Barin uprising

Barin uprising
Part of the Xinjiang conflict

Chinese soldiers and militiamen escort Uyghurs captured in the uprising.
Date4–10 April 1990
Location
Barin Township, Akto County, Kizilsu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China
39°05′52″N 75°47′14″E / 39.09778°N 75.78722°E / 39.09778; 75.78722
Result Chinese government victory
Belligerents

East Turkistan Islamic Party[a] (Chinese government claim)

Free Turkistan Movement (Western reports)		  People's Republic of China
Commanders and leaders
  • Zeydun Yusup †
  • Abduhani Tursun (POW)
  • Jamal Mehmut (POW)
Abdul Kasim (Western reports)
  • Xu Xinjian †
  • Eli Yasin (WIA)
  • Wu Yong (WIA)
  • Tian Chongfeng †
  • Mehmut Eli
Units involved
Strength
200–300 men Initially: 130 armed police
Reinforcements on 5 April: 100+ soldiers and militiamen
Casualties and losses
16 killed
6 wounded
232 captured		 7 killed
15 wounded
5 captured (all rescued)
Barin uprising is located in Xinjiang
Barin uprising
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Location of Barin Township in Xinjiang, China

The Barin uprising (see also § Names) was an armed conflict between Uyghur militants and Chinese government forces from 4 to 10 April 1990 in the township of Barin (or Baren) in Xinjiang, China. Violence began on the evening of 4 April, when a group of 200 to 300 Uyghur men attempted to breach the gates of the local government office in a protest against alleged forced abortions of Uyghur women and Chinese rule in Xinjiang. The arrival of 130 armed police to quell the unrest was immediately met with armed resistance by militants among the crowd. Initial clashes that evening left six policemen dead and 13 wounded. The militants also captured five policemen, while the armed police captured 19 militants.

The armed police called for reinforcements from the People's Liberation Army (PLA) the next day, following two failed attempts at negotiations and a prisoner exchange. The uprising ended shortly after the arrival of Chinese reinforcements, with most militants surrendering but some fleeing to the Kunlun Mountains. The escaped militants were all eventually captured by the PLA from 6 to 10 April. Analysts and scholars generally consider the Barin uprising to be a watershed moment in Xinjiang's history which caused the Chinese government to tighten its policies in the region.

Names

Supporters of the East Turkistan independence movement generally prefer the name "Barin uprising" (Uyghur: بارىن ئىنقىلابى), while supporters of the Chinese government prefer the name "Barin Township riot" (Chinese: 巴仁乡暴乱).[1] The Chinese government's official name for the conflict is the "Counter-revolutionary armed riot in Barin Township, Akto County" (阿克陶县巴仁乡反革命武装暴乱).[2] The East Turkistan Government-in-Exile describes the events as the "Barin revolution" (بارىن ئىنقىلابى) or "Barin massacre" (بارىن قىرغىنچىلىقى).[3] A seldom used neutral name for the conflict in Chinese is the "Barin Township incident" (巴仁乡事件).[4]

Prelude

Because of the Chinese state's restrictions on the flow of information out of Xinjiang, detailed accounts of the Barin uprising have relied heavily or entirely on sources published by the Chinese government.[5] A United States Congressional Research Service report dated 17 December 2001 stated that the uprising was organised by the Free Turkistan Movement and led by an "Islamic fundamentalist" named Abdul Kasim.[6] These names were repeated by BBC Monitoring in a 2003 news report.[7] Meanwhile, a Chinese government editorial published in 2002 attributes the uprising to the "East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP)",[a] a clandestine organisation supposedly founded in Barin in 1989. The editorial claims that the ETIP held four major planning meetings in the months prior to the uprising, one of which was devoted to the procurement of supplies, including weapons and uniforms.[8] At the fourth meeting held on 25 March 1990, Zeydun Yusup was designated as the group's commander-in-chief, Abduhani Tursun as the deputy commander-in-chief, and Jamal Mehmut as the military commander.[9] The ETIP allegedly ran a training camp for militants toward the end of March 1990, and raised funds for weapons and vehicles by robbing local Bingtuan.[8]

The editorial, as well as an internal report written by the Chinese government immediately after the uprising, identified Zeydun Yusup as the ETIP's leader.[8][1] The Chinese government claims that Yusup and the ETIP wanted to seize Barin to set up a militant stronghold from which they could establish a third East Turkistan Republic.[8]

Timeline

The following timeline is based on an internal report by the Chinese government written immediately after the uprising and subsequently leaked to the foreign press.[1]

