Bogotá Formation

Bogotá Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Paleocene-Early Eocene (Peligran-Casamayoran)
61.66–52.5 Ma
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesRegadera Formation
OverliesCacho Formation
Thickness169–1,415 m (554–4,642 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone, shale, siltstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates4°29′18.4″N 74°08′08.5″W / 4.488444°N 74.135694°W / 4.488444; -74.135694
RegionBogotá savanna & Eastern Hills,
Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forBogotá
Named byHettner
LocationCiudad Bolívar, Bogotá
Year defined1892
Coordinates4°29′18.4″N 74°08′08.5″W / 4.488444°N 74.135694°W / 4.488444; -74.135694
Approximate paleocoordinates2°06′N 62°24′W / 2.1°N 62.4°W / 2.1; -62.4
RegionCundinamarca
Country Colombia

Paleogeography of Northern South America
50 Ma, by Ron Blakey

The Bogotá Formation (Spanish: Formación Bogotá, E1-2b, Tpb, Pgb) is a geological formation of the Eastern Hills and Bogotá savanna on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly shale and siltstone formation, with sandstone beds intercalated, dates to the Paleogene period; Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene epochs, with an age range of 61.66 to 52.5 Ma, spanning the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. The thickness of the Bogotá Formation ranges from 169 metres (554 ft) near Tunja to 1,415 metres (4,642 ft) near Bogotá. Fossils of the ungulate Etayoa bacatensis have been found in the Bogotá Formation, as well as numerous reptiles, unnamed as of 2017.

Etymology

The formation was first described by Hettner in 1892,[1] then by Hubach in 1931, 1945 and 1957, and named in 1963 by Julivert after the Colombian capital Bogotá and its savanna.[2]

Description

The Bogotá Formation was deposited during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, here indicated as LPTM

Lithologies

The Bogotá Formation consists mainly of grayish-red, locally purplish, commonly greenish-gray, generally poorly stratified mudstone and silty claystone. Lithic arenite sandstone lenses, ranging from fine- to medium-grained, generally friable and variegated, are local constituents. Carbonaceous material is present as thin beds of low-grade argillaceous coal, north of Bogotá.[3][4] Fossil remains of Etaoya bacatensis, named after Colombian geologist Fernando Etayo and the indigenous name for the Bogotá savanna, Bacatá,[5] have been found in Ciudad Bolívar, close to the type locality of the Bogotá Formation.[6] Additionally, macroflora of Palaeophytocrene hammenii, named after Dutch botanist Thomas van der Hammen,[7] and pollen of Foveotriletes margaritae, Proxapertites operculatus and Foveotricolpites perforatus have been found, used for dating the formation.[1] Other pollen and flora, as Ulmoideipites krempii, Carpolithus, Anemocardium margaritae, and Hickeycarpum peltatum have been found in the Bogotá Formation.[8] The abundant paleosols of the Bogotá Formation show an increase in chemical weathering across the Paleocene-Eocene (P-E) transition; the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.[9]

Later analysis has found several other species, such as pleurodire turtles, found at the Doña Juana dump,[10] dyrosaurid mesoeucrocodylians, boid snakes, dipnoan fishes, frogs, lizards, sebecid crocodyliforms and 11 fossils of mammals.[11] The find of a derived snake in the Lower Eocene section of the formation represents the oldest New World record.[12] The finds of iguanians, including the fossil record of hoplocercines, and boine, caenophidian, and ungaliophiine snakes, indicate a tropical forest environment, present just before the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).[13] The faunal distribution has been correlated to the Carodnia-, Amphidolops-, and Wainka-bearing Peñas Coloradas Formation of the Golfo San Jorge Basin in Patagonia, Argentina.[14]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Bogotá Formation, with a thickness of 169 metres (554 ft) close to Tunja to 1,415 metres (4,642 ft) near Bogotá,[15][16] overlies the Cacho Formation and is overlain by the Regadera Formation. The age has been estimated to be Late Paleocene to Early Eocene.[17] The middle part of the succession has been dated using detrital zircons at 56.2 ± 1.6 Ma.[3][18] The spread of ages based on zircons has been reported from 60.96 ± 0.7 to 53.6 ± 1.1 Ma.[19] The Bogotá Formation is laterally equivalent with the shales of the Socha Formation, the San Fernando Formation, the El Limbo Formation,[17] Los Cuervos Formation,[20] and the fossil-rich Cerrejón Formation of La Guajira.[11]

Outcrops

Bogotá Formation is located in the Bogotá savanna
Bogotá Formation
class=notpageimage|
Type locality of the Bogotá Formation in the south of the Bogotá savanna

