Eduardo Humberto Maldonado

Eduardo Maldonado
Headshot of Eduardo Maldonado
Official portrait, 2012
Senator for Potosí
In office
19 January 2010 – 18 January 2015
SubstituteAna Vilacama
Preceded byAntonio Peredo
Succeeded byRené Joaquino
Personal details
Born
Eduardo Humberto Maldonado Iporre

(1968-11-16) 16 November 1968 (age 55)
Potosí, Bolivia
Alma materTomás Frías University
Occupation
  • Economist
  • lawyer
  • politician
SignatureCursive signature in ink

Eduardo Humberto Maldonado Iporre (born 16 November 1968) is a Bolivian economist, lawyer, and politician who served as senator for Potosí from 2010 to 2015. He previously served as ombudsman of Potosí from 1998 to 2009.

A graduate of Tomás Frías University, Maldonado developed his leadership skills in the student movement and aligned himself toward socialist values from a young age. He got his career start as Potosí's special representative to the Ombudsman's Office, holding the position for over a decade from the institution's inception in 1998. In 2009, he was elected to represent Potosí in the Senate on behalf of the ruling Movement for Socialism. Once in office, however, Maldonado quickly broke with his caucus over its often hierarchical leadership structure, becoming one of the first members of the 2010–2015 Legislative Assembly to defect from the ruling party.

Rather than seek reelection, Maldonado attempted to contest the Potosí mayoralty in 2015 but was barred from running due to a controversial interpretation of residency requirements by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. The decision prompted him to sue the government before the United Nations Human Rights Committee, which in 2018 ruled that his political rights had been violated by the state. In subsequent years, Maldonado ran to return to parliament in 2019 and was again a candidate for mayor in 2021, failing to achieve either position.

Early life and career

Early life and education

Eduardo Maldonado was born on 16 November 1968 in Potosí to Eduardo Maldonado Urioste, a journalist, and Lourdes Iporre Peña, a music teacher.[1] On his mother's side, Maldonado is the grandson of Humberto Iporre Salinas, a prominent and prolific twentieth-century composer whose hymn "Potosino Soy" remains a popular fixture of the department's cultural heritage.[2]

Maldonado completed his primary and secondary schooling in Potosí's Franciscan school, one of the city's principal academic institutions.[3] He studied law and economics at Tomás Frías University and completed a master's degree in higher education and constitutional law.[4] While a student, Maldonado played prominent roles in his sector's students' unions, commencing as president of his Franciscan school's student center.[5] Maldonado later held membership in the Local University Federation while attending Tomás Frías, during which time he served as first secretary of the organization's interfaculty committee, in addition to chairing the student committees of both the law and economics tracks.[6]

Ombudsman of Potosí

Maldonado began working at the Ombudsman's Office of Bolivia in 1998,[7] the year it was established. Introduced as part of a package of new independent oversight bodies intended to guarantee the rule of law, the institution – headed in its early years by Ana María Romero – was tasked with protecting human and individual rights in the country.[8] Given Potosí's status as one of the three areas most prone to human rights violations, a special branch office was established in the city, with Maldonado appointed to head it.[7] He held the position for over a decade, supervising the regional human rights records of six presidential administrations between 1998 and 2009.[9]

Chamber of Senators

Election

In previous years, Maldonado had repeatedly rejected offers from establishment political parties to contest elective office or serve in government administration. A committed socialist since youth, he finally accepted a 2009 invitation by the ruling Movement for Socialism (MAS) to run for Senate representing Potosí.[10] Despite their lack of party affiliation, the MAS sought in figures like Maldonado and his former superior Romero to utilize the high level of public prestige associated with the Ombudsman's Office to build bridges with the urban middle class, long weary of the Evo Morales administration.[11]

Despite his top billing on the MAS's slate of candidates, Maldonado nonetheless actively campaigned for the position. In a region with a history of political violence, he nearly lost his life while on a campaign stop in the Tinguipaya Municipality after a mob of campesinos allegedly supportive of a rival candidate attacked his group.[12] He ultimately recovered from the ordeal and lived to win the race, part of the MAS's blowout victory in Potosí, in which it swept nearly the entirety of the department's parliamentary delegation.[13]

Tenure

Entering parliament, Maldonado was selected to chair the Senate's Constitution Commission, a position of particular import given the Legislative Assembly's early mission of regulating the implementation of the newly passed 2009 Constitution. For the most part, Maldonado followed the party line when it came to drafting the so-called "structural laws" necessary for this task;[14] he oversaw the quick-fire passage of three out of five such pieces of legislation through the Senate,[15] the penultimate step to significantly reforming the country's election commission,[16] electoral system,[17] and constitutional court[18] in accordance with the new constitution.[19]

