Río Cachirí Group

Río Cachirí Group
Stratigraphic range: Devonian
419–360 Ma
TypeGeological group
Unit ofCesar-Ranchería Basin, Serranía del Perijá
Sub-unitsCaño Grande Fm., Caño del Oeste Fm., Campo Chico Fm., Los Guineos Fm.
UnderliesCarboniferous sequence
OverliesPerijá Formation
Thickness~1,100 m (3,600 ft) (Colombia)
2,438 m (7,999 ft) (Venezuela)
Lithology
PrimaryShale, sandstone
OtherLimestone
Location
Coordinates10°50′03″N 72°14′23″W / 10.83417°N 72.23972°W / 10.83417; -72.23972
RegionCesar, La Guajira
Zulia
Country Colombia
 Venezuela
Extent~110 km (68 mi) (Venezuela)
Type section
Named forRío Cachirí
Named byLiddle
LocationMara
Year defined1928
Coordinates10°50′03″N 72°14′23″W / 10.83417°N 72.23972°W / 10.83417; -72.23972
RegionZulia
Country Venezuela
Thickness at type section2,438 m (7,999 ft)

Paleogeography of the Middle Devonian
380 Ma, by Stampfli & Borel

The Río Cachirí Group (Spanish: Grupo Río Cachirí, PZc) is a geological group of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, Colombia and the Serranía del Perijá of the northernmost Colombian and Venezuelan Andes. The group of shales, sandstones and limestones is of Devonian age and has a maximum thickness in the Venezuelan section of 2,438 metres (7,999 ft). The group contains abundant fauna; crinoids, bryozoa, brachiopods and molluscs have been found in the group.

Etymology and definition

The formation was defined by Liddle in 1928 in Río Cachirí, part of Mara, Zulia, in the Venezuelan part of the Serranía del Perijá, and the same author subdivided the group into three formations in 1943. In 1972, Bowen added a fourth formation to the group.[1]

Description

Lithologies

The group contains black, grey and red shales, grey micaceous sandstones, quartzitic sandstones and red and bluish grey limestones.[1]

Stratigraphy and correlation

The Río Cachirí Group, dated to span the Devonian, is subdivided into the Caño Grande, Caño del Oeste, Campo Chico and Los Guineos Formations. The maximum thickness has been recorded in Venezuela, with 2,438 metres (7,999 ft), while the thickness on the Colombian side of the range does not exceed 1,100 metres (3,600 ft).[1] The group is recognised along a section of approximately 110 kilometres (68 mi) in the Venezuelan terrain.[2] The group unconformably overlies the Perijá Formation and is overlain by an unnamed Carboniferous sequence. The Río Cachirí Group is time-equivalent with the Floresta and Cuche Formations of the Floresta Massif, Altiplano Cundiboyacense and the Quetame Group of the Eastern Ranges.[3] The sediments of the Río Cachirí Group were deposited in an epicontinental sea at the edge of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.[1]

Fossil content

The group contains abundant fossils of crinoids, bryozoa, brachiopods and molluscs as Acrospirifer olssoni, Spirifer kingi, Leptaena boyaca, Fenestella venezuelansis, Neospirifer latus, Composita subtilita, Phricodrotis planoconvexa and Pecten sp.[4]

Outcrops

Río Cachirí Group is located in Venezuela
Río Cachirí Group
class=notpageimage|
Type locality of the Río Cachirí Group in Venezuela

Apart from its type locality on the eastern flank of the Serranía del Perijá in Zulia, Venezuela, the formation is also found in other parts of the mountain range, on the Colombian western side in the east of San Diego and Curumaní, Cesar.[5][6]