The Bogotá Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the synclinals of the Río Frío, Checua-Lenguazaque, Sesquilé, Sisga, Subachoque,[21] around Lake Suesca, in the Tenza Valley, and in the synclinals of Teusacá and Usme.[2][22][23] In the Usme Synclinal, the formation has a thickness of 436.5 metres (1,432 ft).[24] The campus of the Universidad La Javeriana has the Bogotá Formation as solid basement rock.[25]

The Bogotá Formation forms the footwall of the eastward compressional Chicamocha Fault,[21] and the footwall of the westward thrusting Bogotá Fault.[22]

Regional correlations

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma Age Paleomap Regional events Catatumbo Cordillera proximal Llanos distal Llanos Putumayo VSM Environments Maximum thickness Petroleum geology Notes
0.01 Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		 alluvium Overburden
1 Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		 Guayabo Soatá
Sabana		 Necesidad Guayabo Gigante
Neiva
 Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) 550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		 [26][27][28][29]
2.6 Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		 Subachoque
5.3 Messinian Andean orogeny 3
Foreland		 Marichuela Caimán Honda [28][30]
13.5 Langhian Regional flooding León hiatus Caja León Lacustrine (León) 400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		 Seal [29][31]
16.2 Burdigalian Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		 C1 Carbonera C1 Ospina Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) 850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		 Reservoir [30][29]
17.3 C2 Carbonera C2 Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) Seal
19 C3 Carbonera C3 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) Reservoir
21 Early Miocene Pebas wetlands C4 Carbonera C4 Barzalosa Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) Seal
23 Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		 C5 Carbonera C5 Orito Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) Reservoir [27][30]
25 C6 Carbonera C6 Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) Seal
28 Early Oligocene C7 C7 Pepino Gualanday Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) Reservoir [27][30][32]
32 Oligo-Eocene C8 Usme C8 onlap Marine-deltaic (C8) Seal
Source		 [32]
35 Late Eocene
Mirador Mirador Coastal (Mirador) 240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		 Reservoir [29][33]
40 Middle Eocene Regadera hiatus
45
50 Early Eocene
Socha Los Cuervos Deltaic (Los Cuervos) 260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		 Seal
Source		 [29][33]
55 Late Paleocene PETM
2000 ppm CO2		 Los Cuervos Bogotá Gualanday
60 Early Paleocene SALMA Barco Guaduas Barco Rumiyaco Fluvial (Barco) 225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		 Reservoir [26][27][30][29][34]
65 Maastrichtian
KT extinction Catatumbo Guadalupe Monserrate Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) 750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		 Reservoir [26][29]
72 Campanian End of rifting Colón-Mito Juan [29][35]
83 Santonian Villeta/Güagüaquí
86 Coniacian
89 Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event La Luna Chipaque Gachetá hiatus Restricted marine (all) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		 Source [26][29][36]
93 Cenomanian
Rift 2
100 Albian Une Une Caballos Deltaic (Une) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		 Reservoir [30][36]
113 Aptian
Capacho Fómeque Motema Yaví Open marine (Fómeque) 800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		 Source (Fóm) [27][29][37]
125 Barremian High biodiversity Aguardiente Paja Shallow to open marine (Paja) 940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		 Reservoir [26]
129 Hauterivian
Rift 1 Tibú-Mercedes Las Juntas hiatus Deltaic (Las Juntas) 910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		 Reservoir (LJun) [26]
133 Valanginian Río Negro Cáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		 Restricted marine (Macanal) 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		 Source (Mac) [27][38]
140 Berriasian Girón
145 Tithonian Break-up of Pangea Jordán Arcabuco Buenavista
Batá
 Saldaña Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) 110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		 "Jurassic" [30][39]
150 Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2 La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán		 hiatus Coastal tuff (La Quinta) 100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		 [40]
201 Late Triassic
Mucuchachi Payandé [30]
235 Early Triassic
Pangea hiatus "Paleozoic"
250 Permian
300 Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogeny Cerro Neiva
()		 [41]
340 Early Carboniferous Fossil fish
Romer's gap		 Cuche
(355-385)		 Farallones
()		 Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) 900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360 Late Devonian
Passive margin 1 Río Cachirí
(360-419)		 Ambicá
()		 Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) 2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		 [38][42][43][44][45]
390 Early Devonian
High biodiversity Floresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet
 Shallow marine (Floresta) 600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410 Late Silurian Silurian mystery
425 Early Silurian hiatus
440 Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in Bolivia San Pedro
(450-490)		 Duda
()
470 Early Ordovician First fossils Busbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá
 Guape
()		 Río Nevado
()
Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
 [46][47][48]
488 Late Cambrian
Regional intrusions Chicamocha
(490-515)		 Quetame
()		 Ariarí
()		 SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		 San Isidro
()		 [49][50]
515 Early Cambrian Cambrian explosion [48][51]
542 Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodinia pre-Quetame post-Parguaza El Barro
()		 Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		 Basement [52][53]
600 Neoproterozoic Cariri Velhos orogeny Bucaramanga
(600-1400)		 pre-Guaviare [49]
800
Snowball Earth [54]
1000 Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogeny Ariarí
(1000)		 La Urraca
(1030-1100)		 [55][56][57][58]
1300 Rondônia-Juruá orogeny pre-Ariarí Parguaza
(1300-1400)		 Garzón
(1180-1550)		 [59]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga [60]
1600 Paleoproterozoic Maimachi
(1500-1700)		 pre-Garzón [61]
1800
Tapajós orogeny Mitú
(1800)		 [59][61]
1950 Transamazonic orogeny pre-Mitú [59]
2200 Columbia
2530 Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny [59]
3100 Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]