4 April

On the evening of 4 April 1990, Yusup led a group of 200 to 300 Uyghur men to the local government office in Barin, initially to protest against the forced abortions of local Uyghur women.[1][10] The group then began to shout anti-communist and pro-independence slogans,[11] such as "Down with socialism", "Marxism suppressed Islam, now it is our turn to suppress Marxism", and "Take Barin, establish Eastern Turkistan".[12] At 6:30 pm (Xinjiang Time) armed militants among the group began attacking the gates of the office in an attempt to breach them. A detachment of 130 armed police was deployed to quell the unrest; it was immediately ambushed by the militants upon arriving in the vicinity of Barin.[1] The militants killed six policemen, wounded 13, and captured five; a number of rifles and rounds of ammunition were also taken.[1] The armed police meanwhile captured 19 militants.[1]

5 April

At midnight on 5 April 1990, the militants proposed a prisoner exchange, but the armed police only agreed to open a dialogue with Yusup.[1] Negotiations ultimately failed and, at approximately 4:10 am, the militants began throwing grenades and firing at the armed police.[1] The armed police returned fire, killing Yusup at 4:44 am.[1]

Chinese reinforcements began arriving after 5 am.[1] Over a hundred armed police from No. 6 Squadron of Kashgar Prefecture, as well as 40 from the Akto Border Defence Brigade, arrived within the hour.[1] At 5:23 am, the militants again proposed dialogue and a prisoner exchange. However, the captured militants feared they would be killed in subsequent clashes with the armed police following their release, and refused the exchange.[1] Consequently, the armed police instead requested reinforcements from the People's Liberation Army (PLA), who arrived at 8:15 am with two militia companies (of the No. 41 Regiment of the No. 3 Agricultural Division, and of the Kashgar Cotton Mill).[13]

The uprising was completely suppressed by 9:50 am.[14] Six militants had been killed and several dozen had fled to the Kunlun Mountains. The remaining militants surrendered peacefully.[14]

The PLA dispatched a 23-man cavalry team to capture the escaped militants. It was led by a local Uyghur squadron leader named Mehmut Eli.[9]

6–10 April

By the early morning of 6 April, the PLA had captured 23 of the escaped militants.[14]

PLA soldiers found and besieged the hideout of 16 escaped militants on 8 April, at 11 am. The two groups exchanged fire, resulting in the deaths of six militants and the capture of three.[14]

On 9 April, a local guide and interpreter for the PLA was killed by escaped militants. Two PLA soldiers were wounded and three militants were killed in the subsequent shootout.[14]

The conflict ended on 10 April, at 3:30 am, with the capture of the remaining militants.[14] The PLA claimed that it had arrested a total of 232 militants in connection with the uprising.[14]

Aftermath

Official figures put the total number of dead at 23 and wounded at 21.[14][15] Of the dead, seven were policemen or soldiers, while 16 were militants.[14][15] Among the Chinese side's dead were Xu Xinjian, deputy instructor of the Akto Border Defence Brigade; and Tian Chongfeng, deputy squadron leader of No. 6 Squadron of Kashgar Prefecture's armed police detachment.[9] No. 6 Squadron's captain Eli Yasin and squadron leader Wu Yong were wounded in the same ambush that left Tian dead.[9]

The uprising shocked regional Chinese Communist Party officials in Xinjiang, who were surprised at the organisation, scale, and openly political nature of the initial protest.[11] Analysts and scholars generally agree that the Barin uprising was the impetus for tightening policies in Xinjiang.[11] In an unprecedented move, Chinese authorities arrested 7,900 people, labelled "ethnic splittists" and "counter-revolutionaries", from April to July 1990.[16]

Legacy

The East Turkistan Government-in-Exile celebrates 5 April annually as the anniversary of the "Barin revolution".[3]

On 5 April 2021, the 31st anniversary of the Barin uprising, Turkish politicians Meral Akşener (leader of the Good Party) and Mansur Yavaş (mayor of Ankara) released statements commemorating the Uyghurs killed in the conflict.[17] Akşener said, "[Turkey] will not remain silent on [the Uyghurs'] persecution and martyrdom," while Yavaş said, "[Turkey] still feels the pain of the massacre."[17] The Chinese embassy in Ankara responded with a statement which read in part: "The Chinese side determinedly opposes any person of power that in any way challenges China's sovereignty and territorial integrity and strongly condemns this. The Chinese side reserves its legitimate right to respond."[17] Turkey's Ministry of Foreign Affairs subsequently summoned Liu Shaobin, the Chinese ambassador to Turkey.[17]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Not to be confused with the Turkistan Islamic Party, founded over seven years after the Barin uprising, in September 1997.

