Xylosandrus morigerus

Xyleborus morigerus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Coleoptera
Suborder:
Phytophaga
Superfamily:
Curculionoidea
Family:
Curculionidae
Genus:
Xylosandrus
Species:
X. morigerus
Binomial name
Xylosandrus morigerus
(Blanford, 1894)
Synonyms
  • Xyleborus morigerus Blanford, 1894
  • Xylosandrus morigerus (Blanford): Reitter, 1913
  • Xyleborus coffeae Wurth, 1908
  • Xyleborus luzonicus Eggers, 1923
  • Xylosandrus luzonicus (Eggers): Browne, 1963
  • Xyleborus difficilis Eggers, 1923
  • Xylosandrus difficilis (Eggers): Browne, 1963
  • Xyleborus abruptoides Schedl, 1955
  • Xylosandrus abruptoides (Schedl): Browne, 1963

Xylosandrus morigerus, is a species of weevil widespread throughout Afrotropical, Australian, Neotropical, Oceania and Oriental regions. It is also introduced to Palearctic regional countries.[1][2]

Distribution

It is native to Gabon, Madagascar, Mauritius, Zaire, Australia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysian Peninsula, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Galapagos Islands, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Tobago, Venezuela, Fiji islands, Hawaii, Micronesia, Samoa, and Tonga.[3][4] It is also found in Austria, Czech republic, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Jordan and Lebanon as an exotic species.[5][6]

Description

Body length of the female ranges from 1.5 to 2.0 mm. Body light to dark brown. Antennae and legs are yellowish brown. Antennea with 5 funicular segments and obliquely truncate club. Pronotal vestiture is semi-appressed and with hairy setae. Pronotal base covered with a dense patch of short erect setae that resemble a pronotal-mesonotal mycangium. Pronotal disc is moderately punctate. Pronotum consists with lateral costa and carina. Protibiae with 4 socketed teeth, whereas mesotibiae with 8 to 10 and metatibiae with 10 socketed teeth. In elytra, discal striae and interstriae uniseriate are punctate. Declivital elytral face is convex, steep and abruptly separated from disc.[7]

Biology

The species shows successful inbreeding. Mating occurs between siblings and before dispersal, which assures successful insemination of most dispersing females. Females that are not inseminated by a brother called haplodiploid, can potentially mate with a haploid son produced from unfertilized eggs before leaving the nest. The genetic variation suggests that outbreeding is extremely rare in the species.[8]

A polyphagous species, it is found in many plants.[7] It shows a tight symbiosis with ambrosia fungi such as Ambrosiella and occasionally other imperfect ascomycete fungi.[9]

Host plants

References

  1. ^ Dole, Stephanie A.; Jordal, Bjarte H.; Cognato, Anthony I. (2010-03-01). "Polyphyly of Xylosandrus Reitter inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (3): 773–782. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.011. PMID 19925873. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
  2. ^ "Insect pests of Mahogany in Indonesia and Malaysia". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
  3. ^ "A study of the twig borer Xyleborus morigerus Blandford, mainly based on observations in Java". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
  4. ^ Cognato, Anthony I.; Rubinoff, Daniel (September 2008). "New Exotic Ambrosia Beetles Found in Hawaii (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborina)". The Coleopterists Bulletin. 62 (3): 421–424. doi:10.1649/1084.1. S2CID 84315415. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
  5. ^ "Les Scolytes du genre Xylosandrus en France (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae)". L’Entomologiste, tome 71, 2015, n° 4 : 267 – 271. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  6. ^ "Atratividade de substancias e de ramos de cacaueiro sobre Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford, 1894) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)". Revista Theobroma (Brasil). v. 16(3) p. 155-160. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
  7. ^ a b "Phylogenetic revision of Xylosandrus Reitter (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborina)". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences Volume: 61 :451-545. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
  8. ^ Andersen, Hanne F.; Jordal, Bjarte H.; Kambestad, Marius; Kirkendall, Lawrence R. (2012). "Improbable but true: the invasive inbreeding ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus has generalist genotypes". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (1): 247–257. Bibcode:2012EcoEv...2..247A. doi:10.1002/ece3.58. PMC 3297192. PMID 22408740.
  9. ^ Beaver, R. A. (1987-01-01). "The bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) of Tonga". New Zealand Entomologist. 9 (1): 64–70. Bibcode:1987NZEnt...9...64B. doi:10.1080/00779962.1987.9722496. Retrieved 2021-09-06.


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