Beyond that point, however, Maldonado's relationship with MAS leadership quickly deteriorated.[14] In August 2010, he and other members of Potosí's parliamentary delegation began a multi-week hunger strike in protest of the government's lack of attention to regional demands.[20] The department – long one of the poorest in Bolivia – had entered a nineteen-day strike based on eleven grievances they wished addressed, among them increased industrialization, more public works, and the final settlement of Potosí's territorial disputes with Chile and Oruro [es].[21] Although the administration eventually sealed a deal to end the protests,[22] Maldonado and other legislators' participation remained a sore point among the MAS; Morales labeled them "traitors,"[23] party leaders in parliament announced their intent to seek a recall election against them,[24] and yet others demanded their resignations.[25]

Maldonado's split with the MAS reached its climax in early October when – amid ongoing negotiations regarding a controversial anti-racism bill – he was booted off of the Senate's Constitution Commission.[26] The removal of a senator mid-term from their commission assignment was unprecedented in Bolivian democratic history and came in response to Maldonado's decision to review sections of the legislation to address freedom of the press concerns presented by media outlets, bucking the orders of Morales, who had requested the law be approved without modifications. Maldonado denounced his ouster as "unfair and incorrect" and accused the ruling party of being anti-democracy and counter-revolutionary.[27]

For the duration of his term, Maldonado remained a staunch critic of the ruling party, operating in semi-opposition without formally aligning with the Senate's conservative caucus. His was the first of many defections suffered by the MAS's parliamentary delegation between 2010 and 2015. The dissidents, which came to be collectively known as the "freethinkers," grew to include two more senators – including Maldonado's regional colleague, Carmen García – as well as multiple members of the Chamber of Deputies.[28]

Commission assignments

  • Constitution, Human Rights, Legislation, and Electoral System Commission (President: 2010)[29]
  • Planning, Economic Policy, and Finance Commission
    • Planning, Budget, Public Investment, and Comptroller's Office Committee (Secretary: 2012–2013, 2014–2015)[30]
  • Plural Economy, Production, Industry, and Industrialization Commission
    • Plural Economy, Productive Development, Public Works, and Infrastructure Committee (Secretary: 2010–2011)[31]
  • Social Policy, Education, and Health Commission
    • Housing, Employment Law, Occupational Safety, and Social Welfare Committee (Secretary: 2011–2012)[32]
  • International Policy Commission
    • Foreign and Interparliamentary Relations and International Organizations Committee (Secretary: 2013–2014)[33]

Later political career

2015 Potosí mayoral campaign

Given his split with the MAS, Maldonado was not nominated for reelection in 2014 and forwent seeking a second term as part of a different front. Instead, he set his sights on local politics, looking to contest the Potosí mayoralty in the 2015 subnationals. Starting in October 2014, he formally began the process of collecting the necessary signatures to acquire ballot access for his new party, Popular Power.[34] After accomplishing this, he initiated his campaign, running on a platform of apoliticism and opposition to the "corporatization of politics" by the ruling party.[35]

Despite an early entry into the race, Maldonado's campaign was quickly cut short. In January 2015, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal disqualified his candidacy on the grounds that he failed to meet the necessary residency requirements to run. The decision responded to a controversial ruling issued the previous year, which barred nearly all outgoing parliamentarians from running for local office under the argument that their primary residences had been the seat of government in La Paz and not their respective regions.[36] Above all, the ruling affected the political futures of former MAS legislators that had broken with the party, all of whom appealed the court's decision to no avail.[37]

In the months following his disqualification, Maldonado denounced his ordeal as politically motivated, accusing the MAS of having acted as "a blue hand dictating the unethical actions of the ... Supreme Electoral Tribunal."[38] Having exhausted all national legal channels to have his candidacy restored, Maldonado took his complaint international, filing two petitions against the state before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Committee alleging a violation of his political rights. Both bodies agreed to hear the case in 2015,[39] with the latter ruling in 2018 that the Bolivian government had indeed violated Maldonado's rights, for which the state was asked to pay him adequate restitution.[40] Maldonado celebrated the ruling as a "moral victory against the abuse and discretion of those who circumstantially exercise power."[41]

