayib Bukele speaking to a crowd of people from a podium in front of a painting of Saint Óscar Romero and four Salvadoran flags with his wife, Gabriela Rodríguez de Bukele, standing behind him to his right.
President Nayib Bukele giving his 2022 Independence Day speech where he announced his intention to seek presidential re-election in the 2024 election.
Date
  • 15 September 2022 – present
  • (1 year, 7 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
Location
El Salvador
Caused byNayib Bukele's 2024 re-election campaign
StatusOngoing
Parties

Political parties

Pro-Bukele protestors
  • Political opposition
  • Various NGOs
  • Anti-Bukele protestors
Lead figures
This article is part of
a series about
Nayib Bukele
Political offices
Presidency
Bukelism – Cabinet – Nuevas Ideas
Elections

Nayib Bukele's signature

Media gallery

In September 2022, a constitutional crisis began in El Salvador after incumbent President Nayib Bukele announced his intention to seek re-election in the upcoming 2024 general election despite constitutional restrictions on consecutive re-election. Likewise, Bukele's vice president, Félix Ulloa, is also seeking re-election.

Consecutive presidential re-election, where the incumbent president is eligible to seek another presidential term without having to wait for a certain amount of time, has been prohibited in El Salvador for most of its history since 1841 with a few exceptions. The current constitution, adopted in 1983, also prohibits consecutive re-election, however, in September 2021, the Supreme Court of Justice issued a ruling stating that incumbent presidents are in fact eligible to pursue consecutive re-election. As of 3 November 2023, Bukele is officially registered with the Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) as a presidential candidate with the Nuevas Ideas political party.

Bukele's pursuit of consecutive re-election has led to criticism and accusations of authoritarianism,[1][2][3] democratic backsliding,[4][5][6] and unconstitutionality by opposition politicians, non-government organizations, and journalists. Various petitions have been made to the TSE to nullify Bukele's candidacy, however, the TSE has dismissed these petitions and reaffirmed Bukele's candidacy. Meanwhile, opinion polling conducted since 2022 shows high support for Bukele's re-election in addition to high support for Nuevas Ideas in general for the 2024 elections.

Background

Constitutional restrictions on re-election

In 1841, El Salvador became an independent state and its first constitution explicitly prohibited consecutive re-election but allowed former presidents to seek re-election one term after leaving office. In 1850, President Doroteo Vasconcelos amended the constitution to allow himself to be re-elected. In 1864, President Francisco Dueñas drafted a new constitution to allow himself to seek re-election. After he was overthrown in 1871, a new constitution was drafted which re-instated the restrictions on re-election present in the 1841 constitution.[7] Like Dueñas, however, President Santiago González drafted a new constitution in 1872 to allow himself to be re-elected.[8] A new constitution was drafted in 1886 and it reinstated the ban on re-election.[7] From 1903 to 1931, although elections had predetermined outcomes, no incumbent president sought re-election.[9]

The 1939 constitution prohibited re-election, however, President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez made an exception which excluded himself from having to abide by the constitution's re-election ban. As a result, Hernández Martínez was successfully re-elected in 1939 and 1944;[7] however, his final term was cut short after he was forced to resign in May 1944 as a result of massive civil unrest.[8] Hernández Martínez was the final Salvadoran president to ever be re-elected.[10] The country's 1950 constitution had an article which allowed the population the right to rebel against the government if the president sought re-election. The 1962 constitution retained this article but also included another article which ordered the armed forces to launch a military intervention if the president sought re-election.[11]

El Salvador's current constitution was adopted in 1983 and also included various articles prohibiting consecutive re-election.[7] Among those, article 152 states that "He who has filled the Presidency of the Republic for more than six months, consecutive or not, during the period immediately prior to or within the last six months prior to the beginning of the presidential period" may not be presidential candidates. Article 248 further states that the constitution may not be amended to permit consecutive re-election.[12] All the articles regarding re-election, although prohibiting consecutive re-election, do permit former presidents to seek an additional term at least one full presidential term (five years) after leaving office.[13] Since the adoption of the 1983 constitution, only Antonio Saca has attempted to seek re-election during the 2014 presidential election; although Saca's re-election bid was non-consecutive, as he had previously left office in 2009,[14] the Supreme Court of Justice later declared in June 2014 that his re-election bid was unconstitutional and that presidents had to wait at least ten years before being eligible to seek re-election.[15]

2019 election of Nayib Bukele

Nayib Bukele standing at a podium and speaking to a large crowd.
Nayib Bukele giving his inaugural speech on 1 June 2019.

On 10 October 2017, Nayib Bukele, the then-mayor of San Salvador who was a member of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), was expelled from the party by the FMLN's ethics tribunal. The tribunal justified Bukele's expulsion by arguing that he had violated the party's policies and had verbally attacked party official Xóchitl Marchelli.[16] On 15 October, five days after his expulsion from the FMLN, Bukele announced his intention to run for president of El Salvador in the upcoming 2019 presidential election. He stated that he would run for election as a member of a new political party,[17] however, he had initially hoped to run as a member of the FMLN.[18]

On 25 October 2017, Bukele announced the establishment of the Nuevas Ideas political party;[19] Bukele did not believe that the party would be registered in time to participate in the 2019 election so he registered with Democratic Change to run as its presidential candidate, however, the Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) canceled the party's registration in July 2018 as it had failed to receive over 50,000 votes in the 2015 legislative election. After Democratic Change's registration was canceled, Bukele registered with the Grand Alliance for National Unity (GANA) to run as its presidential candidate,[20] and the party officially selected him as its presidential candidate on 29 July 2018.[21]

In the 2019 presidential election, Bukele had three competitors: Carlos Calleja of the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA),[a] Hugo Martínez of the FMLN, and Josué Alvarado of Vamos.[23] Prior to 3 February 2019 (election day), Bukele held significant leads over Calleja, Martínez, and Alvarado in many opinion polls[24] and was considered the favorite to win election.[25] On election day, Bukele won over 53 percent of the vote, an outright majority and negating the need for a second round of voting. With his election, he became the first president since José Napoleón Duarte, who served between 1984 and 1989, to not be a member of either ARENA or the FMLN.[26][27] Bukele assumed office as president of El Salvador on 1 June.[28]

2021 Supreme Court ruling on re-election

On 28 February 2021, during the 2021 legislative election, Nuevas Ideas won a supermajority in the Legislative Assembly.[29] The 13th session of the Legislative Assembly began on 1 May, and that same day, the Nuevas Ideas-led legislature voted to remove Raúl Melara, the country's attorney general, and all five members of the Supreme Court of Justice's Constitutional Chamber. The removal of the attorney general and the justices was described by opposition politicians as a coup, a self-coup, and a power grab.[30][31][32] Bukele appointed a new attorney general and new justices the following day.[33]

On 3 September 2021, the Supreme Court justices appointed by Bukele in May 2021 issued a ruling which stated that the president of El Salvador is eligible to run for consecutive re-election. The ruling discarded the June 2014 Supreme Court regarding non-consecutive re-election. The 2021 ruling, which constitutional lawyers argued was unconstitutional, enabled Bukele to run for consecutive re-election in the 2024 general election;[34] the TSE accepted the ruling. Both ARENA and the FMLN protested the Supreme Court's ruling, arguing that it was unconstitutional.[35] On 5 September, the United States embassy to El Salvador criticized the ruling, stating that it "undermines democracy".[5] On 1 March 2023, four of the five justices of the Constitutional Chamber reaffirmed that consecutive presidential re-election is allowed.[36]

Constitutional crisis

Bukele's re-election announcement

External video
video icon Bukele's speech where he announced he is running for re-election in 2024 (at 34:00)

