Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative

Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
ɕ
IPA Number182
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɕ
Unicode (hex)U+0255
X-SAMPAs\
Braille⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)

The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɕ ("c", plus the curl also found in its voiced counterpart ⟨ʑ⟩). It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiceless palatal fricative, and as such it can be transcribed in IPA with ç˖.

In British Received Pronunciation, /j/ after syllable-initial /p, t, k/ (as in Tuesday) is realized as a devoiced palatal fricative. The amount of devoicing is variable, but the fully voiceless variant tends to be alveolo-palatal [ɕ] in the /tj/ sequence: [ˈt̺ʲɕuːzdeɪ]. It is a fricative, rather than a fricative element of an affricate because the preceding plosive remains alveolar, rather than becoming alveolo-palatal, as in Dutch.[1]

The corresponding affricate can be written with t̠ʲ͡ɕ or c̟͡ɕ in narrow IPA, though is normally used in both cases. In the case of English, the sequence can be specified as t̺ɕ as /t/ is normally apical (although somewhat palatalized in that sequence), whereas alveolo-palatal consonants are laminal by definition.[2][3]

An increasing number of British speakers merge this sequence with the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate /tʃ/: [ˈtʃʉːzdeɪ] (see yod-coalescence), mirroring Cockney, Australian English and New Zealand English. On the other hand, there is an opposite tendency in Canadian accents that have preserved /tj/, where the sequence tends to merge with the plain /t/ instead: [ˈt̺ʰʉːzdeɪ] (see yod-dropping), mirroring General American which does not allow /j/ to follow alveolar consonants in stressed syllables.[4][5][6]

Features

alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives [ɕ, ʑ]

Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe щы/šə [ɕə] 'three'
Assamese ব্ৰিটি/British [bɹitiɕ] 'British'
Bengali কুন [ɕokun] 'Vulture' May be transliterated as ʃ
Catalan[7] caixa [ˈkä(ɪ̯)ɕɐ] 'box' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Some Hokkien dialects /sin [ɕín] 'heart' Allophone of /s/ before /i/.
Mandarin 西安/Xī'ān [ɕí.án] 'Xi'an' Complementary distribution allophone of /ʂ/ in front of high front vowels and palatal glides. See Mandarin phonology.
Chuvash çиçĕм/şişĕm [ˈɕiɕ̬əm] 'lightning' Contrasts with /ʂ/ and /s/. Lenis when intervocalic.
Danish sjæl [ˈɕeːˀl] 'soul' See Danish phonology
Dutch Some speakers sjabloon [ɕäˈbloːn] 'template' May be [ʃ] or [sʲ] instead. See Dutch phonology
English Cardiff[8] human [ˈɕumːən] 'human' Phonetic realization of /hj/. More front and more strongly fricated than RP [ç]. Broad varieties drop the /h/: [ˈjumːən].[8] See English phonology
Conservative Received Pronunciation[1] tuesday [ˈt̺ʲɕuːzdeɪ] 'Tuesday' Allophone of /j/ after syllable-initial /t/ (which is alveolar in this sequence), may be only partially devoiced. /tj/ is often realized as an affricate [] in British English. Mute in General American: [ˈt̺ʰuːzdeɪ].[4][5][6] Typically transcribed with j in broad IPA. See English phonology, yod-coalescence and yod-dropping
Some Canadian English[1][6]
Ghanaian[9] ship [ɕip] 'ship' Educated speakers may use [ʃ], to which this phone corresponds in other dialects.[9]
Guarani Paraguayan che [ɕɛ] 'I'
Hindi निवार [ɕəniʋaːr] Saturday Sometimes may be transliterated as 'ʃ'
Japanese[10] /shio [ɕi.o] 'salt' See Japanese phonology
Korean 시/詩/si [ɕʰi] 'poem' See Korean phonology.
Kabardian щэ/ščè [ɕa] 'hundred'
Lower Sorbian[11] pśijaśel [ˈpɕijäɕɛl] 'friend'
Luxembourgish[12] liicht [liːɕt] 'light' Allophone of /χ/ after phonologically front vowels; some speakers merge it with [ʃ].[12] See Luxembourgish phonology
Marathi शेतकरी/shetkari [ɕeːt̪kəɾiː] 'farmer' Contrasts with [ʂ]. Allophone of [ʃ]. See Marathi phonology.
Malayalam കുരിശ്/kuriś [kuɾɪɕ] 'Cross' See Malayalam phonology
Norwegian Urban East[13] kjekk [ɕe̞kː] 'handsome' Typically transcribed in IPA with ç; less often realized as palatal [ç]. Younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with /ʂ/.[13] See Norwegian phonology
Polish[14] śruba [ˈɕrubä] 'screw' Contrasts with /ʂ/ and /s/. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[15][16][17][failed verification] mexendo [meˈɕẽd̪u] 'moving' Also described as palato-alveolar [ʃ].[18][19][failed verification] See Portuguese phonology
Romani Kalderash[20] ćhavo [ɕaˈvo] 'Romani boy; son' Realized as [t͡ʃʰ] in conservative dialects.
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[21] ce [ɕɛ] 'what' Realized as [t͡ʃ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian счастье/schast'e [ˈɕːæsʲtʲjə] 'happiness' Also represented by щ. Contrasts with /ʂ/, /s/, and /sʲ/. See Russian phonology
Sema[22] ashi [à̠ɕì] 'meat' Possible allophone of /ʃ/ before /i, e/.[22]
Serbo-Croatian Croatian[23] miš će [mîɕ t͡ɕe̞] 'the mouse will' Allophone of /ʃ/ before /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/.[23] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Some speakers of Montenegrin с́утра/śutra [ɕût̪ra̠] 'tomorrow' Phonemically /sj/ or, in some cases, /s/.
Swedish Finland sjok [ɕuːk] 'chunk' Allophone of /ɧ/.
Sweden kjol [ɕuːl] 'skirt' See Swedish phonology
Tibetan Lhasa dialect བཞི་/bzhi [ɕi˨˧] 'four' Contrasts with /ʂ/.
Tatar өчпочмакçpoçmaq [ˌøɕpoɕˈmɑq] 'triangle'
Uzbek[24] [example needed]
Xumi Lower[25] [d͡ʑi ɕɐ˦] 'one hundred'
Upper[26]
Yámana (Yahgan) Šúša [ɕúɕa] 'penguin'
Yi /xi [ɕi˧] 'thread'
Zhuang cib [ɕǐp] 'ten'

