The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spokenlanguages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʍ⟩. This was defined as a voiceless [w̥] until 1979, when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of [k͡p] the same way that [w] is an approximant with the place of articulation of [ɡ͡b].
Some linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English /ʍ/ is an approximant [w̥], a labialized glottal fricative [hʷ], or an [hw] sequence, not a velar fricative.[1]Scots/ʍ/ has been described as a velar fricative,[2] especially in older Scots, where it was [xw].[3] Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so [w̥] must be the same as [xʷ]. Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar.[4] They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative".[5]
Features
Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative:
Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
English /ʍ/ is generally a labio-velar fricative or approximant.[1] It is usually represented phonemically as /hw/, but phonetically there is not a sequence of [h] plus [w] (see English phonology). In General American[8] and New Zealand English[9] only some speakers maintain a distinction with /w/; in Europe, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.[7] See English phonology and phonological history of wh.
Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants, in free variation with a vowel [u]. Voiced [w] before voiced consonants.[18][19] See Slovene phonology.
^International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 22.
^Johnston (1997), pp. 499, 510.
^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 330–2.
^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 326.
^Головко, Е. В. (1994). Словарь алеутско-русский и русско-алеутский (беринговский диалект) [Aleut-Russian and Russian-Aleut Dictionary (Bering dialect)]. Отд-ние изд-ва "Просвещение". p. 14. ISBN978-5-09-002312-2.
^ a b"Received Pronunciation Phonology".
^ a bRogers (2000), p. 120.
^ a bRogers (2000), p. 117.
^ a b cLass (2002), p. 121.
^Wells (1982), p. 432.
^ a bMcMahon (2002), p. 31.
^Wells (1982), p. 408.
^Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006).
^Wells (1982), p. 610.
^Golla, Victor (1996). "Hupa Language Dictionary Second Edition". Retrieved Oct 31, 2021.
^Wilde (2016).
^ a bŠuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
^ a bGreenberg (2006), p. 18.
References
Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas, archived from the original on 2007-01-29
International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, ISBN0-521-65236-7
Johnston, Paul (1997), "Regional Variation", in Jones, Charles (ed.), The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 433–513, ISBN978-0-7486-0754-9, JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrwhq.15
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN3-11-016746-8
Ladefoged, Peter (2006), A Course in Phonetics (5th ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers
Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN9780521791052
McMahon, April (2002), An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, ISBN0-7486-1252-1
Rogers, Henry (2000), The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN978-0-582-38182-7
Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN0-521-65236-7, S2CID 249404451
Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN0-52129719-2, 0-52128541-0.
Wilde, Christopher P. (2016), "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon", Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (9): 130–199, hdl:1885/109195