On 15 September 2022, during a speech celebrating El Salvador's 201st anniversary of its independence from Spain, Bukele officially announced his intention to seek consecutive re-election in the 2024 election.[37] Bukele justified his re-election bud by arguing that most developed countries allow re-election[38] and also claiming that prohibitions on re-election only exist in Third World countries.[39] Despite his announcement, Bukele had previously voiced his opposition to consecutive re-election, both before and during his presidency.[40][41]

Bukele's announcement was almost immediately criticized by constitutional lawyers as unconstitutional,[42] arguing that consecutive re-election violated articles 75, 88, 131, 152, 154, and 248 of the constitution.[43] Various opposition politicians and representatives from non-governmental organizations have also critiqued Bukele's re-election campaign as unconstitutional and illegal.[43][44][45]

Registration of Bukele's candidacy

(From left to right) A representative of the Supreme Electoral Court, Nayib Bukele, Félix Ulloa, and Xavier Zablah Bukele holding documents which officially initiate the process of registering Bukele and Ulloa's candidacies for the 2024 elections.
Nuevas Ideas initiating the process to register both Bukele and Ulloa's candidacies for the 2024 election.

On 25 June 2023, Bukele and Ulloa both officially registered their presidential and vice presidential candidacies, respectively, with Nuevas Ideas to run for re-election in 2023.[46] Both of their candidacies were officially confirmed through the party's primary elections on 9 July, where the Bukele–Ulloa ticket received 44,398 votes; they ran unopposed.[47][48] On 26 October, a delegation from Nuevas Ideas—composed of Bukele, Ulloa, Xavier Zablah Bukele, the president of Nuevas Ideas and a cousin of Bukele, Karim Bukele, a younger brother of Bukele, and Yusef Bukele, another one of Bukele's younger brothers—met with the TSE to formally request the body to register both Bukele and Ulloa's candidacies; 26 October was the last possible day to initiate the process to register presidential and vice presidential candidacies.[49] On 3 November, four of the five TSE magistrates voted in favor of registering Bukele and Ulloa's candidacies.[50]

In October and November 2023, ten formal requests were submitted to the TSE, asking the court to not register Bukele's presidential candidacy, and later, to void his candidacy after he had initiated the registration process.[51] On 9 November, the TSE dismissed all the petitions, reaffirming that Bukele's candidacy was legal.[52]

Bukele's leave of absence prior to election

Since February 2023, Ulloa had suggested that Bukele should seek a leave of absence from the Legislative Assembly six months before the beginning of the next presidential term in order to be eligible to run for consecutive re-election.[53][54] Some constitutional lawyers have argued that Bukele's re-election would be constitutional regardless if he resigned six months before he would be re-inaugurated.[55] In July 2023, Ulloa confirmed that both he and Bukele would resign before 1 December and that someone would be designated as acting president.[56]

On 28 November 2023, during a meeting with his cabinet, Bukele officially announced he would ask for a leave of absence from the Legislative Assembly on 1 December to relieve him of his duties as president.[57] Prior to his announcement, Bukele's younger brother, Karim, was considered a popular choice by many journalists as the person who would succeed Bukele as acting president, however, Karim has repeatedly denied that he would succeed his older brother.[58][59]

Reactions

Domestic

Within Salvadoran politics, opinion is split between those who support Bukele's re-election bid, typically members of Bukele's government and his allies in the Legislative Assembly, and those who oppose it, who are mostly members of the political opposition both inside and outside of government. Bukele's candidacy has been politically supported by GANA, the Christian Democratic Party (PDC), and Democratic Change which did not run their own presidential candidates.[60][61][62]

Protests

Street protestors holding a white banner with red text reading "No to Re-Election" in Spanish.
Anti-reelection protestors holding a banner reading "No to Re-Election".

On 5 September 2021, the Colectiva Amorales feminist group organized a protest against the Supreme Court's ruling which enabled Bukele to seek consecutive re-election. The group later claimed that its members had been harassed and received death threats from Bukele's supporters.[6]

Since May 2023, two major protest marches have occurred in opposition to Bukele's re-election campaign. The first march, which occurred on 1 May in commemoration of International Workers' Day, was organized by 36-left wing organizations and protested both Bukele's re-election bid and the arrest of innocent people during the ongoing gang crackdown, which had up to that point led to the arrests of over 67,000 suspected gang members. Opposition figures from the FMLN and Nuestro Tiempo participated in the protest.[63] The second protest march was held on 15 September. It protested Bukele's re-election bid, the reductions of municipalities and Legislative Assembly seats,[b] and the "destruction" ("destrucción") of democratic institutions.[67] Opposition figures from ARENA, the FMLN, Vamos, and Nuestro Tiempo participated in the protest.[68]

Opinion polling

According to opinion polling conducted prior to the 2024 election, a large majority of Salvadorans would vote for Bukele[69][70] and support his re-election.[71][72] Additionally, an opinion poll conducted by the Francisco Gavidia University in October 2022 found that around 76 percent of respondents believed that Bukele would run for a third presidential term in 2029 should he be successfully re-elected in 2024,[73] however, Bukele has implicitly denied that he would seek a third term, stating that he would "not seek [...] indefinite re-election" ("no busca [...] reelección indefinida") and that he was "only authorized to run for a second term" ("solo estoy autorizado para correr por un segundo período").[74]

International

In September 2021, following the Supreme Court's ruling on re-election, United States Chargé d'Affaires Jean Elizabeth Manes compared the political path the Salvadoran government was taking to that of Venezuela under Hugo Chávez.[75] In November 2023, United States ambassador to El Salvador William H. Duncan stated that the United States would not involve itself in the question regarding the constitutionality of re-election, saying "[re-election] is a topic for Salvadorans [...] there should be a broad debate—among the Salvadorans—regarding the legality and legitimacy of re-election" ("es un tema para los salvadoreños [...] hay que tener un debate amplio–entre los salvadoreños–sobre la legalidad y la legitimidad de la reelección").[76]

In September 2022, after Bukele's re-election announcement, 21 former heads of state and government from Spain and Latin America sent an open letter to the Organization of American States asking the body to condemn Bukele's re-election bid and "promote the normalization of democratic institutions" ("promover la normalización de la institucionalidad democrática") in El Salvador. Bukele responded to the letter by claiming that several of those who sent the letter were "corrupt, kidnappers, and some of them, even murderers" ("corruptos, saqueadores y algunos de ellos, hasta asesinos").[77]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Carlos Calleja's 2019 presidential campaign with ARENA was a part of a larger electoral coalition. The coalition, known as the Alliance for a New Country, consisted of ARENA, the National Coalition Party (PCN), the Christian Democratic Party (PDC), and Salvadoran Democracy.[22]
  2. ^ On 1 June 2023, during a speech celebrating his fourth year in office, Nayib Bukele presented proposals to the Legislative Assembly which would reduce the number of seats on the legislature from 84 to 60 and the number of municipalities from 262 to 44.[64] Both proposals were later approved by the Legislative Assembly and will go into effect on 1 May 2024.[65][66]

