Wikipedia:Jewish Encyclopedia topics/A5

2001 – 2020

1. Ashre (JE | WP GWP G) the initial word of the verses Ps. lxxxiv. 5 [A. V. 4] and cxliv. 15, which verses are always prefixed to Ps. cxlv. in its...
2. Ashre Ha-'am (JE | WP GWP G) Ps. lxxxix. 16, prefixed to "Ashre" on the Day of Memorial, or New-Year, immediately after the sounding of the Shofar. It...
3. Ashtaroth (JE | WP GWP G) A city east of the Jordan on the table-land of Gilead. It was the capital of the kingdom of Og, king of Bashan (Josh. ix....
4. Ashteroth Karnaim (JE | WP GWP G) A town east of the Jordan (Gen. xiv. 5; "Onomastica," ed. Lagarde, 209, 61, 213, 39); called simply "Karnaim" in Amos vi...
5. Ashtoreth (JE | WP GWP G) the name given in the Old Testament to the old Semitic mother-goddess, called in Phenicia, Ashtarte; in Babylonia, Ishtar...
6. Reuben Dhondji Ashtumkar (JE | WP GWP G) Beni-Israel, soldier; born near Bombay, India, about 1820; He entered military service in the Eighth Regiment native infantry...
7. Ashura (JE | WP GWP G) A fast-day among the Mohammedans, observed on the tenth day of the month MuḦarram, and derived from the Jewish Day of...
8. Ashyan (JE | WP GWP G) the name of several Palestinian amoraim and of one, probably Babylonian, amora. 1. Ashyan, "the Carpenter (Naggara)," of the...
9. Asia (JE | WP GWP G) the largest continent, and the most ancient seat of civilization, constituting the greater part of the Eastern hemisphere...
10. Asia Minor (JE | WP GWP G) the western extremity of Asia, which seems to have been known to the Jews at a relatively early date; for to this region belong...
11. Asiel (JE | WP GWP G) 1. Found only in the genealogy of Simeon (I Chron. iv. 35). 2. One of the five skilled writers who wrote the law for Ezra...
12. 'Asiyah JE (JE | WP GWP G) the last of the four spiritual worlds of the Cabala—Aẓilut, Beriah, Yeẓirah, 'Asiyah—based on...
13. Max Askanazy (JE | WP GWP G) German physician; born at Stallupönen, East Prussia, Feb. 24, 1865. He received his education at the gymnasium in K&#246...
14. Selly Askanazy [de] (JE | WP GWP G) German physician; born Sept. 8, 1866, at Stallupönen, East Prussia. He attended the Kneiphof Gymnasium at Königsberg...
15. Simon Askenazy (JE | WP GWP G) Polish historian; born in 1867 at Zawichwost, government of Radom, in Russian Poland; studied at the universities of Warsaw...
16. Isaac Lvovich Asknazi (JE | WP GWP G) Russian painter; born at Drissa Jan. 28, 1856; died Dec. 21, 1902, at Moscow. He entered the St. Petersburg Academy in 1870...
17. Asma (JE | WP GWP G) Arab poetess, contemporary with Mohammed; daughter of Marwan; was married to an Arab of the tribe of the Banu Ḥatmah...
18. Asmakta (JE | WP GWP G) A word meaning "support," "reliance" (Ket. 67a); hence it is used to designate a Bible text quoted in support of a rabbinical...
19. Asmodeus (JE | WP GWP G) Name of the prince of demons. The meaning of the name and the identity of the two forms here given are still in dispute. ...
20. Asmonean (JE | WP GWP G) -- See P199: Periodicals