Itaboraian correlations

Itaboraian correlations in South America
Formation Itaboraí Las Flores Koluel Kaike Maíz Gordo Muñani Mogollón Bogotá Cerrejón Ypresian (IUCS) • Wasatchian (NALMA)
Bumbanian (ALMA) • Mangaorapan (NZ)
Basin Itaboraí Golfo San Jorge Salta Altiplano Basin Talara &
Tumbes		 Altiplano
Cundiboyacense		 Cesar-Ranchería
Bogotá Formation is located in South America
Bogotá Formation
Bogotá Formation
Bogotá Formation
Bogotá Formation
Bogotá Formation
Bogotá Formation
Bogotá Formation
Bogotá Formation
Bogotá Formation (South America)
Country  Brazil  Argentina  Peru  Colombia
Carodnia
Gashternia
Henricosbornia
Victorlemoinea
Polydolopimorphia
Birds
Reptiles
Fish
Flora
Environments Alluvial-lacustrine Alluvial-fluvial Fluvio-lacustrine Lacustrine Fluvial Fluvio-deltaic
Itaboraian volcanoclastics

Itaboraian fauna

Itaboraian flora
Volcanic Yes

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[62], García González et al. (2009),[63] and geological report of Villavicencio[64]
  2. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[62] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[65]

References

  1. ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.59
  2. ^ a b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.57
  3. ^ a b Bayona et al., 2010, p.5
  4. ^ McLaughlin, 1970, p.15
  5. ^ Villarroel, 1987, p.242
  6. ^ Etayoa bacatensis at Fossilworks.org
  7. ^ Stull et al., 2012
  8. ^ Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209
  9. ^ Morón et al., 2013
  10. ^ Cadena, 2014, p.334
  11. ^ a b Bloch et al., 2008
  12. ^ Head et al., 2011
  13. ^ Head et al., 2012
  14. ^ Woodburne et al., 2014, p.60
  15. ^ Bayona et al., 2013, p.8
  16. ^ Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.5
  17. ^ a b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.60
  18. ^ Bayona et al., 2012, p.104
  19. ^ Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
  20. ^ Figures Bayona et al.
  21. ^ a b Plancha 227, 1998
  22. ^ a b Plancha 246, 1998
  23. ^ Geological Map Bogotá, 1997
  24. ^ Bayona et al., 2010, p.10
  25. ^ García & Alfaro, 2001, p.5
  26. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
  27. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
  28. ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  31. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  32. ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  33. ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  34. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  35. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  36. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  37. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  38. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  39. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  40. ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  41. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  42. ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  43. ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  44. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  45. ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  46. ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  47. ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  48. ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  49. ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  50. ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  51. ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  52. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  53. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  54. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  55. ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  56. ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  57. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  58. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  59. ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  60. ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  61. ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  62. ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
  63. ^ García González et al., 2009
  64. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  65. ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