2019 general election

In the ensuing years, Maldonado refocused his attention on personal projects, such as efforts to convert portions of his family's estate into a museum dedicated to Humberto Iporre, which opened in late 2015.[42] At the same time, he remained active in political spaces. Having previously criticized the MAS for its "ideological turn" away from indigenous rights and in favor of extractive industries,[14] Maldonado founded his own group, the Movement for Indigenous, Democratic, and Environmental Values (VIDA), which counted the presence of other left-wing intellectuals, such as César Escobar – son of the deceased mining unionist Filemón Escobar [es],[43] himself a MAS supporter-turned-critic.[44]

For the 2019 elections, Maldonado and Escobar signed an alliance with Civic Community (CC) to support the presidential aspirations of Carlos Mesa.[43] As part of the pact, Maldonado sought to return to the Legislative Assembly, this time contesting a seat in the Chamber of Deputies.[45] He won the race, owing to a significant drop in regional electoral support for the MAS that cycle, which prevented it from entirely sweeping Potosí's parliamentary delegation as it had done in previous elections.[46] Despite the victory, subsequent allegations of electoral fraud caused the results to be annulled, preventing Maldonado from assuming his seat.[47] When the elections were rerun in 2020, he was no longer included on CC's slate of candidates.[48]

2021 Potosí mayoral campaign

Six years on from his 2015 disqualification, Maldonado sought again to compete for the Potosí mayoralty.[49] Distanced from CC, he registered his candidacy with the Third System Movement (MTS), led by La Paz Governor Félix Patzi,[50] himself a MAS dissident.[51] Although the MTS's electoral presence was practically non-existent outside its native La Paz, the party nonetheless saw significant successes in 2021 by aligning itself with individually popular local candidates,[52] often former or even current-until-then MAS partisans that had first been denied that party's nomination.[53] This strategy, however, largely relied on the personal popularity of those running,[52] and in a crowded field of candidates – including longtime former mayor René Joaquino and civic leader Jhonny Llally – Maldonado failed to stand out, finishing in a distant fifth place.[54]

Electoral history

Electoral history of Eduardo Maldonado
Year Office Party Alliance Votes Result Ref.
Total % P.
2009 Senator Independent Movement for Socialism 243,855 78.32% 1st Won [55][α]
2015 Mayor Popular Power Does not appear Disqualified Lost [56]
2019 Deputy VIDA Movement Civic Community 119,697 32.84% 2nd Annulled [57][α]
2021 Mayor VIDA Movement Third System Movement 4,670 4.09% 5th Lost [58]
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 486; Nuevo Estado 2013, p. 18.
  2. ^ Correo del Sur 2021; Oxígeno 2022.
  3. ^ Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 348.
  4. ^ Nuevo Estado 2013, p. 18.
  5. ^ Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 486.
  6. ^ Nuevo Estado 2013, p. 18; Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 348.
  7. ^ a b Defensoría del Pueblo 1999, pp. 30, 100.
  8. ^ Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 519.
  9. ^ Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 487; Página Siete 2021.
  10. ^ Gonzales Salas 2013, p. 487.
  11. ^ Romero Ballivián 2018, pp. 348, 519.
  12. ^ Opinión 2009.
  13. ^ Rebelion.org 2009.
  14. ^ a b c La Razón 2015a.
  15. ^ Los Tiempos 2010a.
  16. ^ Opinión 2010a, p. 16; Los Tiempos 2010b.
  17. ^ Los Tiempos 2010c; Opinión 2010b, p. 2.
  18. ^ Los Tiempos 2010d; Opinión 2010c.
  19. ^ BBC Mundo 2010.
  20. ^ Los Tiempos 2010e; Flores Castro 2011, Sec. 3(d).
  21. ^ Flores Castro 2011, Sec. 3(c).
  22. ^ Flores Castro 2011, Sec. 3(e).
  23. ^ El Día 2010.
  24. ^ ABC Color 2010.
  25. ^ Noticias Fides 2010a.
  26. ^ El Diario 2010a.
  27. ^ Noticias Fides 2010b; Los Tiempos 2010f.
  28. ^ La Razón 2015a; Romero Ballivián 2018, pp. 194, 248, 348.
  29. ^ El Diario 2010b.
  30. ^ Prensa Senado 2012; Prensa Senado 2014.
  31. ^ Prensa Senado 2010.
  32. ^ Los Tiempos 2011.
  33. ^ Prensa Senado 2013.
  34. ^ Noticias Fides 2014.
  35. ^ El Día 2014.
  36. ^ ERBOL 2015; La Razón 2015b.
  37. ^ Correo del Sur 2015a; Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 349.
  38. ^ Correo del Sur 2015b.
  39. ^ Correo del Sur 2015b; Correo del Sur 2015c.
  40. ^ United Nations Human Rights Committee 2018.
  41. ^ El Potosí 2018.
  42. ^ La Razón 2015a; El Potosí 2015.
  43. ^ a b ERBOL 2019.
  44. ^ Página Siete 2016.
  45. ^ Noticias Fides 2019.
  46. ^ Página Siete 2019, p. 27.
  47. ^ CN͠N 2019.
  48. ^ ERBOL 2020.
  49. ^ El Potosí 2020a.
  50. ^ Página Siete 2021.
  51. ^ Mayorga 2022, p. 70.
  52. ^ a b Zegada & Arequipa Azurduy 2022, p. 102.
  53. ^ ERBOL 2021.
  54. ^ El Potosí 2020b; El Potosí 2020c; Noticias Fides 2021.
  55. ^ Atlas Electoral 2009.
  56. ^ ERBOL 2015.
  57. ^ OEP 2019, pp. 13, 22.
  58. ^ Atlas Electoral 2021.