2021 – 2040

1. Asnapper (JE | WP GWP G) A person who transplanted the mixed multitude of tribes from Babylon to Samaria after the fall of the latter city (Ezra iv...
2. Asolo (JE | WP GWP G) Town in the province of Treviso, Italy. A Jewish congregation existed there in the middle of the sixteenth century, perhaps...
3. Aspalathus (JE | WP GWP G) A word found only in the Apocrypha (Ecclus. [Sirach] xxiv. 15). From the context it appears to be the name of a fragrant wood...
4. Asphar (JE | WP GWP G) A pool in the wilderness of Tekoah, where Jonathan and Simon Maccabeus pitched their tents when they fled before the army...
5. Asriel (JE | WP GWP G) Eponym of the family of Asrielites, found in the genealogy of Manasseh (Num. xxvi. 31; Joshua, xvii. 2). In I Chron. vii....
6. Ass (JE | WP GWP G) the Bible knows both the wild and the domestic Ass. (1) the wild Ass ("pere" or "'arod") generally roamed about in herds...
7. Ass-worship (JE | WP GWP G) the accusation that Jews worshiped the ass was for four centuries persistently made by certain Greek and Latin writers. Various...
8. Assaban (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi and author; born at Morocco in 1700 and died at Aleppo about 1760. He was chief rabbi of Leghorn, and emigrated to Jerusalem...
9. Assault and battery (JE | WP GWP G) An English law term for injury to the person—a crime recognized from the earliest stages of human law. Disputes about...
10. The Great Assembly JE (JE | WP GWP G) -- See S1214: Synagogue, the Great
11. Carel Asser [nl] (JE | WP GWP G) Dutch jurist; son of Moses Salomon Asser; born at Amsterdam, Holland, Feb. 15, 1780; died Aug. 3, 1836. He studied law and...
12. Carel Asser [nl] (JE | WP GWP G) Dutch jurist and scholar; born at the Hague, June 1, 1843; died at Leyden, Dec. 10, 1898. He was a son of Louis Asser, judge...
13. Moses Salomon Asser (JE | WP GWP G) Dutch jurist; born in Amsterdam Aug., 1754; died there Nov. 4, 1826. Although originally intended for trade, he took up the...
14. Tobias Michael Carel Asser (JE | WP GWP G) Dutch jurist; born at Amsterdam April 28, 1838. His father was Carel Daniel Asser (1813-85). His mother was a sister of Godefroi...
15. Assessment of Taxes (JE | WP GWP G) See Finta, Revenue of.
16. Asshur (JE | WP GWP G) Name of a city once the capital of Assyria. Asshur was apparently the first important town built by the early colonists of...
17. Asshurites (JE | WP GWP G) A nation descended from Abraham and Keturah (Gen. xxv. 3). In prophetic literature the nation is mentioned as being engaged...
18. Assi >> Rabbi Assi [Assi II] JE (JE | WP GWP G) A prænomen of several amoraim, which, with its variants, is a modification or diminutive of "Joseph" (compare Bacher...
19. Assignment (JE | WP GWP G) According to common law, "the transferring and setting over to another of some right, title, or interest in things in which...
20. David Assur Assing (JE | WP GWP G) German physician and poet; born at Königsberg in 1787; died April 25, 1842. He studied at the universities of T&#252...

2041 – 2060

1. Ludmilla Assing (JE | WP GWP G) German authoress; born in Hamburg Feb. 22, 1821; died March 25, 1880, in Florence, Italy. She was the daughter of Dr. David...
2. Assir (JE | WP GWP G) 1. A son of Korah, a Levite (Ex. vi. 24, and in the list of I Chron. vi. 7). 2. Son of Ebiasaph and great-grandson of Assir...
3. Assize of Jewry (JE | WP GWP G) An expression used in the thirteenth century in England for the laws and customs regulating the relations between Jews and...
4. Michelangelo Asson [ru] (JE | WP GWP G) Italian physician and medical author; born at Verona June 21, 1802; died at Venice Dec. 2, 1877. Asson's father dying...
5. Assumptio Mosis (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1643: Apocalyptic Literature
6. Assyria (JE | WP GWP G) the name "Assyria" is the Greek form of the native "Asshur," the city on the west of the Tigris, near its confluence with...
7. Assyriology and the Old Testament (JE | WP GWP G) the science of Assyriology (the interpretation of the cuneiform inscriptions), which has originated and developed with such...
8. Astarte Worship among the Hebrews (JE | WP GWP G) Astarte is the Phenician name of the primitive Semitic mother-goddess, out of which the most important of the Semitic deities...
9. Asti (JE | WP GWP G) Town in the province of Alessandria, Italy, on the left bank of the Tanaro; population 32,000. Although now of no great importance...
10. Astrakhan (JE | WP GWP G) Capital of the government of the same name in Russia, situated on the left bank of the Volga, about sixty miles from the Caspian...
11. Astrology (JE | WP GWP G) Neither (Isa. xlvii. 13), which the Greek translation renders "astrologers," nor (Dan. ii. 27 et seq.), the technical designation...
12. Astronomy >> Hebrew astronomy JE, List of medieval Hebrew astronomers JE (JE | WP GWP G) Biblical Astronomy, in the broad sense, includes the views taken in the books of the Bible of the position of the earth in...
13. Astruc (JE | WP GWP G) A prænomen used frequently by Jews in southern France and eastern Spain; used to this day as a family name in France...
14. Astruc Crescas (JE | WP GWP G) -- See C227: Crescas
15. Astruc En-duran (JE | WP GWP G) See Abba Mari ben Moses of Lunel.
16. Elie-Aristide Astruc (JE | WP GWP G) French rabbi and author; born at Bordeaux, Nov. 12, 1831. He received his early education in his native city and took a course...
17. Astruc Dés Gabbai (JE | WP GWP G) Provençal scholar; lived at Béziers toward the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth...
18. Jean Astruc (JE | WP GWP G) Physician and founder of modern Pentateuch criticism; born at Sauve, France, March 19, 1684; died in Paris May 5, 1766. His...
19. Astruc Kalonymus (JE | WP GWP G) -- See K65: Kalonymus
20. Astruc ha-Levi of Daroca JE (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudic scholar; lived in Spain at the end of the fourteenth and at the beginning of the fifteenth century. He was a delegate...