References

  1. ^ Murray, Christine (1 December 2023). "El Salvador's President Nayib Bukele Steps Down for Contentious Re-Election Bid". Financial Times. Mexico City, Mexico. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  2. ^ Rothschild, Daniel M. (20 March 2023). "The American Right's New Authoritarian Squeeze". The UnPopulist. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  3. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (8 April 2023). "Meet the MAGA Movement's New Favorite Autocrat". Vox. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  4. ^ Broner, Tamara Taraciuk; Bullock, Noah (21 March 2023). "Countering El Salvador's Democratic Backsliding". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  5. ^ a b Price, Ned (5 September 2021). "Salvadoran Re-Election Ruling Undermines Democracy". Embassy of the United States, San Salvador. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  6. ^ a b "El Salvador: Anti-Government Protests Against Authoritarian Measures and Bitcoin". Civicus. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d Rauda Zablah, Nelson (19 November 2021). "La Reelección en El Salvador es Sinónimo de Dictadura" [Re-Election in El Salvador Rhymes with Dictatorship]. El Faro (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  8. ^ a b Haggerty, Richard A., ed. (1990). "El Salvador: A Country Study" (PDF). Washington, D.C., United States: Library of Congress. pp. 11 & 16. LCCN 89048948. OCLC 556774203. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  9. ^ Burns, E. Bradford (1984). "The Modernization of Underdevelopment: El Salvador, 1858–1931". The Journal of Developing Areas. 18 (3). Tennessee State University: 304. doi:10.2307/166102. JSTOR 4191260.
  10. ^ Ng, Johnathan (2 November 2022). "El Salvador's Slide Toward Authoritarianism". North American Congress on Latin America. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  11. ^ Walter, Knut; Williams, Philip J. (1993). "The Military and Democratization in El Salvador". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 31 (1). Cambridge University Press: 50 & 80. doi:10.2307/166102. JSTOR 166102.
  12. ^ "Constitution of El Salvador" (PDF). University of Richmond. 15 December 1983. pp. Articles 152 and 248. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  13. ^ McConnell, Shelley A. (2010). "The Return of "Continuismo"?". Current History. 109 (724). University of California Press: 74. JSTOR 45318903.
  14. ^ Glickhouse, Rachel (28 April 2015). "Explainer: Presidential Re-Election in Latin America". AS/COA. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  15. ^ Lemus, Efren (26 June 2014). "La Candidatura Presidencial de Saca Violó la Constitución" [Saca's Presidential Candidacy Violated the Constitution]. El Faro (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  16. ^ Laguan, Jonathan (10 October 2017). "Nayib Bukele, Expulsado del FMLN por Estas Razones" [Nayib Bukele, Expelled from FMLN for These Reasons]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  17. ^ "Bukele Buscará la Presidencia en 2019" [Bukele Will Seek the Presidency in 2019]. Contra Punto (in Spanish). 16 October 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  18. ^ Roque Baldovinos, Ricardo (May–August 2021). "Nayib Bukele: Populismo e Implosión Democrática en El Salvador" [Nayib Bukele: Populism and Democratic Implosion in El Salvador] (PDF). Andamios (in Spanish). 18 (46): 240. doi:10.29092/uacm.v18i46.844. S2CID 237824511. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  19. ^ "Bukele Lanza el Movimiento "Nuevas Ideas"" [Bukele Begins the "Nuevas Ideas" Movement]. Contra Punto (in Spanish). 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  20. ^ Acosta, Sara (1 August 2018). "Exalcalde Salvadoreño de FMLN Busca Presidencia con Partido de Ultraderecha" [Salvadoran Ex-Mayor of the FMLN Seeks Presidency with Far-Right Party]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  21. ^ "Nayib Bukele se Convierte en Candidato Presidencial de GANA" [Nayib Bukele Becomes the Presidential Candidate for GANA]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 29 July 2018. Archived from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  22. ^ "Calleja y Partidos Políticos Firman Alianza Electoral" [Calleja and Political Parties Sign Electoral Alliance]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 July 2018. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  23. ^ Sweigart, Emilie (29 January 2019). "El Salvador: Meet the Candidates in Latin America's First Election of 2019". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  24. ^ Sonneland, Holly K. (24 January 2019). "Poll Tracker: El Salvador's 2019 Presidential Election". AS/COA. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  25. ^ Reed, Betsy (1 February 2019). "Anti-Graft Candidate Poised to Win El Salvador Presidency". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  26. ^ Palumbo, Gene; Malkin, Elisabeth (3 February 2019). "Nayib Bukele, an Outsider Candidate, Claims Victory in El Salvador Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  27. ^ Gonzalez, Elizabeth (4 February 2019). "Bukele Breaks El Salvador's Two-Party Hold on Power". AS/COA. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  28. ^ Nagovitch, Paola (6 June 2019). "Nayib Bukele's First Steps as El Salvador's President". AS/COA. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  29. ^ Navia, Patricio; Perelló, Lucas (1 March 2021). "It's Not Just El Salvador. Democracies Are Weakening Across Central America". AS/COA. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  30. ^ "Reaction: What Bukele's Power Grab Means for El Salvador". Americas Quarterly. 3 May 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  31. ^ Linthicum, Kate (16 May 2021). "El Salvador's Millennial President is a Man with One Vision: Power". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  32. ^ Meléndez-Sánchez, Manuel; Levitsky, Steven (20 May 2021). "El Salvador's President Launched a 'Self-Coup.' Watch for Creeping Corruption and Authoritarianism". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  33. ^ Alvarado, Jimmy; Lazo, Roxana; Arauz, Sergio (2 May 2021). "Bukele's Legislative Assembly Ousts Supreme Court Magistrates and Attorney General". El Faro. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  34. ^ "El Salvador Court says Presidents can Serve Two Straight Terms". Al Jazeera. 4 September 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  35. ^ Alemán, Marcos (5 September 2021). "El Salvador Court Drops Ban on Presidential Re-Election". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  36. ^ "TSE Respetará Decisión Favorable a Bukele en El Salvador" [TSE Will Respect the Favorable Decision to Bukele in El Salvador]. Prensa Latina (in Spanish). 1 March 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  37. ^ Renteria, Nelson; Morland, Sarah; Madry, Kylie (16 September 2022). Wong, Jacqueline; Perrett, Bradley (eds.). "Despite Prohibition, El Salvador President Bukele Says he will Seek Re-Election". Reuters. San Salvador, El Salvador. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  38. ^ "Bukele Anuncia que se Postulará para la Reelección en 2024 Pese a las Dudas Sobre su Constitucionalidad" [Bukele Announces that He Will Apply for Re-Election in 2024 Despite Doubts of Its Constitutionality]. Univision (in Spanish). 16 September 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  39. ^ "Presidente de El Salvador Buscará la Reelección a Pesar de Prohibición Constitucional" [President of El Salvador Seeks Re-Election Despite Constitutional Prohibition]. Telemundo (in Spanish). San Salvador, El Salvador. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  40. ^ Peñate, Susana; García, Jessica (4 November 2023). "Bukele en 2013: "La Constitución no Permite que la Misma Persona sea Presidente Dos Veces Seguidas"" [Bukele in 2013: "The Constitution Does Not Allow the Same Person to Be President Two Consecutive Times"]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  41. ^ "Los Bukele Rechazaban la Reelección... Antes del Poder" [The Bukele Rejected Re-Election... Before Power]. Revista Factum (in Spanish). 21 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  42. ^ Alemán, Marcos (16 September 2022). "El Salvador President's Re-election Bid Despite Constitutional Ban Draws Strong Reaction". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  43. ^ a b Morales, David (27 June 2023). "Claudia Ortiz Busca Pretextos para Coartar el Derecho Ciudadano de Brindar la Reelección al Presidente Bukele" [Claudia Ortiz Seeks Pretexts to Restrict the Citizen's Right to Offer Re-Election to President Bukele]. La Noticia SV (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  44. ^ Mejía, Juan Carlos (26 June 2023). ""En El Fondo Todo Está Viciado", Dice Abogado Sobre la Inscripción de Bukele como Precandidato Presidencial" ["Deep Down, Everything Is Flawed", Says Lawyer Regarding Bukele's Registration as a Presidential Pre-Candidate]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  45. ^ Lemus, Lissette (26 June 2023). "Manuel Flores, Precandidato del FMLN, le Recuerda a Bukele que la Reelección es "Inconstitucional"" [Manuel Flores, Pre-Candidate of the FMLN, Reminds Bukele that Re-Election is "Unconstitutional"]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  46. ^ Campos, Gabriel (26 June 2023). "Nuevas Ideas Dio a Conocer Inscripción de Bukele y Ulloa como Precandidatos para Elecciones Presidenciales" [Nuevas Ideas Made It Known the Registration of Bukele and Ulloa as Pre-Candidates for the Presidential Elections]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  47. ^ "¿Cuántos Votos Obtuvo la Fórmula Bukele-Ulloa en las Internas de Nuevas Ideas?" [How Many Votes did the Bukele-Ulloa Formula Gain in the Nuevas Ideas Primaries?]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 9 July 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  48. ^ Renteria, Nelson; Brigida, Anna-Catherine (9 July 2023). Hogue, Tom (ed.). "Salvadoran President Bukele's Party Names Him as 2024 Candidate". Reuters. San Salvador, El Salvador. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  49. ^ "Bukele Llega de Último Momento al TSE para Presentar su Candidatura para las Elecciones Presidenciales 2024" [Bukele Arrives at the TSE at the Last Minute to Present His Candidacy for the 2024 Presidential Elections]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). 26 October 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  50. ^ "TSE Resuelve Inscribir a Nayib Bukele y Manuel Flores como Candidatos a Presidente" [TSE Resolves to Register Nayib Bukele and Manuel Flores as Presidential Candidates]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  51. ^ Mondragón, Lissette (8 November 2023). "Presentan una 10ª Petición de Nulidad de la Candidatura de Nayib Bukele" [They Presented the 10th Petition to Nullify Nayib Bukele's Candidacy]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  52. ^ Villarroel, Gabriela (10 November 2023). "TSE Dice que Resolución Sobre Candidatura de Nayib Bukele en Elecciones 2024 Está en Firme" [TSE Says the Resolution Regarding Nayib Bukele in the 2024 Elections is Firm]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  53. ^ Magaña, Yolanda (10 February 2023). "Vicepresidente Reitera que Nayib Bukele Deberá Pedir Licencia Seis Meses Antes" [The Vice President Reiterates that Nayib Bukele Should Request a Leave of Absence Six Months Before the Election]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  54. ^ Rodríguez, Milton (2 May 2023). "Bukele Podría Perder el Fuero y ser Procesado Judicialmente al Renunciar a su Cargo, Dice Abogado Constitucionalista" [Bukele Could Lose Jurisdiction and Be Judicially Processed upon Resigning His Position, Says Constitutional Lawyer]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  55. ^ Villarroel, Gabriela; Portillo, Denni (27 April 2023). "El Salvador: Renuncia Presidencial "No Anularía Inconstitucionalidad de Reelección"" [El Salvador: Presidential Resignation "Does Not Annul the Unconstitutionality of Re-Election"]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  56. ^ Villarroel, Gabriella (12 July 2023). "Nuevas Ideas Confirma que Bukele Renunciará en Diciembre" [Nuevas Ideas Confirms that Bukele Will Resign in December]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  57. ^ Yolanda, Magaña (28 November 2023). "Bukele Anuncia Que Pedirá Licencia Para Dedicarse a La Campaña y Le Pide Al Fiscal Que Investigue A Su Gabinete" [Bukele Announces He Will Seek Leave of Absence to Dedicate Himself to His Campaign and Asks the Attorney General to Investigate His Cabinet]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 November 2023.}
  58. ^ Merlos, Ricardo (22 October 2023). "Karim Bukele Desmiente Rumores Sobre ser Designado Presidencial" [Karim Bukele Dismisses Rumors Regarding Presidential Designation]. Las Cosas Como Son (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  59. ^ Peñate, Susana (28 November 2023). "Karim Bukele Descarta que Sustituya al Presidente los Siguientes Seis Meses" [Karim Bukele Denies that He Will Substitute the President in the Subsequent Six Months]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  60. ^ Crespín, Verónica (27 June 2023). "Gana No Presentará Candidato a Presidente para Apoyar a Bukele" [GANA Will Not Present a Candidate for President to Support Bukele]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  61. ^ Morales, David (16 July 2023). "PDC Eligió a sus Candidatos que Competirán en las Elecciones de 2024" [The PDC Elected Its Candidates Who Will Compete in the 2024 Elections]. La Noticia SV (in Spanish). San Salvador, El Salvador. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  62. ^ ""Como Partido Cambio Democrático Apoyamos la Reelección del Presidente, Nayib Bukele"" ["As the Democratic Change Party We Support the Re-Election of President Nayib Bukele"]. Mágico TV (in Spanish). 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  63. ^ Lemus, Lissette; Rodríguez, Milton (1 May 2023). "Organizaciones, Sindicatos y Trabajadores Marchan para Conmemorar el 1 de Mayo" [Organization, Syndicates, and Workers March to Commemorate 1 May]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  64. ^ Velásquez, Eugenia (1 June 2023). "En Vivo: En su Discurso del Cuarto Año de Gobierno Bukele Presenta Propuesta para Reducir de 262 a 44 Municipios y Diputados a 60" [Live: In His Speech of Four Years of Government Bukele Presents Proposal to Reduce from 262 to 44 Municipalities and Deputies to 60]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  65. ^ Renteria, Nelson; Madry, Kylie (7 June 2023). Berkrot, Bill (ed.). "El Salvador Slashes Size of Congress Ahead of Elections". Reuters. San Salvador, El Salvador. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  66. ^ García, Jessica (13 June 2023). "Asamblea Aprueba Reducir de 262 a 44 el Número de Municipios en El Salvador" [The Assembly Approves to Reduce the Number of Municipalities in El Salvador from 262 to 44]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  67. ^ Crespín, Verónica (11 September 2023). "Organizaciones Anuncian Marcha el 15 de Septiembre Contra la Reelección" [Organizations Announce a March on 15 September Against Re-Election]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  68. ^ Crespín, Verónica (15 September 2023). "Médicos, Candidatos Presidenciales y Diputados en Marcha Contra Reelección, Falta de Medicinas y Capturas de Inocentes" [Doctors, Presidential Candidates and Deputies March Against Re-Election, Lack of Medicine, and the Capture of Innocents]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  69. ^ Rentiera, Nelson (14 March 2023). "Despite Constitutional Ban, Salvadoran Leader Heavily Favored for Re-Election, Poll Shows". Reuters. San Salvador, El Salvador. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  70. ^ Villarroel, Gabriela (6 June 2023). "El 75.6% Apoya la Reelección de Bukele de 2024, Según Encuesta de la UFG" [75.6% Support the Re-Election of Bukele in 2024, According to Poll from UFG]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  71. ^ Jiménez, Soudi (12 July 2022). "Entre el Populismo y la Constitución: Bukele Busca la Reelección Apelando al Apoyo de la Diáspora Salvadoreña" [Between Populism and the Constitution: Bukele Seeks Re-Election Appealing to the Support of the Salvadoran Diaspora]. Los Angeles Times (in Spanish). Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  72. ^ Penna, Carlos (31 May 2023). "Jun/23 El Salvador: 4 Años de Gobierno 92% lo Aprueba" [Jun/23 El Salvador: 4 Years of Government 92% Approve]. TResearch (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  73. ^ Picardo Joao, Óscar (10 November 2022). "La Última Encuesta del CEC–UFG: Reelección, Coyuntura Política y Preferencias Electorales" [The Most Recent Poll from CEC–UFG: Re-Election, Political Situation, and Electoral Preferences]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  74. ^ "Nayib Bukele Asegura que "No Busca" una "Reelección Indefinida" en El Salvador" [Nayib Bukele Assures that He Will "Not Seek" an "Indefinite Re-Election" in El Salvador]. El Comercio (in Spanish). 3 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  75. ^ "Se Daña Relación EEUU–El Salvador con Resolución de Sala: Jean Manes" [The US–El Salvador Relation Hurts with the Court's Resolution: Jean Manes]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 5 September 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  76. ^ Crespín, Verónica (7 November 2023). "Embajador EEUU No Ve Incertidumbre Ante las Elecciones en El Salvador" [US Ambassador Does Not See Uncertainty Ahead of the Elections in El Salvador]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  77. ^ ""Corruptos, Saqueadores y Algunos de Ellos, hasta Asesinos": Bukele Señala a Expresidentes que Critican su Posible Reelección" ["Corrupt, Kidnappers, and Some of Them, Even Murders": Bukele Signals to Ex-Presidents Who Criticize His Possible Re-Election]. Prensa Libre (in Spanish). 22 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2023.