Works cited

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Digital and print publications

  • Aguilar Agramont, Ricardo (25 October 2015). "Eduardo Maldonado Iporre: Gestión cultural y juicio en CIDH" [Eduardo Maldonado Iporre: Cultural Management and Trial at the IACHR]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Aparecieron hasta 21 candidatos para el cargo de alcalde de Potosí" [Up to 21 Candidates Running for the Position of Mayor of Potosí]. El Potosí (in Spanish). 28 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Asambleístas de Potosí en huelga demandan atención a reivindicaciones regionales" [Assemblymen from Potosí on Strike, Demand Attention to Regional Grievances]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 3 August 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • Campos López, Evelyn (10 October 2021). "La lucha del 'Potosino soy'" [The Fight for "Potosino soy"]. Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "CIDH admite demanda de Maldonado contra el Estado" [IACHR Admits Maldonado's Lawsuit Against the State]. Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • Cuiza, Carlos Alberto (29 December 2015). "Abre Casa Museo H. Iporre Salinas" [H. Iporre Salinas Museum House Opens]. El Potosí (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Denuncian agresión a candidato a senador y militantes oficialistas" [Officials Denounce Attack Against Senate Candidate and Ruling Party Partisans]. Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. EFE. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Disidentes del MAS deciden apostar por el poder local" [MAS Dissidents Bet on Local Office]. El Día (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 31 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "¿Eduardo Maldonado será candidato en las subnacionales?" [Will Eduardo Maldonado Be a Candidate in the Subnationals?]. El Potosí (in Spanish). 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Exsenador del MAS anuncia su candidatura a la alcaldía de Potosí por el MTS" [Former MAS Senator Announces Candidacy for the Potosí Mayoralty on Behalf of the MTS]. Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Exsenador Maldonado presenta demanda internacional por inhabilitación en Subnacionales" [Former Senator Maldonado Files International Lawsuit over Disqualification in the Subnationals]. Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Evo promulga la Ley del Órgano Electoral" [Evo Enacts Electoral Organ Law]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 16 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Evo promulga la Ley del Tribunal Constitucional" [Evo enacts Constitutional Tribunal Law]. Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 6 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • Filomeno, Manuel (21 October 2019). "A pesar del conflicto por el litio, el MAS gana en Potosí" [Despite the Conflict over Lithium, the MAS Wins in Potosí]. Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. p. 27. Retrieved 16 August 2023 – via the Internet Archive.
  • "Inhabilitan a Delgado, Maldonado y Tupa, pero postulación de suplentes es admitida" [Delgado, Maldonado, and Tupa Are Disqualified but Nomination of Substitutes Is Allowed] (in Spanish). La Paz. ERBOL. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Jeanine Áñez promulga ley de 'Régimen Excepcional y Transitorio para la realización de Elecciones Generales'" [Jeanine Áñez Enacts Law Declaring an "Exceptional and Transitory Regime for the Holding of General Elections"]. CN͠N (in Spanish). Atlanta. 24 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Maldonado: 'Mi destitución fue injusta e incorrecta'" [Maldonado: "My Removal Was Unjust and Incorrect"]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Maldonado ratifica que revisará Ley contra el Racismo con periodistas" [Maldonado Confirms That He Will Review the Law Against Racism with Journalists] (in Spanish). La Paz. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 21 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "El MAS acelera la aprobación de la Ley del Tribunal Constitucional en el Senado" [The MAS Expedites Approval of the Constitutional Tribunal Law in the Senate]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 28 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
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  • "MAS pierde la Alcaldía de Potosí, excívico Jhonny Llally gana la elección con el 37,47%" [MAS Loses the Potosí Mayoralty; Former Civic Jhonny Llally Wins Election with 37.47%] (in Spanish). La Paz. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 9 March 2021. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
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  • "Mesa no acompaña presentación de sus listas y destaca candidatos sin militancia partidaria" [Without Accompanying the Presentation of His Parliamentary Lists, Mesa Highlights Non-partisan Candidates] (in Spanish). La Paz. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 20 July 2019. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "Mesa suma a exsenador del MAS 'librepensante' y el hijo de Filemón Escobar" [Mesa Adds the Support of Former 'Freethinking' MAS Senator and the Son of Filemón Escobar] (in Spanish). La Paz. ERBOL. 9 June 2019. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
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  • "Patzi dice que está orgulloso del MTS por victorias en el oriente y se dedicará 100% al partido" [Patzi Says He Is Proud of MTS for Victories in the East and Will Dedicate Himself 100% to the Party] (in Spanish). La Paz. ERBOL. 8 March 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • Peñaranda, Gethzemanny (19 April 2018). "Naciones Unidas hace justicia con Eduardo Maldonado Iporre" [United Nations Rules in Favor of Eduardo Maldonado Iporre]. El Potosí (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • Peralta, Pablo (15 August 2016). "Filemón Escobar: 'Mi mayor error político fue elegir a Evo'" [Filemón Escobar: "My Biggest Political Error Was Electing Evo"]. Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
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  • "Senadoras y senadores del Estado Plurinacional: Eduardo Humberto Maldonado Iporre" [Senators of the Plurinational State: Eduardo Humberto Maldonado Iporre]. Nuevo Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 2, no. 6. La Paz. 16 December 2013. p. 18. Retrieved 16 August 2023 – via the Internet Archive.
  • "Senadores aprueban en detalle el proyecto del Órgano Electoral" [Senators Approve in Detail the Electoral Organ Bill]. Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. Agencia Boliviana de Información. 3 June 2010. p. 16. Retrieved 17 August 2023 – via the Internet Archive.
  • "Senador Maldonado se perfila como candidato a la alcaldía de Potosí" [Senator Maldonado Emerges as a Candidate for Mayor of Potosí] (in Spanish). La Paz. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 30 October 2014. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • "TSE ratifica inhabilitación de tres disidentes masistas" [TSE Ratifies Disqualification of Three MAS Dissidents]. Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Sucre. Agencia de Noticias Fides; ERBOL. 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  • United Nations Human Rights Committee (2 May 2018). "Eduardo Humberto Maldonado Iporre v. Bolivia (Plurinational State of), CCPR/C/122/D/2629/2015". Geneva. Retrieved 27 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Vaca, Mery (18 July 2010). "Bolivia concluye el rediseño del Estado" [Bolivia Concludes Redesign of the State]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). London. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.