2061 – 2080

1. Astruc de Porte (JE | WP GWP G) -- See M910: Naḥmanides
2. Astruc Raimuch (Francisco Godflesh, Diose Carne) (JE | WP GWP G) -- See R76: Raimuch
3. Zacharie Astruc (JE | WP GWP G) French sculptor, painter, and author; born at Angers, department of Maine-et-Loire, in 1839. While still a boy he left his...
4. Asufot (JE | WP GWP G) "Collection"; that is, the name of a medieval compilation of laws, customs, habits, and practises of a religious character...
5. Asuta Asusa (JE | WP GWP G) A sentiment expressed toward one who is sneezing. In Tosef., Shab. vii. (viii.) 5 it is declared to be a forbidden heathen...
6. Asverus (JE | WP GWP G) -- See S505: Severus
7. Asylum (JE | WP GWP G) A place of refuge for slaves, debtors, political offenders, and criminals; a sacred spot, a sanctuary, altar, or grave, protected...
8. Asylums (Charitable Institutions) (JE | WP GWP G) -- See C371: Charity
9. Atad (JE | WP GWP G) A place on the eastern side of the Jordan where Jacob's funeral cortège stopped and mourned for him (Gen. l. 10,...
10. Ataki (JE | WP GWP G) Town in the province of Bessarabia, Russia, on the right bank of the Dniester, opposite Mohilev. Of the 1,000 families composing...
11. Atarah (JE | WP GWP G) A wife of Jerahmeel and the mother of Onam (I Chron. ii. 26). If Jerahmeel, as seems probable, is the name of a clan, the...
12. Atargatis (JE | WP GWP G) A Syrian divinity referred to in the Apocrypha. A temple of Atargatis existed in Carnion or Carnaim (I Macc. v. 24; II Macc...
13. Ataroth (JE | WP GWP G) District in Palestine, east of the Jordan. This place is mentioned along with Dibon and Jazer as a very fertile tract of land...
14. Ataroth (JE | WP GWP G) the name of several towns in Palestine:1. A city on the eastern side of the Dead Sea in the land taken from Moab and given...
15. Atbash (JE | WP GWP G) See Gemaṭria.
16. Atel (JE | WP GWP G) the capital of the Chazars in the tenth century; situated about eight English miles from Astrakhan. Together with the city...
17. Ater (JE | WP GWP G) A family that returned with Zerubbabel (Ezra ii. 16; Neh. vii. 21), the head of which signed the covenant with Nehemiah (Neh...
18. Athach (JE | WP GWP G) A town in Judah, to the inhabitants of which David sent a part of the spoil taken from the Amalekites (I Sam. xxx, 30). It...
19. Athaliah (JE | WP GWP G) Daughter of Ahab (II Kings viii. 26) and, presumably, of Jezebel; also called the daughter of Omri (II Chron. xxii. 2). The...
20. Athanasius (JE | WP GWP G) Bishop of Alexandria; born in 293, probably in Alexandria; died there May 2, 373. Athanasius was the greatest combatant of...

2081 – 2100

1. Atheism (JE | WP GWP G) A term derived from the Greek, meaning literally the "disbelief in a God." As originally used in the writings of the people...
2. Athenians in Talmud and Midrash (JE | WP GWP G) the Jewish folk-lore of Palestine was fond of contrasting the inhabitants of Athens and of Jerusalem, and of opposing the...
3. Ancient Athens (JE | WP GWP G) the principal city of Greece, situated five miles from its seaport, Piræus, on the Saronic gulf. When, as a result of...
4. Modern Athens (JE | WP GWP G) the Jewish community of Athens is hardly thirty years old. One of the oldest families, if not the oldest, is that of Max Rothschild...
5. Athias (JE | WP GWP G) A Spanish family distinguished by the great number of its scholars and promoters of learning. The name is spelled in Hebrew...
6. Athletes, Athletics, and Field-sports (JE | WP GWP G) Men who perform feats of strength, or practise games and sports the pursuit of which depends on physical strength; the feats...
7. Athribis (JE | WP GWP G) A city, during the Ptolemaic period, in Lower Egypt on the Damietta arm of the Nile near the present Bencha (Ben&#7717...
8. Athronges JE (JE | WP GWP G) Leader of the Jews during the insurrection under Archelaus (4 B.C.—6 C. E.). A shepherd and bold adventurer, without...
9. Atlanta (JE | WP GWP G) Since 1868 capital of the State of Georgia in the United States. The city was captured and burned by the United States troops...
10. Elazar (Lazar) Atlas [ru] (JE | WP GWP G) Literary critic; son of David Atlas; born March 5, 1851, in Beisegola, in the government of Kowno, Russia. His early years...
11. Atomism (JE | WP GWP G) the theory concerning atoms. Two opinions of the nature of matter were professed in the Greek philosophical schools. The Eleatic...
12. Atonement >> Covering of the eyes REF:JE (JE | WP GWP G) the setting at one, or reconciliation, of two estranged parties—translation used in the Authorized Version for "kapparah...
13. Day of Atonement (JE | WP GWP G) the term , "Yom Kippur," is late rabbinic. The Biblical laws relating to it are found in Lev. xvi. (ceremonies); ib. xxiii...
14. Attah Hore'ta (JE | WP GWP G) the first of a series of versicles, seventeen in number, chanted on the Rejoicing of the Law in the Northern ritual, before...
15. Attai (JE | WP GWP G) Son of the Egyptian Jarha, to whom Sheshan the Jerahmeelite gave his daughter to wife (I Chron. ii. 35, 36).2. A Gadite chieftain...
16. Ibn Attar >> Chaim ibn Attar JE (JE | WP GWP G) A family name among the Sephardic Jews. In Arabic the word "attar" means "apothecary" or "spice-dealer"; but it is found Hebraized...
17. Attestation of Documents (Hatimah) (JE | WP GWP G) the general rule of evidence is that a fact can be established only by the testimony of two witnesses. With the introduction...
18. Isaac b. Isaiah Attia [he] (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudic scholar; lived in Aleppo in the nineteenth century. He was the author of the following works, published in Leghorn...
19. Attorney (JE | WP GWP G) A legal representative, empowered to plead on behalf of the person represented. Attorneys at law are unknown in Jewish law...
20. Power of Attorney (Harshaah) (JE | WP GWP G) An instrument empowering an agent to act on behalf of a principal. The following formula of a Power of Attorney is taken from...

