1285

Millennium: 2nd millennium
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1285 by topic
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Art and literature
1285 in poetry
1285 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1285
MCCLXXXV
Ab urbe condita2038
Armenian calendar734
ԹՎ ՉԼԴ
Assyrian calendar6035
Balinese saka calendar1206–1207
Bengali calendar692
Berber calendar2235
English Regnal year13 Edw. 1 – 14 Edw. 1
Buddhist calendar1829
Burmese calendar647
Byzantine calendar6793–6794
Chinese calendar甲申年 (Wood Monkey)
3982 or 3775
    — to —
乙酉年 (Wood Rooster)
3983 or 3776
Coptic calendar1001–1002
Discordian calendar2451
Ethiopian calendar1277–1278
Hebrew calendar5045–5046
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1341–1342
 - Shaka Samvat1206–1207
 - Kali Yuga4385–4386
Holocene calendar11285
Igbo calendar285–286
Iranian calendar663–664
Islamic calendar683–684
Japanese calendarKōan 8
(弘安８年)
Javanese calendar1195–1196
Julian calendar1285
MCCLXXXV
Korean calendar3618
Minguo calendar627 before ROC
民前627年
Nanakshahi calendar−183
Thai solar calendar1827–1828
Tibetan calendar阳木猴年
(male Wood-Monkey)
1411 or 1030 or 258
    — to —
阴木鸡年
(female Wood-Rooster)
1412 or 1031 or 259
Peter III overlooking the Panissar Pass

Year 1285 (MCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

  • Aragonese Crusade: French forces led by King Philip III (the Bold) entrench before Girona, in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on September 7. Philip's son, the 15-year-old Charles of Valois, is crowned as king of Aragon (under the vassalage of the Holy See) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of dysentery and Philip is forced to retreat.[1]
  • April – Marinid forces under Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq cross the straits from Alcácer Seguir to Tarifa. From there they advance to Jerez de la Frontera, where they besiege the city. Marinids detachments are dispatched to devastate a broad area from Medina-Sidonia to Carmona, Vejer de la Frontera, Écija and Seville, cutting down trees, orchards, and vineyards, destroying villages, and killing or capturing many inhabitants.[2]
  • May – King Sancho IV (the Brave) assembles his army at Seville and sends the Castilian fleet (some 100 ships) led by Admiral Benedetto I Zaccaria to blockade the mouth of the Guadalquivir River. Meanwhile, a Marinid detachment of 1,000 cavalry moves against Seville, routing the Castilians send out to oppose them. Turning eastward against Carmona and Alcalá de Guadaíra, the Marinids burn the suburbs, harvest and ruin orchards.
  • May 22 – Marinid forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq prolong their siege at Jerez de la Frontera. He sends his son Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr with 5,000 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, some 13,000 infantry and 2,000 archers to raid Seville and its environs on June 1. During June and early July, the Marinids assault daily Jerez while raiding parties pillage the countryside at Carmona, Niebla, Écija, Seville and Sanlúcar de Barrameda.[3]
  • August – Castilian forces led by Sancho IV (the Brave) march against the Marinids at Jerez de la Frontera. Meanwhile, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq with his army of 18,000 cavalry and faced with dwindling supplies, decides to lift the siege after five months, on August 2. He withdraws his army to the safety of Algeciras and opens negotiations with Sancho while the Castilian fleet arrives at El Puerto de Santa Maria (or "The port of Saint Mary").[4]
  • September 4 – Battle of Les Formigues: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 40 galleys) under Admiral Roger of Lauria defeats French and Genoese ships near the Formigues Islands. According to Johan Esteve de Bezers, a French troubadour, all prisoners but one have their eyes gouged out, and that one is left with one eye to guide the others. After the battle, Roger captures about 15 to 20 French galleys, and others are sunk or burnt.
  • October 1 – Battle of the Col de Panissars: Aragonese forces under King Peter III (the Great) ambush and defeat a French expeditionary army while it was retreating over the Pyrenees. The French troops are massacred by the Aragonese vanguard at the Panissar Pass, but spared the royal family. Philip III (the Bold) arrives with his fatigued remnants in Perpignan, where he dies of dysentery on October 5.
  • November 2 – Peter III (the Great) dies after a 9-year reign at Vilafranca del Penedès. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son Alfonso III (the Liberal), who becomes king of Aragon. Peter's other son James II (the Just), is crowned ruler of Sicily. His third son, the 13-year-old Frederick, becomes co-ruler and regent of Sicily.[5]
  • Winter – The Mongol Golden Horde led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga attacks Hungary for the second time. They successfully subdue Slovakia and sack territory north of the Carpathian Mountains.

England

Levant

  • April 17 – Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) appear with specially built war engines before the Crusader fortress of Margat and begin a siege. For a month, the Mamluks can make no progress and the assaults on the stronghold are repelled. Qalawun then invites a delegation of Knights Hospitaller to come and see the damage his engineers have done to the 'impregnable' fortifications. They understood they have no real choice and are forced to surrender on May 25. The Hospitallers are allowed to retire with all their possessions, on horseback and fully armed. The rest of the garrison is promised a safe-conduct to Tortosa – while Qalawun establishes a Mamluk garrison which he uses as a basis for further campaigns against the Crusader States.[6]

Asia

By topic

Art and Culture

Markets

  • The first record is made of an emission of life annuities, by the city of Lübeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in Germany, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western Europe (see 1228).[8]
  • The County of Champagne is integrated into the kingdom of France; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the Fairs of Troyes quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.[9]

Religion


Births

Deaths

References

  1. ^ Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1980). Capetian France: 987–1328, p. 356. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40428-1.
  2. ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  3. ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  4. ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  5. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 150. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  6. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 330–31. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  7. ^ Stone, Zofia (2017). Genghis Khan: A Biography, p. 76. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-86367-11-2.
  8. ^ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17565-5.
  9. ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506774-6.
  10. ^ Kaufhold, Hubert (2000). "Notizen zur Späten Geschichte des Barsaumo-Klosters". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 3 (2): 227. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  11. ^ "Ferdinand IV | king of Castile and Leon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
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