Further reading

External links

  • 2024 Election Guide (in Spanish)
  • Constitution of El Salvador (in Spanish)


Category:2022 in El Salvador Category:2023 in El Salvador Category:2024 in El Salvador Category:2022 in law Category:2023 in law Category:2024 in law Category:2022 in politics Category:2023 in politics Category:2024 in politics Category:Constitutional crises Category:Democratic backsliding in El Salvador Category:Political history of El Salvador Category:Nayib Bukele

United States Air Force Plant 42
Part of the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)
Located near Palmdale, California in the United States
An aerial image of a two-runway airport
USGS aerial image of United States Air Force Plant 42
USAF Plant 42 is located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area
USAF Plant 42
USAF Plant 42
USAF Plant 42 is located in California
USAF Plant 42
USAF Plant 42
USAF Plant 42 is located in the United States
USAF Plant 42
USAF Plant 42
Coordinates34°37′43″N 118°05′04″W / 34.62861°N 118.08444°W / 34.62861; -118.08444 (United States Air Force Plant 42)[1]
TypeUnited States government manufacturing facility
Area5,832 acres (2,360 ha)
Site information
OwnerUnited States Air Force
OperatorUnited States Department of Defense
ConditionOperational
Site history
Built1935–1956
Built byCivil Aeronautics Administration / United States Air Force
In use1935–present
Garrison information
Current
commander		Dr. David Smith
Garrison412th Test Wing Operating Location, Air Force Test Center
OccupantsAir Force Materiel Command
Airfield information
IdentifiersIATA: PMD, ICAO: KPMD, FAA LID: PMD, WMO: 72382
Elevation2,542 feet (775 m) AMSL
Runways
Direction Length and surface
04/22 12,001 feet (3,658 m) Concrete
07/25 12,002 feet (3,658 m) Concrete
072/252 6,000 feet (1,829 m) Concrete
Sources: Federal Aviation Administration[2]

United States Air Force Plant 42 (IATA: PMD, ICAO: KPMD, FAA LID: PMD),[3] formerly known as the Palmdale Airport and the Palmdale Army Airfield, is a United States Air Force aircraft manufacturing and maintenance facility located near Palmdale, California. Three aerospace manufacturers—Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman—have facilities and Plant 42, and other manufacturers formerly had facilities at the plant.

Plant 42 was established in 1953, although an airfield had existed on Plant 42's location since the 1930s. Various fighter aircraft, attack aircraft, trainer aircraft, bombers, and commercial airliners have been produced and tested at Plant 42. Some notable aircraft produced and tested at Plant 42 include the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, and the Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider, which is currently being developed and tested at the plant. Plant 42 shares a runway with the Palmdale Regional Airport (PMD), although it has not serviced any scheduled commercial passenger flights since 2013.

Overview

Plant 42 is owned by the United States Air Force through the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,[4] is operated by the United States Department of Defense, and is garrisoned by the 412th Test Wing Operating Location, Air Force Test Center.[5] It is located 3 miles (5 kilometers) northeast of Palmdale, California, covers 5,832 acres (2,360 hectares) of land, and is at an elevation of 2,542 feet (775 meters) above mean sea level.[6] Plant 42 is around 80 miles (129 kilometers) north of Los Angeles[7] and 23 miles (37 kilometers) southwest of Edwards Air Force Base. The land owned by Plant 42 is constrained to the north by Columbia Way (formerly named Avenue M), to the south by Avenue P, to the east by 40th Street East, and to the west by the Sierra Highway.[5]

Plant 42 employs around 9,000 people,[8] making it the second-largest employer in the Antelope Valley after Edwards Air Force Base.[7] Plant 42 has 3,200,000 square feet (297,290 square meters) of industrial space with various facilities which produce aircraft, maintenance and modify aircraft, and build spare parts for aircraft.[5]

In 1969, the United States House Committee on Appropriations stated that the mission of Plant 42 was to "augment the production potential of established aircraft industry by providing Government facilities to assigned contractors for final assembly, flight test and modification, and other approved Government contract work".[9]

Facilities

Airfield layout

Plant 42 has two runways and one military assault strip; the runways are designated as Runway 07/25 (12,002 feet (3,658 m) long and 200 feet (61 m) wide) and Runway 04/22 (12,001 feet (3,658 m) long and 150 feet (46 m) wide), and the assault strip is designated as Runway 072/252 (6,000 feet (1,829 m) long and 75 feet (23 m) wide). The two runways and the assault strip are all made of concrete.[6] Large aircraft primarily utilize Runway 07/25 while fighter and attack aircraft utilize Runway 04/22. The air force also utilizes both runways to practice touch-and-go landings.[10] The Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center is located adjacent to Plant 42.[11] The Palmdale Flight Service Station was previously located at Plant 42.[9]

In January 2019, Plant 42 proposed replacing the airfield's 106-foot tall air traffic control tower which had been built in 1959, arguing that its view of the airfield's taxiways and parking spots was obstructed and that its replacement would be built in a more optimum location.[12] On July 5, 2019, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake damaged the air traffic control tower.[13] A new 160-foot tall air traffic control tower was completed at Plant 42 on November 30, 2022;[14] it was built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and Stronghold Engineering,[15] and was constructed with an "advanced buckling-restrained brace frame" to minimize earthquake damage.[16]

In August 2020, the United States Department of Defense awarded J G Contracting a contract to perform construction and maintenance work at Plant 42 through July 2025.[17] In August 2021, the Department of Defense awarded KAL Architects Inc. a contract to perform "architect and engineering services" at Plant 42 through August 2026.[18]

Plant 42 consists of 10 sites.