2101 – 2120

1. Attributes (JE | WP GWP G) the fundamental and permanent properties of substance, so-called by logicians in contradistinction to accidents, which are...
2. Hirsch Aub (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi and Talmudist; born, 1796, in Baiersdorf, a small town near Erlangen, the birthplace of a number of prominent Jews;...
3. Joseph Aub (JE | WP GWP G) Oculist; born in 1846; died May 13, 1888, at Cincinnati, O. He attended the Talmud Yelodim Institute and the public schools...
4. Joseph Aub (JE | WP GWP G) German rabbi; cousin of Hirsch Aub; born at Beiersdorf, in Bavaria, 1805; died May 22, 1880. He held various rabbinical posts...
5. Ludwig Aub (JE | WP GWP G) Author and poet; born Aug. 4, 1862, in Munich, Germany. He is a grandson of the rabbi Hirsch Aub, of Munich. When his father...
6. Hugues Aubriot (JE | WP GWP G) A provost of Paris, France; born at Dijon; died in Burgundy in 1382. He was in office at the accession of Charles VI. (1380)...
7. Leopold Auer (JE | WP GWP G) Hungarian violinist; son of a poor house-painter; born in Veszprim, Hungary, June 7, 1845. His musical talent manifested itself...
8. Auerbach JE (JE | WP GWP G) A family of scholars, the progenitor of which was Moses Auerbach, court Jew to the bishop of Regensburg, about 1497. One of...
9. Abraham ben Abiezri Selig Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) German rabbi; born at Buxweiler, Alsace, in the middle of the eighteenth century; died at Bonn Nov. 3, 1846. Being a descendant...
10. Baruch Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Educator and philanthropist; born in Inowrazlaw, in the province of Posen, Prussia, Aug. 14, 1793; died at Berlin, Jan. 22...
11. Benjamin Hirsch Auerbach JE (JE | WP GWP G) One of the most prominent leaders of modern German orthodoxy; born at Neuwied in 1808; died at Halberstadt Sept. 30, 1872...
12. Berthold (Baruch) Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) German author; born in the Black Forest village of Nordstetten, Germany, Feb. 28, 1812; died at Cannes, France, Feb. 8, 1882...
13. Eliezer ben Hayyim Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A2116: Auerbach, Isaac ben Ḥayyim
14. Felix Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) German physicist; born Nov. 12, 1856, in Berlin. He was only twenty years old when he graduated from the university of his...
15. Hayyim b. Isaac Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi at Lencziza, Russia, and author; of the first half of the nineteenth century. He was the contemporary and friend of...
16. Isaac b. Hayyim Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Polish rabbi; lived in the first half of the nineteenth century; was first rabbi at Dobria, near Kalisz, then at Plock; later...
17. Isaac b. Isaiah Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Grammarian, and exponent of Rashi; flourished toward the beginning of the eighteenth century at Fürth, Amsterdam, and...
18. Isaac Levin Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) A German preacher, educator, and author; born at Inowraclaw, Prussia, March 21, 1791; died at Dessau July 5, 1853. He was...
19. Jacob Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Educator and author; born at Emmendingen, Baden, Nov. 14, 1810; died Oct. 31, 1887. He received his early education in Carlsruhe...
20. Joseph Danziger Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Author of "Darke Yesharim" (Paths of the Righteous), a treatise on ethics and morals in the Yiddish dialect, published in...