Academic journals

  • Flores Castro, Franz (December 2011). "19 días y 500 noches en la política potosina: Dispositivos identitarios, fisuras sociales y movimientos regionales, 2005–2010" [19 Days and 500 Nights in Politics in Potosí: Identity Devices, Social Fissures, and Regional Movements, 2005–2010]. Tinkazos (in Spanish). 14 (30). La Paz: 105–125. ISSN 1990-7451. OCLC 5839922309 – via SciELO.

Books and encyclopedias

  • Gonzales Salas, Inés, ed. (2013). Biografías: Historias de vida en la Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional (in Spanish). Editorial Gente Común; ERBOL; Fundación Friedrich Ebert; IDEA Internacional. pp. 486–488. ISBN 978-99954-93-05-9. OCLC 876429743 – via the Internet Archive.
  • Mayorga, Fernando. "Nuevo espacio político en Bolivia: Entre lo nacional popular y lo oligárquico libera". In Souverein & Exeni Rodríguez (2022), pp. 47–76.
  • Romero Ballivián, Salvador (2018). Quiroga Velasco, Camilo (ed.). Diccionario biográfico de parlamentarios 1979–2019 (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). La Paz: FUNDAPPAC; Fundación Konrad Adenauer. pp. 348–349. ISBN 978-99974-0-021-5. OCLC 1050945993 – via the Internet Archive.
  • Souverein, Jan; Exeni Rodríguez, José Luis, eds. (2022). (Re)configuración del campo político en Bolivia: Balance y horizontes del ciclo electoral 2020–2021 (in Spanish). La Paz: Fundación Friedrich Ebert. ISBN 978-9917-605-32-4. OCLC 1346426646 – via the Internet Archive.
  • Zegada, María Teresa; Arequipa Azurduy, Marcelo. "Cambios y situación del sistema de representación política en el marco de la Ley de Organizaciones Políticas". In Souverein & Exeni Rodríguez (2022), pp. 77–122.

External links

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