Site 5 consists of the two runways.[12]

Manufacturing facilities

Three major manufacturers currently operate at Plant 42: Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman.[5] Additionally, Convair, Douglas, Hughes, IT&T, Lockheed Air Terminal, Lockheed California, McDonnell Douglas, Norair, and Rockwell International formerly had facilities at Plant 42.[5][7][9] Manufacturers at the plant either own their own facilities or lease facilities from the air force through the Government Owned Contractor Operated (GOCO) program. In total, there are eight production facilities.[5]

Some aircraft produced at Plant 42 are flown to Edwards Air Force Base, Area 51, or the Tonopah Test Range either on board a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, or are flown under their own power.[19]

Boeing

Rockwell

Rockwell utilized Plant 42 for final assembly of the Space Shuttles,[20] as well as for producing parts and systems for the Space Shuttles. The company also serviced the B-1 Lancer at Plant 42.[7]

North American
Convair
Douglas
Hughes

Lockheed Skunk Works

In 1956, the Lockheed Corporation signed a lease to utilize 237 acres (96 hectares) of land at Plant 42 for aircraft final assembly and aircraft testing.[7]

Final assembly for the SR-71 Blackbird occurred at Plant 42.[22]

Lockheed

Northrop Grumman

Northrop Grumman developed the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber at Plant 42 during the 1980s.[29] The B-2 Spirit flew for the first time on July 17, 1989, and flew from Plant 42 to Edwards Air Force Base.[30] Plant 42 continues to service and maintenance the B-2 Spirit,[31][32] and every two to three years, the B-2's stealth coating is repaired at Plant 42.[33]

The Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider long-rang stealth bomber is being developed at Plant 42. The aircraft was publicly displayed for the first time on December 9, 2022,[34] and flew for the first time on November 10, 2023. The air force plans to purchase around 100 B-21's to replace its B-1 and B-2 fleet.[35]

Northrop

NASA

NASA utilized Plant 42 to service the Space Shuttles until 2002 when it moved its servicing operations to Florida.[7]

Airline services

From the 1960s to 1980s, Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) wanted to utilize the runways at Plant 42 as a part of an auxiliary airport to reduce congestion at the Los Angeles International Airport.[36] Additionally, LAWA purchased 17,000 acres (6,900 hectares) of land east of Plant 42 to construct a new airport known as Palmdale International Airport, however, no airport was ever built. Airlines did offer passenger services out of Plant 42; airlines utilized the plant's runways and a leased passenger terminal during the 1990s and 2000s, however, all commercial airlines have since ceased all routes to Plant 42.[7]

Janet, a United States Department of the Air Force-operated passenger airline, operates routes from Plant 42 to Harry Reid International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada and to the Homey Airport, more commonly known as Area 51. Janet designates Plant 42 as "Station 1".[37]

Museums

Two museums are located adjacent to Plant 42: the Blackbird Airpark Museum and the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark. The Blackbird Airpark Museum displays 4 Cold War-era reconnaissance aircraft which were developed by the Lockheed Corporation,[38] while the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark displays 22 aircraft from multiple manufacturers which were designed, built, and flown at Plant 42.[39]

History

Pre-1953 use

An aerial black-and-white image a a three runway airport
The Palmdale Airport in 1953

The Civil Aeronautics Administration designated the airfield, located in Palmdale, California, as "CAA Intermediate #5".[1]

From 1940 to 1946,[40] United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) leased the Palmdale Airport from Palmdale's irrigation district, during which, the Works Progress Administration built a 9,000-foot-long (2,743-meter) runway and a 5,000-foot-long (1,524-meter) auxiliary runway.[5] Renamed as the Palmdale Army Airfield, it was utilized as a sub-base to both the Muroc Army Airfield (the modern-day Edwards Air Force Base) and the Hammer Army Airfield (the modern-day Fresno Yosemite International Airport).[1] The USAAC utilized the Palmdale Army Airfield for North American B-25 Mitchell support training and for emergency landings.[7] In 1946, USAAC transfered ownership of the airfield to the Los Angeles County to resume operations as a municipal airport.[40]

Air force ownership

In 1951, the United States Air Force purchased 5,832 acres (2,360 hectares) of land from the Los Angeles County, and in 1953, officially established Plant 42[40] for the purpose of producing aircraft and testing jet aircraft.[7] The construction of Plant 42 led to Palmdale shifting from an agriculture-based economy to an aerospace manufacturing-based economy.[41]

In October 1993, the air force stated that it would review closing Plant 42 and the other seven air force plants nationwide as a result of a cut in defense spending after the end of the Cold War. Arnie Rodio, the mayor of Lancaster, California, opposed closing Plant 42, stressing its importance to the air force, while Howard Brooks, the executive director of the Antelope Valley Board of Trade, believed that Plant 42 would not be affected by the air force's review.[27] Contrarily, William J. Knight, a member of the California State Assembly and a retired air force colonel, supported closing the plant believing that it could be better utilized by private industry. He argued that if there would no longer be any military contracts at Plant 42, the plant would be useless and "essentially closed".[42]

In 1999, the United States Congress cut US$3.3 million from Plant 42's operating budget and various officials worried that such a budget cut would lead to Plant 42 being shutdown. Buck McKeon, a member of the United States House of Representatives from California's 25th congressional district, stated that the budget cut would be "disastrous".[43]

In January 2021, Plant 42 allowed the Samaritan's Purse humanitarian aid organization to utilize its runways to delivery emergency supplies to the Antelope Valley Hospital to treat patients of COVID-19.[44]

On March 26, 2021, John P. Roth, the United States Secretary of the Air Force, and Mike Garcia, a member of the United States House of Representatives from the then California's 25th congressional district, toured Plant 42. After the tour, Garcia stated that Plant 42 played a "critical role" in the United States' defense, "[helped] advance and improve" the United States military's "presence and strength in air and space", and that it was a "significant job source" for residents of his congressional district.[45]

During late-2020, the air force considered Plant 42 as a potential permanent headquarters for the United States Space Command. Brigadier General Matthew W. Higer, the commander of the 412th Test Wing, supported selecting Plant 42 as the space command's headquarters, stating, "Air Force Plant 42, already a vital part of our Nation's critical defense industrial base, is a natural fit for Headquarters U.S. Space Command".[46]

Commanders

Plant 42 was commanded by Joe Davies from 1963 to 1967.[28]

Major Peter Drinkwater commanded plant 42 during the early 1990s.[42]

Lieutenant Colonel Robert Catlin commanded Plant 42 during the late 1990s.[43]

Colonel Dwayne Robison commanded Plant 42 until July 1, 2020, when he relinquished command to Dr. David Smith.[47]