2121 – 2140

1. Leopold Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) German physician and biologist; born at Breslau April 27, 1828; died there Sept. 30, 1897. He studied in Breslau, Leipsic...
2. Loeb b. Israel Auerbach (Judah) (JE | WP GWP G) Galician Talmudist of the second half of the eighteenth century. He is the author of "Mechokek Yehudah" (The...
3. Meir b. Isaac Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudist and chief rabbi of the Ashkenazim in Jerusalem; born Feb. 10, 1815, at Dobria near Kalish, Russian Poland; died...
4. Menahem Mendel ben Meshullam Solomon Auerbach JE (JE | WP GWP G) Austrian rabbi, banker, and commentator; born in Vienna at the beginning of the seventeenth century; died at Krotoschin, Posen...
5. Meshullam Solomon Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) See Auerbach, Menahem Mendel, and Auerbach Family.
6. Perez b. Menahem Nahum Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Polish Talmudist; flourished in the first half of the eighteenth century. He was the author of the work, "Peër Halakah"...
7. Phineas ben Simon Wolf Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi and Talmudist; lived at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century. He was chief of the court...
8. Samuel b. David Tebele Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) A cabalistic commentator on the Bible; flourished in the seventeenth century. His father, David, died as a martyr during the...
9. Simeon Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) See Auerbach Family.
10. Simon (Ze'eb) Wolf b. David Tebele Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudist and rabbi of several large communities; born at Posen about 1550; died Nov. 12, 1631, at Prague. His father was...
11. Solomon Heymann Auerbach (JE | WP GWP G) Hebrew scholar; born at Posen at the end of the eighteenth century; died there in 1836. He translated Habakkuk into German...
12. Augsburg (JE | WP GWP G) Capital of the districts of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria. According to tradition, it is one of the oldest Jewish communities...
13. Augury (JE | WP GWP G) Originally, prophesying by the flight of birds; but later the term was applied to all forms of foretelling (augur = avi-gur...
14. Augusta (JE | WP GWP G) the capital of Richmond county, Georgia, received its first Jewish settlers about 1825, when a Mr. Florence arrived with his...
15. Friedrich Albrecht Augusti (JE | WP GWP G) German author; born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder in 1691; died at Eschberge May 13, 1782. He received the usual Jewish education...
16. Augustine (JE | WP GWP G) the greatest and most important of the Latin church fathers; born Nov. 13, 354, at Tagaste, a town of Numidia; died at Hippo...
17. Augustinus Ricius (JE | WP GWP G) -- See R281: Ricius
18. Augustow (JE | WP GWP G) District town in the government of Suvalk, Russian Poland, on the River Netta and the Lake Biale. In 1887 the Jewish population...
19. Augustus (JE | WP GWP G) the first Roman emperor that bore the honorary title of "Augustus"; born Sept. 23, 63 B.C.; died at Nola, Campania, Aug. 19...
20. Augustus II the Strong (JE | WP GWP G) Elector of Saxony 1694-1733, and from 1697 king of Poland with the title Frederick Augustus I.; born at Dresden May 12, 1670...