Regional correlations

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma Age Paleomap Regional events Catatumbo Cordillera proximal Llanos distal Llanos Putumayo VSM Environments Maximum thickness Petroleum geology Notes
0.01 Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		 alluvium Overburden
1 Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		 Guayabo Soatá
Sabana		 Necesidad Guayabo Gigante
Neiva
 Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) 550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		 [7][8][9][10]
2.6 Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		 Subachoque
5.3 Messinian Andean orogeny 3
Foreland		 Marichuela Caimán Honda [9][11]
13.5 Langhian Regional flooding León hiatus Caja León Lacustrine (León) 400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		 Seal [10][12]
16.2 Burdigalian Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		 C1 Carbonera C1 Ospina Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) 850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		 Reservoir [11][10]
17.3 C2 Carbonera C2 Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) Seal
19 C3 Carbonera C3 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) Reservoir
21 Early Miocene Pebas wetlands C4 Carbonera C4 Barzalosa Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) Seal
23 Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		 C5 Carbonera C5 Orito Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) Reservoir [8][11]
25 C6 Carbonera C6 Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) Seal
28 Early Oligocene C7 C7 Pepino Gualanday Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) Reservoir [8][11][13]
32 Oligo-Eocene C8 Usme C8 onlap Marine-deltaic (C8) Seal
Source		 [13]
35 Late Eocene
Mirador Mirador Coastal (Mirador) 240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		 Reservoir [10][14]
40 Middle Eocene Regadera hiatus
45
50 Early Eocene
Socha Los Cuervos Deltaic (Los Cuervos) 260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		 Seal
Source		 [10][14]
55 Late Paleocene PETM
2000 ppm CO2		 Los Cuervos Bogotá Gualanday
60 Early Paleocene SALMA Barco Guaduas Barco Rumiyaco Fluvial (Barco) 225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		 Reservoir [7][8][11][10][15]
65 Maastrichtian
KT extinction Catatumbo Guadalupe Monserrate Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) 750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		 Reservoir [7][10]
72 Campanian End of rifting Colón-Mito Juan [10][16]
83 Santonian Villeta/Güagüaquí
86 Coniacian
89 Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event La Luna Chipaque Gachetá hiatus Restricted marine (all) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		 Source [7][10][17]
93 Cenomanian
Rift 2
100 Albian Une Une Caballos Deltaic (Une) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		 Reservoir [11][17]
113 Aptian
Capacho Fómeque Motema Yaví Open marine (Fómeque) 800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		 Source (Fóm) [8][10][18]
125 Barremian High biodiversity Aguardiente Paja Shallow to open marine (Paja) 940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		 Reservoir [7]
129 Hauterivian
Rift 1 Tibú-Mercedes Las Juntas hiatus Deltaic (Las Juntas) 910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		 Reservoir (LJun) [7]
133 Valanginian Río Negro Cáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		 Restricted marine (Macanal) 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		 Source (Mac) [8][19]
140 Berriasian Girón
145 Tithonian Break-up of Pangea Jordán Arcabuco Buenavista
Batá
 Saldaña Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) 110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		 "Jurassic" [11][20]
150 Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2 La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán		 hiatus Coastal tuff (La Quinta) 100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		 [21]
201 Late Triassic
Mucuchachi Payandé [11]
235 Early Triassic
Pangea hiatus "Paleozoic"
250 Permian
300 Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogeny Cerro Neiva
()		 [22]
340 Early Carboniferous Fossil fish
Romer's gap		 Cuche
(355-385)		 Farallones
()		 Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) 900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360 Late Devonian
Passive margin 1 Río Cachirí
(360-419)		 Ambicá
()		 Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) 2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		 [19][23][24][25][26]
390 Early Devonian
High biodiversity Floresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet
 Shallow marine (Floresta) 600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410 Late Silurian Silurian mystery
425 Early Silurian hiatus
440 Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in Bolivia San Pedro
(450-490)		 Duda
()
470 Early Ordovician First fossils Busbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá
 Guape
()		 Río Nevado
()
Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
 [27][28][29]
488 Late Cambrian
Regional intrusions Chicamocha
(490-515)		 Quetame
()		 Ariarí
()		 SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		 San Isidro
()		 [30][31]
515 Early Cambrian Cambrian explosion [29][32]
542 Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodinia pre-Quetame post-Parguaza El Barro
()		 Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		 Basement [33][34]
600 Neoproterozoic Cariri Velhos orogeny Bucaramanga
(600-1400)		 pre-Guaviare [30]
800
Snowball Earth [35]
1000 Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogeny Ariarí
(1000)		 La Urraca
(1030-1100)		 [36][37][38][39]
1300 Rondônia-Juruá orogeny pre-Ariarí Parguaza
(1300-1400)		 Garzón
(1180-1550)		 [40]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga [41]
1600 Paleoproterozoic Maimachi
(1500-1700)		 pre-Garzón [42]
1800
Tapajós orogeny Mitú
(1800)		 [40][42]
1950 Transamazonic orogeny pre-Mitú [40]
2200 Columbia
2530 Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny [40]
3100 Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]


See also

Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes

  1. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[43], García González et al. (2009),[44] and geological report of Villavicencio[45]
  2. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[43] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[46]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Ayala, 2009, p.20
  2. ^ Hernández Ferrer, 2011, p.47
  3. ^ Ayala, 2009, p.21
  4. ^ García González et al., 2007, p.68
  5. ^ Plancha 34, 2007
  6. ^ Plancha 48, 2008
  7. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
  8. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
  9. ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  12. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  13. ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  14. ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  15. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  16. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  17. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  18. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  19. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  20. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  21. ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  22. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  23. ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  24. ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  25. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  26. ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  27. ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  28. ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  29. ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  30. ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  31. ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  32. ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  33. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  34. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  35. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  36. ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  37. ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  38. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  39. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  40. ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  41. ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  42. ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  43. ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
  44. ^ García González et al., 2009
  45. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  46. ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

  • Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina. 2009. Análisis tectonoestratigráfico y de procedencia en la Subcuenca de Cesar: Relación con los sistemas petroleros (MSc. thesis), 1–255. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-06-14.
  • García González, Mario; Ricardo Mier Umaña; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio Vásquez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1–219. Universidad Industrial de Santander.
  • Hernández Ferrer, Mauricio Esteban. 2011. Actualización de la geología de superficie en la Sierra de Perijá mediante la utilización de imágenes satelitales, 1–125. Simón Bolívar University. Accessed 2017-08-03.

Maps

  • Colmenares, Fabio; Milena Mesa; Jairo Roncancio; Edgar Arciniegas; Pablo Pedraza; Agustín Cardona; César Silva; Jhoamna Romero, and Sonia Alvarado and Oscar Romero, Felipe Vargas, Carlos Santamaría. 2007. Plancha 34 - Agustín Codazzi - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-14.
  • Hernández, Marina, and Jairo Clavijo. 2008. Plancha 48 - La Jagua de Ibirico - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-14.
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