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Estonia Republic of Estonia , is a country by the Baltic Sea in Europe . Located in Northern Europe , it has also been classified as Eastern or Central Europe in some contexts. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland , to the west by the sea across from Sweden , to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and Russia . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland , the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa , and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,335 square kilometres (17,504 sq mi). Tallinn , the capital city , and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country. The Estonian language is the indigenous and official language of Estonia; it is the first language of the majority of its population , the world's second-most spoken Finnic language as well as the third-most spoken Uralic language .
The land of what is now modern Estonia has been inhabited by humans since at least 9,000 BCE. The medieval indigenous population of Estonia was one of the last pagan civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Papal -sanctioned Livonian Crusade in the 13th century. After centuries of successive rule by the Teutonic Order , Denmark , Sweden , and the Russian Empire , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the mid-19th century. This culminated in the 24 February 1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence from the then-warring Russian and German empires. Democratic throughout most of the interwar period , Estonia declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War II , however the country was repeatedly contested, invaded, and occupied ; first by the Soviet Union in 1940 , then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and was ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit (Estonian SSR ). Throughout the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation, Estonia's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . Following the bloodless Estonian "Singing Revolution " of 1988–1990, the nation's de facto independence from the Soviet Union was restored on 20 August 1991 .
Estonia is a developed country , with a high-income advanced economy , ranking 31st (out of 191) in the Human Development Index . The sovereign state of Estonia is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic , administratively subdivided into 15 maakond (counties) . With a population of just around 1.4 million, it is one of the least populous members of the European Union , the Eurozone , the OECD , the Schengen Area , and NATO . Estonia has consistently ranked highly in international rankings for quality of life , education , press freedom , digitalisation of public services and the prevalence of technology companies. (Full article...
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Konstantin Päts O.S. 11 February] 1874 – 18 January 1956) was an Estonian statesman and the country's president in 1938–1940. Päts was one of the most influential politicians of the independent democratic Republic of Estonia , and during the two decades prior to World War II he also served five times as the country's prime minister . After the 16–17 June 1940 Soviet invasion and occupation of Estonia , President Päts remained formally in office for over a month, until he was forced to resign, imprisoned by the new Stalinist regime , and deported to the USSR , where he died in 1956.
Päts was one of the first Estonians to become active in politics, and he then started a famous, nearly four decades long, political rivalry with
Jaan Tõnisson — first through journalism with his newspaper
Teataja , later through politics. Although Päts was sentenced to death (
in absentia ) during the
Russian Revolution of 1905 , he was able to flee abroad, first to Switzerland, then to
Finland , where he continued his literary work. He returned to Estonia (then part of the
Russian Empire ), and had to serve a prison sentence in 1910–1911. (
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Credit: taken by Evakonpoika.
Pauluse (St Paul’s) Church in Viljandi was built in 1863-1866.
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The following are images from various Estonia-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 3 Ancient Estonia until 21 September 1217 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 4 Europe in the 9th century (from
History of Estonia )
Image 5 Europe in 19th century (from
History of Estonia )
Image 6 Estonian President
Kersti Kaljulaid with Russian President
Vladimir Putin in April 2019 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 7 Monument to
Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald , the composer of Estonian national epic
Kalevipoeg . (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 9 Corded Ware culture pottery and stone axes, at the EHM (from
History of Estonia )
Image 10 Counties of Ancient Estonia in the beginning of the 13th century. (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 11 Artifacts of the hoard from Kumna, Estonia (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 12 Tools made by Kunda culture, the
Estonian History Museum (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 13 Corded Ware culture pottery and stone axes at the Estonian History Museum. (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 14 Tools made by
Kunda culture , the Estonian History Museum (from
History of Estonia )
Image 15 Tallinn, 28 August 1941 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 16 Toompea castle – the seat of the
Riigikogu (from
History of Estonia )
Image 17 Formation of the Swedish Empire, 1560–1660 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 19 Stone Cist Graves from The Bronze Age in Northern Estonia (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 20 Outline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (from
History of Estonia )
Image 21 The Estonian Army High Command in 1920 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 24 Varbola ruins (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 28 Stone
cist graves from the Bronze Age in northern Estonia (from
History of Estonia )
Image 29 Estonian
folk music performers dressed in
traditional clothing (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 30 Registration card for Estonian citizenship from 1989 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 31 Dannebrog falling from the sky during the
Battle of Lindanise , 1219 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 32 Estonia's greatest territorial extent ever, reached during its War of Independence, marked by the light blue line on the map. (from
History of Estonia )
Image 33 Comb Ceramic pottery at the Estonian History Museum (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 34 Hermann Castle , Narva, was one of the Teutonic Order's castles in Estonia. (from
History of Estonia )
Image 35 From
Dirham hoards in Estonia, 8th–11th centuries. (from
Ancient Estonia )
Image 36 Tartu University (Universität Dorpat) in 1860, during its 'Golden Age' (from
History of Estonia )
Image 37 Soviet prison doors on display in the Museum of Occupations, Tallinn (from
History of Estonia )
Image 38 Livonia, as shown in the map of 1573 of Joann Portantius (from
History of Estonia )
Image 40 Estonian red
currant kissel . (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 41 Livonian Confederation in the 15th century (from
History of Estonia )
Image 42 Map of
Varbola Stronghold by L. A. Mellin (from
History of Estonia )
Image 43 Estonian Soviet politician
Johannes Käbin led the
Estonian Communist Party from 1950 to 1978 (from
History of Estonia )
Image 44 A moment before the opening of the 25th
Estonian Song Festival (2009) at the Tallinn Song Festival grounds. (from
Culture of Estonia )
Image 45 Comb Ceramic pottery at the Estonian History Museum (from
History of Estonia )
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