2141 – 2160

1. Augustus III (JE | WP GWP G) Elector of Saxony, and as such Frederick Augustus II., king of Poland; son of Augustus II., "the Strong"; born at Dresden...
2. Auranitis (JE | WP GWP G) -- See H367: Hauran
3. Aurum Coronarium (JE | WP GWP G) A tax paid to the emperor by all the Roman provinces. Originally it was a voluntary contribution toward the golden crown to...
4. Aus of Kuraiza (JE | WP GWP G) A poet belonging to the Jewish tribe of Ḳuraiẓa in Medina. When this tribe was besieged by Mohammed, the wife...
5. Heinrich Auspitz (JE | WP GWP G) Austrian dermatologist; born at Nikolsburg, Moravia, Sept. 2, 1835; died May 23, 1886, at Vienna, barely two years after succeeding...
6. Jacob Auspitz (JE | WP GWP G) Geographical writer; lived at Budapest, Hungary, in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. He was the author of "Be&#235...
7. Rudolf Auspitz (JE | WP GWP G) Austrian member of parliament and leading manufacturer; born at Vienna July 7, 1837. He is a member of one of the oldest and...
8. Aussee JE (JE | WP GWP G) Town in Moravia, Austria. It had a Jewish community in the seventeenth century. In 1622 Emperor Ferdinand II. presented the...
9. Austerlitz + (JE | WP GWP G) Town in Moravia, Austria. Its Jewish congregation is one of the oldest in the province; according to some historians, dating...
10. Austerlitz JE (JE | WP GWP G) Name of a Jewish family. As is the case with all names derived from places, the surname "Austerlitz" does not necessarily...
11. Australia >> History of the Jews in Australia JE (JE | WP GWP G) the island-continent between the Indian and Pacific oceans. In more senses than one it has been a land of sunshine to the...
12. Austria (JE | WP GWP G) Empire in Europe now united with the kingdom of Hungary; its territorial extent has changed considerably during the past thousand...
13. Authentication of Documents (Kiyyum, Asharta, Henpek) (JE | WP GWP G) An official certificate of genuineness. This is either the result of actual litigation on the subject, in which case the decision...
14. Rabbinical Authority (JE | WP GWP G) the power or right of deciding the Law, in dubious cases, or of interpreting, modifying, or amplifying, and occasionally of...
15. Auto da fé (JE | WP GWP G) Portuguese form of the Spanish "auto de fé" (in French, "acte de foi," from the Latin "actus fidei"), the solemn proclamation...
16. Auxerre (JE | WP GWP G) Chief city of the department of Yonne, France. Since the eleventh century an important community of Jews existed here and...
17. Frederick Christian Benedict Avé-Lallement [de] (JE | WP GWP G) Noted criminologist; born in Lübeck May 23, 1809; died there July 20, 1892. In his standard work, "Das Deutsche Gaunertum...
18. Aven (JE | WP GWP G) 1. One of several Egyptian cities threatened with God's vengeance (Ezek. xxx. 17). The name is evidently a corruption...
19. Georges Avenel [fr] (JE | WP GWP G) French author; born at Chaumont-en-Vexin, department of the Oise, France, Dec. 31, 1828; died at Bougival July 1, 1876. He...
20. Henri Mayer Avenel [Wikidata] (JE | WP GWP G) French author; born in Paris, March 7, 1853. He is an adopted son of Paul Avenel. He began his career by editing "L' &#201...

2161 – 2180

1. Paul Avenel (JE | WP GWP G) French author; born at Chaumont-en-Vexin, department of the Oise, France, Oct. 9, 1823. After a brief course in medicine at...
2. Avenger of Blood (JE | WP GWP G) (Hebrew "go'el"): the Hebrew name for the clansman, "next of kin," upon whom devolved the duties: (1) of avenging, on...
3. Averroes (JE | WP GWP G) Arabian philosopher of the twelfth century; born at Cordova in 1126; died in 1198. Although himself a prolific writer on philosophy...
4. Averroism (JE | WP GWP G) Averroes, like his contemporary Maimonides, was a strict Peripatetic; yet they differed greatly in matters of faith. While...
5. Avesta (JE | WP GWP G) the canonical book of the religious sect known as the Parsees, more frequently though less precisely called Zend-Avesta&#8212...
6. Hieronymus Avianus (JE | WP GWP G) Christian Oriental scholar; lived at Leipsic at the end of the sixteenth and at the beginning of the seventeenth century....
7. Solomon ibn Gabirol (Avicebron) (JE | WP GWP G) -- See I17: Ibn Gabirol
8. Avicenna (Abu Ali ibn Abdallah ibn Sina) (JE | WP GWP G) Physician and philosopher of note; born at Bokhara in 980; died in 1037. His works, which were brought to Spain about one...
9. Elim d'Avigdor (JE | WP GWP G) Engineer and communal worker (died in London Feb. 9, 1895); was the eldest son of Count Salamon Henri d'Avigdor and of...
10. Jacob Avigdor (JE | WP GWP G) Chief rabbi ("Chakam bashi") at Constantinople from 1860 to 1863; born 1794; died 1874. He was a capable Talmudist and...
11. Jules d'Avigdor (JE | WP GWP G) Banker, and member of the Piedmont Parliament; born in Nice; died at Paris February, 1856. He was a grandson of Isaac Samuel...
12. Rachel, Countess d'Avigdor (JE | WP GWP G) Communal worker at London, England; born Sept. 19, 1816; died Nov. 5, 1896. She was the second daughter of Sir Isaac Lyon...
13. Avignon (JE | WP GWP G) Capital of the department of Vaucluse, France; formerly seat of the papal court. The first settlement of Jews in Avignon goes...
14. Avila (JE | WP GWP G) Town in Old Castile, fifteen miles from Madrid. In the Middle Ages it was one of the wealthiest and most flourishing cities...
15. Eliezer b. Samuel de Avila (JE | WP GWP G) Author of rabbinical works, and rabbi at Rabat, Morocco; born 1714; died at Rabat Feb. 7, 1761. Avila was a scion of an illustrious...
16. Samuel ben Moses ben Isaac de Avila (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi and preacher at Mequenez, Morocco, and later at Salé, Morocco, born in the first-named place in 1687 or 1688. He...
17. Samuel ben Solomon de Avila (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudist; lived at Morocco in the eighteenth century. He was the author of "'Oz we-Hadar" (Might and Splendor), Leghorn...
18. Avites, Avims (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A2181: Avvites
19. Avitus of Auvergne (JE | WP GWP G) Bishop of Clermont-Ferrand, France, in the sixth century. While the Roman bishops at that time generally treated the Jews...
20. Avlona (JE | WP GWP G) Varying names of a town and seaport of Albania, on the Gulf of Avlona, on the Adriatic. From early times there seems to have...