See also

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

  1. ^ a b c "California World War II Airfield Database". Airfields Database. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  2. ^ "FAA Airport Form 5010 for PMD" (PDF). United States Department of Transportation. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Palmdale Regional/USAF Plant 42 Airport". Business Air News. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  4. ^ "Air Force Plant 42". Aerotech News. 30 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "January 8, 1942: Palmdale Airport Becomes Plant 42". Air Force Test Center. Mojave, California. 8 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Palmdale USAF Plant 42 Airport". SkyVector. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Air Force Plant 42". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  8. ^ "Palmdale USAF Plant 42 Airport". Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  9. ^ a b c United States House Committee on Appropriations (1969). Department of Defense Appropriations for 1970: Hearings ... Ninety-First Congress, First Session. pt. 1–2. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. pp. 816–817. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  10. ^ "Palmdale International Airport, New Airport: Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 1". Los Angeles, California: Federal Aviation Administration. February 1979. p. 51. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center, California". Center for Land Use Interpretation. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Air Traffic Control Tower Replacement Air Force Plant 42, Palmdale, California". City of Palmdale. Palmdale, California. January 2019. pp. 1-1 & 1-3 & 2-2. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  13. ^ Everstine, Brian W. (8 July 2019). "Earthquakes Damage Edwards AFB Plant 42, Navy's China Lake Base". Air and Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  14. ^ Grooms, Larry (1 December 2022). "New AF Plant 42 Control Tower Dedicated". Aero Tech News. Palmdale, California. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  15. ^ O'Dell, Dena (8 December 2022). "Corps Joins Air Force to Unveil Completion of Air Traffic Control Tower at Plant 42, Described as "Center of the Aerospace Testing Universe"". United States Army Corps of Engineers. Palmdale, California. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  16. ^ "Construct Air Traffic Control Tower, Air Force Plant 42". Stronghold Engineering. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  17. ^ "Contracts For Aug. 7, 2020". United States Department of Defense. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  18. ^ "Contracts For Aug. 31, 2021". United States Department of Defense. 31 August 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  19. ^ "Air Force Plant 42". Dreamland Resort. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  20. ^ "Overland Transport of Space Shuttle Orbiter, USAF Plant 42 to Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards Air Force Base (AFB): Environmental Impact Statement". NASA. January 1976. p. i. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "FAA Team Study of R-484 & Southern California ATC Problems". Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration. 18 February 1959. p. 213. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  22. ^ a b Goodall, James C. (13 May 2021). 75 years of the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 147 & 171. ISBN 9781472846457. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  23. ^ Lobner, Peter (16 June 2023). "Lockheed Martin – P-791 Hybrid Airship" (PDF). Lynceans. p. 7. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  24. ^ X-33 Advanced Technology Demonstrator Vehicle Program [CA,UT,WA]: Environmental Impact Statement. NASA. June 1997. p. 3-12. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  25. ^ Kaufman, Derek (3 June 2009). "Advanced Composite Cargo Aircraft Makes First Flight". United States Air Force. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  26. ^ van Geffen, Theo (2022). "Joint Task Force Proven Force and the Gulf War (Part 2)". Air & Space Power History. 69 (2). Air Force Historical Foundation: 12–13. JSTOR 48712438.
  27. ^ a b c Chandler, John (14 October 1993). "Air Force's Plant 42 May Face Closure: Military: The Only California Facility is Among Eight Nationwide to be Studied". Los Angeles Times. Palmdale, California. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  28. ^ a b c Gatlin, Allison (20 August 2021). "Palmdale Legend Davies is Honored". Antelope Valley Press. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  29. ^ a b c d e "Air Force B-21 Raider Long-Range Strike Bomber". Congressional Research Service. 22 September 2021. p. 8. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  30. ^ "Strategic Bombers: B-2 Program Status and Current Issues : Report to the Chairman, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives". Washington, D.C.: Government Accountability Office. February 1990. p. 9. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  31. ^ Casem, Giancarlo (29 September 2020). "Plant 42 Gears Up "Spirit of Pennsylvania" for Next Mission". Edwards Air Force Base. Edwards Air Force Base. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  32. ^ Trevithick, Joseph (22 September 2022). "Damaged B-2 Returns To Palmdale For Repairs A Year After Landing Mishap". The Drive. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  33. ^ Stephens, Hampton (11 July 2003). "Contractor Seeks $31 Million in DOD Spending Bill: Feinstein Pushes for Funds to Fix Cracks in B-2's Stealthy Skin". Inside the Air Force. 14 (28). Inside Washington Publishers: 9. JSTOR 24792164.
  34. ^ Stone, Mike; Whitcomb, Dan (3 December 2022). Gregorio, David; Feast, Lincoln (eds.). "Northrop Grumman Unveils B-21 Nuclear Bomber for U.S. Air Force". Reuters. Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  35. ^ Swanson, David; Stone, David; Insinna, Valerie (11 November 2023). Paul, Franklin (ed.). "US Air Force's New B-21 Raider "Flying Wing" Bomber Takes First Flight". Reuters. Palmdale and Washington, D.C. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  36. ^ McGarry, T. W. (8 May 1988). "Plans for "Superport" Announced in 1968: Palmdale Airport: Undying Dream". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  37. ^ "Janet Flight Schedule". Dreamland Resort. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  38. ^ K., Igor (7 March 2019). "Air Force Flight Test Museum – Blackbird Airpark". Air Museum Guide. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  39. ^ K., Igor (27 April 2017). "Joe Davies Heritage Airpark at Palmdale Plant 42". Air Museum Guide. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  40. ^ a b c "Joe Davies Heritage Airpark Brochure". City of Palmdale. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  41. ^ "Antelope Valley Frequently Asked Questions". County of Los Angeles Public Library. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  42. ^ a b Sneiderman, Phil; Moeser, Sharon (18 October 1993). "Closing Plant 42 Could Be Beneficial, Knight Says: Economy: The Assemblyman Says Area Could See Job Gains if the Facility is Used by Private Industry. Many Disagree". Los Angeles Times. Palmdale, California. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  43. ^ a b "The State of United States Military Forces: Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, First Session: Hearing Held January 20, 1999, Volume 4". Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1999. pp. 141 & 169. ISBN 9780160600203. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  44. ^ Casem, Giancarlo (15 January 2021). "Aircraft Carrying Supplies for Emergency Field Hospital Lands at Plant 42". United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  45. ^ "Secretary of US Air Force Tours Plant 42". Antelope Valley Press. Palmdale, California. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  46. ^ "Palmdale In The Running For Future, Permanent Home Of US Space Command". CBS News. Palmdale, California. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  47. ^ Casem, Giancarlo (1 July 2020). "Plant 42 Changes Leadership". Air Force Test Center. Edwards Air Force Base. Retrieved 19 December 2023.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air Force Plant 42.
  • Edwards Air Force Base: Plant 42


Category:1935 establishments in California Category:1953 establishments in California Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in California Category:Antelope Valley Category:Boeing manufacturing facilities Category:Buildings and structures in Palmdale, California Category:Edwards Air Force Base Category:Government buildings completed in 1953 Category:Industrial buildings completed in 1935 Category:Lockheed Martin-associated military facilities Category:Military facilities in Greater Los Angeles Category:Military facilities in the Mojave Desert Category:Plants of the United States Air Force Category:Science and technology in Greater Los Angeles

During the interwar period (1918–1939), several European countries were governed by dictatorships and other autocratic forms of government. Many of these dictatorships were established following a coup d'état or self-coup, through consolidation during a revolution or civil war, or through a process of democratic backsliding. The majority of European dictatorships during the interwar period were located in Eastern and Southern Europe.

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links


* Category:1910s in Europe Category:1920s in Europe Category:1930s in Europe Category:Authoritarianism Category:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period Category:Interwar period Category:Oligarchy Category:Totalitarianism

[MUNICIPALITY NAME]
Municipality
Country El Salvador
Established1 May 2024
GovernmentMayor–council

[MUNICIPALITY NAME] (Spanish for "[MUNICIPALITY NAME TRANSLATED]") is a municipality of El Salvador. [MUNICIPALITY NAME] was established on 1 May 2024. The municipality consists of [NUMBER] districts: [DISTRICT NAMES], all of which were municipalities before [MUNICIPALITY NAME]'s establishment.

History

On 1 June 2023, Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele presented a bill, known as the Special Law to Restructure Municipal Territory, to the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador proposing the reduction number of the country's 262 municipalities down to 44. The Legislative Assembly approved the bill on 13 June. The borders of [MUNICIPALITY NAME] and the number of districts, third-level subdivisions, it would have were outlined in the bill.[1]

During the 2024 municipal elections, [NAME] of (the) [PARTY] (political party) was elected as [MUNICIPALITY NAME]'s first mayor. [IF APPLICABLE: Prior to being elected as mayor of [MUNICIPALITY NAME], [LAST NAME] served as the mayor of [DISTRICT NAME] since [YEAR].<ref here>

Districts

[MUNICIPALITY NAME] is composed of [NUMBER] districts, third-layer subdivisions which formerly were municipalities.[2]

Government

[MUNICIPALITY NAME] is governed by a mayor and a municipal council, consisting of 1 trustee, 4 proprietary aldermen, and 4 substitute aldermen. Mayors and municipal councils are elected every three years.[3] The following table lists all the mayors of the municipality since its establishment in May 2024.