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Guo 2015, p. 44.
  2. ^ China News Service 2001.
  3. ^ a b The Voice of East Turkistan 2020.
  4. ^ Hastings 2011, p. 900.
  5. ^ Hastings 2011, p. 896.
  6. ^ McNeal & Dumbaugh 2002, p. 9.
  7. ^ Millward 2004, p. 34.
  8. ^ a b c d Hastings 2011, p. 900, citing Xinjiang Gazette 2004, pp. 790–791.
  9. ^ a b c d Qiu & Xu 2008.
  10. ^ Bovingdon 2010, p. 304.
  11. ^ a b c Bovingdon 2002, p. 74.
  12. ^ Castets 2003, p. 9.
  13. ^ Guo 2015, pp. 44–45.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i Guo 2015, p. 45.
  15. ^ a b Holley 1990.
  16. ^ Sulaiman & Gerin 2017.
  17. ^ a b c d Reuters 2021.

Sources

Books

  • Bovingdon, Gardner (2010). The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land. Columbia University Press. JSTOR 10.7312/bovi14758.
  • Guo, Rongxing (15 July 2015). "Uyghur unrest and Xinjiang: Narrative". China's Spatial (Dis)integration: Political Economy of the Interethnic Unrest in Xinjiang. Chandos Publishing. pp. 43–65. ISBN 978-0-08-100403-6.
  • "'East Turkistan' terrorist forces cannot get away with impunity". 新疆通志公安志 [Xinjiang Gazette: Public Security Gazette] (in Chinese). Ürümqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House. 2004. pp. 790–795. (English translation, 21 January 2002).

Journal articles

  • Bovingdon, Gardner (January 2002). "The Not-So-Silent Majority: Uyghur Resistance to Han Rule in Xinjiang". Modern China. 28 (1). Washington University. doi:10.1177/009770040202800102. S2CID 144284550.
  • Castets, Rémi (1 October 2003). "The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows". China Perspectives (in French). 2003 (5). doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.648. ISSN 2070-3449.
  • Hastings, Justin V. (December 2011). "Charting the Course of Uyghur Unrest". The China Quarterly. 208 (208): 893–912. doi:10.1017/S0305741011001056. JSTOR 41447781. S2CID 153456613. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021.
  • Millward, James (2004). "Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment". East-West Center: i–58. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Van Wie Davis, Elizabeth (2008). "Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China". Asian Affairs. 35 (1): 15–29. doi:10.3200/AAFS.35.1.15-30. ISSN 0092-7678. JSTOR 27821503. S2CID 153750017.

News and magazine articles

  • "30th Anniversary of the Baren Revolution". The Voice of East Turkistan. Vol. 1, no. 3. 5 April 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  • "Beijing Reports 22 Deaths In Revolt in Western Region". Reuters. 23 April 1990. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015 – via The New York Times.
  • Holley, David (12 November 1990). "An Islamic Challenge to China: Officials fear the spread of fundamentalism in the westernmost region. They toughen controls on religious life and suppress secessionist activities". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021.
  • Qiu, Yongzheng; Xu, Bingchuan (22 July 2008). １９９０年新疆巴仁乡“东突”暴乱始末 [The beginning and end of the 1990 "East Turkistan" riots in Barin Township, Xinjiang]. China Youth Daily (in Chinese).
  • Sulaiman, Eset; Gerin, Roseanne (12 April 2017). "Authorities Urge Kyrgyz Herdsmen to Spy on Uyghurs in China's Xinjiang". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Juma, Mamatjan. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019.
  • "Turkey summons Chinese ambassador over response to Uighur claims". Reuters. 7 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 April 2021 – via Al Jazeera.
  • 新疆首次披露“三股势力”主要恐怖活动案件 [Major terrorist activities of the "Three Evil Forces" disclosed in Xinjiang for the first time]. China News Service (in Chinese). 10 December 2001.

Reports

  • China: Gross violations of human rights in the Xinjiang Uighur autonomous region (Report). Amnesty International. 31 March 1999. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015.
  • McNeal, Dewardric L.; Dumbaugh, Kerry (7 October 2002). China's Relations with Central Asian States and Problems with Terrorism (Report). Congressional Research Service.
  • Patrick, Shawn M. (2010). The Uyghur Movement: China's Insurgency in Xinjiang (PDF) (Report). School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2016.
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