2181 – 2200

1. Avvites, Avva, Avvim (JE | WP GWP G) A people mentioned in Deut. ii. 23 as being dispossessed by the Caphtorim. This, however, could not have taken place before...
2. Ishak ibn al-Awani (JE | WP GWP G) Head of the Academy of Bagdad until displaced by a rival; lived in the thirteenth century. He was a contemporary of Al-&#7716...
3. Rab Awia (JE | WP GWP G) Babylonian amora of the fourth generation (fourth century), contemporary of Abaye and Raba (Ber. 28b; Shab. 46a), and brother-in-law...
4. Rab Awia Saba (The Elder) (JE | WP GWP G) Babylonian halakist of the third amoraic generation (third and fourth centuries), a contemporary of Rab Pappa (the Elder)...
5. Rab 'Awira (JE | WP GWP G) Babylonian amora of the third and fourth generations (fourth century); contemporary of Abaye and Safra—the latter speaking...
6. Auguste Axenfeld (JE | WP GWP G) French physician; born at Odessa Oct. 25, 1825; died at Paris Aug. 25, 1876. He was a son of Israel Aksenfeld. After completing...
7. Léon Ayas (JE | WP GWP G) Interpreter of the French army in the Algerian campaign against Abd-el-Kader; died 1846. He received several wounds in the...
8. 'Ayin (JE | WP GWP G) the sixteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Its numerical value is seventy. In its earlier form it was a circle, a rude picture...
9. Solomon ben Jacob Ayllon JE (JE | WP GWP G) Haham of the Sephardic congregations in London and Amsterdam and follower of Shabbethai Zebi; born in the Orient 1664...
10. Jacob Moses Ayyas (JE | WP GWP G) Son of Judah Ayyas; lived at Jerusalem, whence he was sent abroad to collect money for the Palestine poor. In 1783 he visited...
11. Judah Ayyas (JE | WP GWP G) A commentator and casuist; born in North Africa about 1690; died at Jerusalem Sept. 11, 1760. He pursued his Talmudic studies...
12. Az Shesh Meot (JE | WP GWP G) A poem of three stanzas by R. Elias Priscus, introduced in the northern liturgy at the conclusion of the piyyuṭim in...
13. Azal (JE | WP GWP G) A place near Jerusalem, but the exact position can not be determined (Zech. xiv. 5). It is supposed by some to be the same...
14. Saadia b. Levi Azankot (V02p361003jpg) (JE | WP GWP G) Orientalist of Morocco; lived in Holland in the first half of the seventeenth century. He was teacher of Jewish literature...
15. Azareel (JE | WP GWP G) 1. One of those who came to David at Ziklag (I Chron. xii. 7).2. Son of Jeroham, chief of the tribe of Dan when David made...
16. Azaria ben Joseph ibn Abba Mari (JE | WP GWP G) One of the last Jewish writers coming from Perpignan, France. He flourished in the first half of the fifteenth century. A...
17. Azaria b. Moses de Rossi (JE | WP GWP G) -- See R431: Rossi.
18. Azariah (JE | WP GWP G) the name given to twenty-six different persons in the Old Testament. The most important are:1. A noble in the court of Solomon...
19. Azariah (JE | WP GWP G) A Palestinian scholar of the fourth amoraic generation (fourth century), often quoted in conjunction with R. Acha (Lev...
20. Menahem ha-Kohen Azariah (JE | WP GWP G) Author and translator; born at Fürth, Germany; flourished at Amsterdam in 1727. He edited Eliezer ha-Ḳaṭan&#39...