SANTA ANA CENTRO and SAN MIGUEL CENTRO: [MUNICIPALITY NAME] is governed by a mayor and a municipal council, consisting of 1 trustee, 10 proprietary aldermen, and 4 substitute aldermen. Mayors and municipal councils are elected every three years.[4] The following table lists all the mayors of the municipality since its establishment in May 2024.

SAN SALVADOR CENTRO and SAN SALVADOR ESTE: [MUNICIPALITY NAME] is governed by a mayor and a municipal council, consisting of 1 trustee, 10 proprietary aldermen, and 4 substitute aldermen. Mayors and municipal councils are elected every three years.[5] The following table lists all the mayors of the municipality since its establishment in May 2024.

Mayor Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
Assumed office Left office Duration
2024 1 May 2024 Incumbent 0 days

References

  1. ^ García, Jessica (13 June 2023). "Asamblea Aprueba Reducir de 262 a 44 el Número de Municipios en El Salvador" [The Assembly Approves to Reduce the Number of Municipalities in El Salvador from 262 to 44]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  2. ^ "Los 44 Municipios de El Salvador a Partir del 1 de Mayo de 2024" [The 44 Municipalities of El Salvador Beginning on 1 May 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  3. ^ "Los 622 Funcionarios Públicos que Elegirán los Salvadoreños en 2024" [The 622 Public Workers that Salvadorans Will Elect in 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 July 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  4. ^ "Los 622 Funcionarios Públicos que Elegirán los Salvadoreños en 2024" [The 622 Public Workers that Salvadorans Will Elect in 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 July 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  5. ^ "Los 622 Funcionarios Públicos que Elegirán los Salvadoreños en 2024" [The 622 Public Workers that Salvadorans Will Elect in 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 July 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  • Population and size information

Municipalities to do

  • Ahuachapán Centro
  • Ahuachapán Norte
  • Ahuachapán Sur
  • Cabañas Este
  • Cabañas Oeste
  • Chalatenango Centro
  • Chalatenango Norte
  • Chalatenango Sur
  • Cuscatlán Norte
  • Cuscatlán Sur
  • La Libertad Centro
  • La Libertad Costa
  • La Libertad Este
  • La Libertad Norte
  • La Libertad Oeste
  • La Libertad Sur
  • La Paz Centro
  • La Paz Este
  • La Paz Oeste
  • La Unión Norte
  • La Unión Sur
  • Morazán Norte
  • Morazán Sur
  • San Miguel Centro
  • San Miguel Norte
  • San Miguel Oeste
  • San Salvador Centro
  • San Salvador Este
  • San Salvador Norte
  • San Salvador Oeste
  • San Salvador Sur
  • San Vicente Norte
  • San Vicente Sur
  • Santa Ana Centro
  • Santa Ana Este
  • Santa Ana Norte
  • Santa Ana Oeste
  • Sonsonate Centro
  • Sonsonate Este
  • Sonsonate Norte
  • Sonsonate Oeste
  • Usulután Este
  • Usulután Norte
  • Usulután Oeste
Ahuachapán Centro
Municipality
Country El Salvador
Department Ahuachapán
Established1 May 2024
GovernmentMayor–council
Area
• Total
449 km2 (173 sq mi) (19th)
Population
• 2024 estimate
162,590 (8th)
• Density
325.8/km2 (843.8/sq mi) (19th)

Ahuachapán Centro (Spanish for "Central Ahuachapán") is a municipality of El Salvador. Ahuachapán Centro was established on 1 May 2024. The municipality consists of four districts: Ahuachapán, Apaneca, Concepción de Ataco, and Tacuba, all of which were municipalities before Ahuachapán Centro's establishment.

History

On 1 June 2023, Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele presented a bill to the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador proposing the reduction number of the country's 262 municipalities down to 44. The Legislative Assembly approved the bill on 7 June.[1]

Districts

Ahuachapán Centro is composed of four districts, third-layer subdivisions which formerly were municipalities. Those districts are Ahuachapán, Apaneca, Concepción de Ataco, and Tacuba.[2]

Government

Ahuachapán Centro is governed by a mayor and a municipal council, consisting of 1 trustee, 4 proprietary aldermen, and 4 substitute aldermen. Mayors and municipal councils are elected every three years.[3] The following table lists all the mayors of the municipality since its establishment in May 2024.

Mayor Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
Assumed office Left office Duration
2024 1 May 2024 Incumbent 0 days

References

  1. ^ García, Jessica (13 June 2023). "Asamblea Aprueba Reducir de 262 a 44 el Número de Municipios en El Salvador" [The Assembly Approves to Reduce the Number of Municipalities in El Salvador from 262 to 44]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  2. ^ "Los 44 Municipios de El Salvador a Partir del 1 de Mayo de 2024" [The 44 Municipalities of El Salvador Beginning on 1 May 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  3. ^ "Los 622 Funcionarios Públicos que Elegirán los Salvadoreños en 2024" [The 622 Public Workers that Salvadorans Will Elect in 2024]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 July 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.

Category:Municipalities of the Ahuachapán Department

Ahuachapán Norte
Municipality
Country El Salvador
Department Ahuachapán
Established1 May 2024
GovernmentMayor–council

Ahuachapán Norte (Spanish for "North Ahuachapán") is a municipality of El Salvador. Ahuachapán Norte was established on 1 May 2024. The municipality consists of four districts: Atiquizaya, El Refugio, San Lorenzo, and Turín, all of which were municipalities before Ahuachapán Norte's establishment.

References

Category:Municipalities of the Ahuachapán Department

Ahuachapán Sur
Municipality
Country El Salvador
Department Ahuachapán
Established1 May 2024
GovernmentMayor–council

Ahuachapán Sur (Spanish for "South Ahuachapán") is a municipality of El Salvador. Ahuachapán Sur was established on 1 May 2024. The municipality consists of four districts: Guaymango, Jujutla, San Francisco Menéndez, and San Pedro Puxtla, all of which were municipalities before Ahuachapán Sur's establishment.

References

Category:Municipalities of the Ahuachapán Department

Reinaldo Carballo
Carballo in 2024
Deputy of the Legislative Assembly
Assumed office
1 May 2018
ConstituencySan Miguel
Secretary-General of the Christian Democratic Party
Assumed office
2021
Preceded byRodolfo Parker
Personal details
Born
Reinaldo Alcides Carballo Carballo

(1952-05-09) 9 May 1952 (age 71)
NationalitySalvadoran
Political partyChristian Democratic Party
Alma materAtlantic International University
OccupationPolitician, businessman

Reinaldo Alcides Carballo Carballo (born 9 May 1952) is a Salvadoran politician and businessman who currently serves as a deputy of the Legislative Assembly.

Early life

Reinaldo Alcides Carballo Carballo was born on 9 May 1952. He earned his Bachelor's Degree in Electrical Engineering from the Atlantic International University.[1]

Carballo founded several companies and institutes from 1975 to 2016.[1]

Political career

Carballo was elected as a deputy of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador from the department of San Miguel during the 2018 legislative election. His motto is "no to corruption, yes to education" ("no a la corrupción, sí a la educación").[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Reinaldo Alcides Carballo Carballo" (PDF). Legislative Assembly of El Salvador (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
Party political offices
Preceded by Secretary-General of the Christian Democratic Party
2021–present 		Incumbent

Category:Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador) politicians Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador Category:Living people

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Location of the 29 settlements officially designated as cities in the Federal Republic of Central America (1836)
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