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:172–173), Cruttenden (2014:229–231). The first source specifies the place of articulation of /j/ after /t/ as more front than the main allophone of /j/.
  2. ^ Cruttenden (2014), p. 177.
  3. ^ Esling (2010), p. 693.
  4. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 173, 306.
  5. ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), pp. 230–231.
  6. ^ a b c Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Changes in progress in Canadian English: Yod-dropping". Journal of English Linguistics. Excerpts from article "Social embedding of changes in progress". 26. Canada: U.Toronto. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  7. ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2007:145, 167)
  8. ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 90.
  9. ^ a b Huber (2004:859)
  10. ^ Okada (1999:117)
  11. ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181.
  12. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  13. ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), p. 23.
  14. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  15. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
  16. ^ Silva (2003:32)
  17. ^ Guimarães (2004)
  18. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  19. ^ Medina (2010)
  20. ^ Boretzky & Igla (1994:XVI–XVII)
  21. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  22. ^ a b Teo (2012:368)
  23. ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:68)
  24. ^ Sjoberg (1963:11)
  25. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
  26. ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.

Sources

  • Boretzky, Nobert; Igla, Birgit (1994). Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum: mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten. Wiesbaden, DE: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3-447-03459-9.
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013). "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the variety of the lower and middle reaches of the Shuiluo River". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 363–379. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157.[permanent dead link]
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013). "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the variety of the upper reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 381–396. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169.[permanent dead link]
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990). "The phonetics of Cardiff English". In Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.). English in Wales: Diversity, conflict, and change. Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 87–103. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [1981]. The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.). Leiden, NL: Brill Publishers. ISBN 9004103406.
  • Cruttenden, Alan (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781444183092.
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995). "European Portuguese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 25 (2): 90–94. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223. S2CID 249414876.
  • Esling, John (2010). "Phonetic notation". In Hardcastle, William J.; Laver, John; Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.). The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405145909.
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013). "Luxembourgish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 67–74. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278.
  • Guimarães, Daniela (2004). Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte (PDF). Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
  • Huber, Magnus (2004). "Ghanaian English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 842–865. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003). "Polish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (1): 103–107. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191.
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5.
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999). "Croatian". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–69. ISBN 0-521-65236-7.
  • Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000). The Phonology of Portuguese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823581-X.
  • Medina, Flávio (2010). Análise Acústica de Sequências de Fricativas Seguidas de [i] Produzidas por Japoneses Aprendizes de Português Brasileiro (PDF). Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC. Palhoça: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-12-06.
  • Okada, Hideo (1999). "Japanese". In International Phonetic Association (ed.). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-0-52163751-0.
  • Pop, Sever (1938). Micul Atlas Linguistic Român. Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj.
  • Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2007). "An electropalatographic and acoustic study of affricates and fricatives in two Catalan dialects" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 37 (2): 143–172. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002829. S2CID 14275190.
  • Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003). Fonética e Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de estudos e guia de exercícios (7th ed.). São Paulo: Contexto. ISBN 85-7244-102-6.
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University.
  • Teo, Amos B. (2012). "Sumi (Sema)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 42 (3): 365–373. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254.
  • Zygis, Marzena (2003). "Phonetic and phonological aspects of Slavic sibilant fricatives". ZAS Papers in Linguistics. 3: 175–213. doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191.

External links

  • List of languages with [ɕ] on PHOIBLE
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