2201 – 2220

1. Azarias (JE | WP GWP G) General in the army of Judas Maccabeus, who, together with Joseph, son of Zacharias, was left in command of the Judean army...
2. Azaz (JE | WP GWP G) A Reubenite, father of Bela and son of Shema (I Chron. v. 8). G. B. L. This...
3. Azazel (JE | WP GWP G) the name of a supernatural being mentioned in connection with the ritual of the Day of Atonement (Lev. xvi.). After Satan...
4. Azaziah (JE | WP GWP G) 1. A Levite who took part in the choral services on the return of the Ark to Jerusalem (I Chron. xv. 21). 2. Father of Hoshea...
5. Mordecai ben Isaac Azban (JE | WP GWP G) Cabalist and rabbi in Leghorn; born in the interior of Africa; died at Jerusalem 1740. At Leghorn he had a controversy with...
6. Azbuk (JE | WP GWP G) Father of Nehemiah; assisted in repairing the wall at Jerusalem (Neh. iii. 16).J. Jr. G. B. L. ...
7. Azekah (JE | WP GWP G) A city in the Shephelah, or plain of Judah; about midway between Jerusalem and the Philistine boundary, in a southwestern...
8. Azel (JE | WP GWP G) A Benjamite descended from Saul (I Chron. viii. 37, 38; ix. 43, 44).J. Jr. G. B. L. ...
9. Daniel Cohen D'Azevedo (JE | WP GWP G) Ḥakam in Amsterdam; died in 1823; son and successor of the Ḥakam David Cohen d'Azevedo. He is the author of...
10. David Cohen D'Azevedo (JE | WP GWP G) Ḥakam of Amsterdam in the eighteenth century; died in 1792. He devoted himself to rabbinical studies and was elected...
11. David Salom D'Azevedo (JE | WP GWP G) Diplomat, of the seventeenth century; died 1699. He was minister resident at Amsterdam of the dey of Algeria, and in that...
12. Francisco D'Azevedo (JE | WP GWP G) Portuguese Marano of the seventeenth century. He was sent in 1673 to Rome to implore the papal curia to curb the inhumanity...
13. Moses Cohen D'Azevedo (JE | WP GWP G) Haham of London; son of Daniel Cohen d'Azevedo; born in Amsterdam about 1720; died in 1784. He succeeded, in 1761, Moses...
14. Azgad (JE | WP GWP G) the Bene Azgad returned with Zerub babel from the captivity (Ezra ii. 12; Neh. vii. 17). Their number is variously given as...
15. Azharot (JE | WP GWP G) the "613" Precepts. Liturgical poems treating of the precepts of the Law. The Babylonian Talmud (Mak. 23b) contains an utterance...
16. Aziel (JE | WP GWP G) A Levite singer in the Temple; assistant to Asaph, Heman, and Ethan (I Chron. xv. 20). In I Chron. xv. 18 he is called "Jaaziel...
17. Azilut (JE | WP GWP G) Cabalistic term for "emanation" or "eradiation"; but philosophical authors prefer "shefa'" or "hashpa'ah." the word...
18. Azmaveth ((redirects to King David's Warriors JE)) (JE | WP GWP G) the Barhumite; one of the thirty heroes of David (II Sam. xxiii. 31; I Chron. xi. 33). His sons joined David at Ziklag (I...
19. Azores (JE | WP GWP G) Group of islands in the Atlantic ocean, northwest of Africa, belonging to Portugal. It was a place of refuge for the Jews...
20. Azotus (JE | WP GWP G) the equivalent of Ashdod; found in the Apocrypha (Judith ii. 28; I Macc. iv. 15, etc.) and in the New Testament (Acts viii...

2221 – 2240

1. Azov (JE | WP GWP G) A town in the government of Ekaterinoslav, Russia, on the left bank of the Don, about twenty-four miles from Rostov and five...
2. Azriel (JE | WP GWP G) Father of one of the men deputed by Jehoiakim to capture Baruch, the scribe of Jeremiah (Jer. xxxvi. 26).2. Chief of one of...
3. Azriel b. Hayyim Trabotta (JE | WP GWP G) -- See T287: Trabot
4. Azriel (Ezra) ben Menahem (Ben Solomon) (JE | WP GWP G) Founder of the speculative Cabala, and called "The Saint"; born at Gerona in 1160; died in 1238. As to the identity of Azriel...
5. Azriel b. Moses ha-Levi (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1953: Ashkenazi
6. Azriel ben Moses Meshel, of Wilna (JE | WP GWP G) Grammarian; lived at the end of the seventeenth and at the beginning of the eighteenth century. About 1700 he left his native...
7. Azriel b. Yehiel Ascoli (JE | WP GWP G) See Trabot Family.
8. Azrikam (JE | WP GWP G) Ancestor of a Levite residing in Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah (Neh. xi. 15 = I Chron. ix. 14).2. Son of Neariah, occurring...
9. Azubah (JE | WP GWP G) Daughter of Shilhi and mother of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah (I Kings xxii. 42 = II Chron. xx. 31).2. Wife of Caleb, the son...
10. Joseph b. Nehorai Azubib (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi at Algiers; died at Blida, Algeria, January, 1794. At an early age he assisted his father in his duties as rabbi of...
11. Nehorai b. Saadia Azubib (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi at Algiers; died October, 1785. He composed several prayers for the anniversary instituted by the community in commemoration...
12. Azulai, Azulay >> Abraham Azulai JE, Chaim Joseph David Azulai JE, Raphael Isaiah Azulai JE (JE | WP GWP G) A family descended from Spanish exiles who, after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, settled in the city of Fez...
13. Azzur (JE | WP GWP G) Father of Hananiah, a false prophet, contemporary with Jeremiah (Jer. xxviii. 1).2. A leader who sealed the covenant with...
14. 'Azzut Panim (JE | WP GWP G) A term applied to an impudent person. The phrase "'az panim" occurs in Deut. xxviii. 50 ("a nation of fierce countenance")...