  • Acosta Garay, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2002. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1-108. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • Bayona, Germán; Omar Montenegro; Agustín Cardona; Carlos Jaramillo; Felipe Lamus; Sara Morón; Luiz Quiroz; María C. Ruíz, and Victor Valencia & Mauricio Parra. 2010. Estratigrafía, procedencia, subsidencia y exhumación de las unidades paleógenas en el Sinclinal de Usme, sur de la zona axial de la Cordillera Oriental - Stratigraphy, provenance, subsidence and exhumation of the Paleogene succession in the Usme Syncline, southern axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera. Geología Colombiana 35. 5-35. Accessed 2017-03-29. Archived 2017-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
  • Bayona, Germán; Agustín Cardona; Carlos Jaramillo; Andrés Mora; Camilo Montes; Victor Caballero; Hernando Mahecha; Felipe Lamus, and Omar Montenegro, Giovanny Jiménez, Andrés Mesa & Victor Valencia. 2013. Onset of fault reactivation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and proximal Llanos Basin; response to Caribbean–South American convergence in early Palaeogene time. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 377. 1-31. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • Bayona, Germán; Agustín Cardona; Carlos Jaramillo; Andrés Mora; Camilo Montes; Victor Valencia; Carolina Ayala; Omar Montenegro, and Mauricio Ibañez Mejía. 2012. Early Paleogene magmatism in the northern Andes: Insights on the effects of Oceanic Plateau–continent convergence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 331-332. 97-111. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Edwin Cadena; Alexander Hastings; Aldo F. Rincón, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2008. Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • Cadena, Edwin A. 2014. The fossil record of turtles in Colombia; a review of the discoveries, research and future challenges. Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 19. 333-339. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • García Borrero, D., and A. Alfaro Castillo. 2001. La prevención sísmica empieza por casa, estudios de microzonificación sísmica en el campus de la Universidad Javeriana - Bogotá - Colombia, 1-13. Congreso Nacional de Ingeniería Física, Guadalajara, Mexico. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo. 1992. Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, 1–20. Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros.
  • Head, Jason J.; Jonathan Ivan Bloch; Aldo F. Rincón, and Jorge W. Moreno Bernal. 2012. Paleogene Squamates from the Northern neotropics: Ecological Implications and Biogeographic Histories (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society of vertebrate Paleontology, At Raleigh, North Carolina. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • Head, Jason J.; Jonathan Ivan Bloch; Aldo F. Rincón; Jason R. Bourque, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2011. An enigmatic derived snake from the earliest Eocene of equatorial South America (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 71st Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • Herrera, Fabiany; Steven R. Manchester; Mónica R. Carvalho; Carlos Jaramillo, and Scott L. Wings. 2014. Paleocene wind-dispersed fruits and seeds from Colombia and their implications for early Neotropical rainforests. Acta Paleobotanica 54. 197-229. Accessed 2017-03-29. Archived 2017-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
  • McLaughlin, Donald H. 1970. Economic geology of the Zipaquirá quadrangle and adjoining area, Department of Cundinamarca, Colombia, 1-126. USGS. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • Montoya Arenas, Diana María, and Germán Alfonso Reyes Torres. 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104. INGEOMINAS.
  • Morón, Sara; David L. Fox; Joshua M. Feinberg; Carlos Jaramillo; Germán Bayona; Camilo Montes, and Jonathan Ivan Bloch. 2013. Climate change during the Early Paleogene in the Bogotá Basin (Colombia) inferred from paleosol carbon isotope stratigraphy, major oxides, and environmental magnetism (Abstract). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 388. 115-127. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • Stull, Gregory W.; Fabiany Herrera; Steven R. Manchester; Carlos Jaramillo, and Bruce H. Tiffney. 2012. Fruits of an “Old World” tribe (Phytocreneae; Icacinaceae) from the Paleogene of North and South America. Systematic Botany 37(3). 784–794. Accessed 2019-02-04.
  • Villarroel A., Carlos. 1987. Características y afinadas de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno Medio (?) de Colombia. Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 19. 241-254. Accessed 2017-03-29.
  • Woodburne, Michael O.; Francisco J. Goin; Mariano Bond; Alfredo A. Carlini; Javier N. Gelfo; Guillermo M. López; A. Iglesias, and Ana N. Zimicz. 2014. Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 21. 1-73. Accessed 2017-03-29. Archived 2017-03-30 at the Wayback Machine

Maps

  • Renzoni, Giancarlo, and Humberto Rosas. 2009. Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Fuquen M., Jaime A, and José F. Osorno M. 2009. Plancha 190 - Chiquinquirá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Renzoni, Giancarlo; Humberto Rosas, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 1998. Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Ulloa, Carlos, and Jorge Acosta. 1998. Plancha 208 - Villeta - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Montoya, Diana María, and Germán Reyes. 2009. Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Terraza, Roberto; Giovanni Moreno; José A. Buitrago; Adrián Pérez, and Diana María Montoya. 2010. Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Ulloa, Carlos E; Erasmo Rodríguez, and Jorge E. Acosta. 1998. Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Buitrago, José Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando Etayo. 1998. Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 1998. Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Acosta, Jorge; Juan Carlos Calcedo, and Carlos Ulloa. 1999. Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Various, Authors. 1997. Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – 1:50,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-03-16.

External links

  • Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16.
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