Visa policy of the United Kingdom

The visa policy of the United Kingdom is the policy by which His Majesty's Government determines visa requirements for visitors to the United Kingdom, and the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, Jersey, and the Isle of Man and those seeking to work, study or reside there.

All visitors must obtain a visa from one of the British diplomatic missions unless they are citizens of one of the visa exempt countries (including members of the United Kingdom), or citizens who may obtain an Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA).

The UK operates its own visa policy and maintains the Common Travel Area with the Republic of Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.[1]

British Overseas Territories generally apply their own similar but legally distinct visa policies.

Visa policy map

  United Kingdom
  Freedom of movement / Common Travel Area
  Visa not required for 6 months, subject to UK Visitor Rules (no UK jobs market work, no recourse to public funds)
  Electronic travel authorisation
  Visa required for entry, and landside transit (unless holding exemption documents); visa-free airside transit
  Visa required for entry, and both landside and airside transit (unless holding exemption documents)

Visa exemption

The following persons can enter the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man without a visa:

As of right

Non-visa nationals

Citizens of the following countries and territories may enter United Kingdom without a visa for 6 months (or 1 month for permitted paid engagements):[4]

Passport stamp with 6 months' leave to enter endorsed in a pre-biometric Canadian Passport at the juxtaposed controls at the Port of Calais.

Non-visa nationals greeted by UK immigration officers arriving from outside the Common Travel Area are credibility-assessed as to grant of entry: "leave to enter". If granted for a regular visit they, excluding seven nations, receive a passport stamp in their passport at the UK Border Force entry checkpoint stating 'Leave to enter for 6 months: employment and recourse to public funds prohibited'. The exception covers nationals who are admitted, or admissible, by the ePassport gates system. These generally do not receive a passport stamp.[14][15] Those who entered using the Iris Recognition Immigration System (which was in operation from 2004 to 2013) did not receive a passport stamp.

Since 20 May 2019, Australian, Canadian, Japanese, New Zealand, Singaporean, South Korean and United States citizens seeking the above, most common, form of entry generally receive no passport stamp, regardless of whether they use an ePassport gate or a staffed control desk.[16][17] 3 categories of their applicants for entry must go to a staffed control desk, for their passport will receive the relevant stamp(s): on a permitted paid engagement;[18] or with a Tier 5 (Temporary Worker - Creative and Sporting) Certificate of Sponsorship (for up to 3 months);[19]

Instead of endorsing a passport stamp, UK Border Force officers are permitted to grant leave to enter by fax or e-mail. They may also grant this orally (including by telephone) to a non-visa national seeking to stay as a visitor for up to 6 months. They, in general, have no power to do so where it has been conferred by another Common Travel Area border official.[20]

In the case of certain general aviation flights travellers may sometimes not be inspected by the UK Border Force on arrival (depending on the risk assessment per the travellers' information submitted in advance via the General Aviation Report (GAR) form) and may be 'remotely cleared' instead. In this case, although leave to enter is granted by implication or process, no passport stamp is received.[21]

All people arriving in the UK directly from the Republic of Ireland (part of the Common Travel Area) are not subject to routine checks by the UK Border Force on arrival in the UK. By virtue of the Immigration (Control of Entry through Republic of Ireland) Order 1972, non-visa nationals are automatically deemed to receive leave to remain in the UK for 6 months (also known as 'deemed leave'). They are forbidden from gainful employment in the UK jobs market during this period.[22] In this situation, no passport stamp is received upon entry to the UK.[23]

Similarly, all persons travelling between the UK and the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man (parts of the Common Travel Area) are not subject to routine immigration checks and no passport stamps are endorsed (although customs checks are sometimes carried out on passengers travelling between the UK and the Channel Islands, as they are separate customs areas). By virtue of Schedule 4 to the Immigration Act 1971, any leave to enter that is granted by the Crown Dependencies has effect as if the leave to enter had been given by the UK (and vice versa) under the same conditions and for the same period of time.[24][25]

All travellers arriving in the Crown Dependencies (the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) directly from the Republic of Ireland (i.e. from within the Common Travel Area) are not subject to routine immigration checks and do not receive a passport stamp on arrival. Non-visa nationals are automatically deemed to receive leave to enter for 6 months and are not permitted to engage in gainful employment during this period.[26][27][28]

Electronic travel authorisation (ETA)

The UK implemented the Electronic Travel Authorisation system, from November 2023.[29] Citizens of the following countries may obtain an ETA.

ETA system will be applied to all 'visa-free countries (exclude Ireland)' in the future. It costs £10 to apply and the visa lasts up to 2 years with multiple entries allowed.

British-Irish Visa Scheme (BIVS)

Citizens of the following countries may travel to the UK without a visa if they hold a valid Irish visa endorsed with BIVS:[31]

Ukraine scheme

Citizens of Ukraine (and their family members of any nationality) who have a family member or sponsor in the UK may apply online for permission to enter and remain in the UK. If approved, they may travel to the UK with such permission letter instead of a visa.[34][35]

Non-ordinary passports

Holders of diplomatic, official, service and special passports of the following countries and territories do not require a visa for tourism, business and official purposes for a Indefinite Period Of Stay (unless otherwise stated):

D - Diplomatic passports
S - Special passports
SPA - Service and public affairs passports, if travelling with a government minister on an official visit.

Visa exemption and exemption from immigration control applies to (holders of UN Passport when they travel to the UK on an official visit), (holders of Interpol Passport when on duty) and (employees of NATO and EU when travelling for business or official purposes only).[36]

Transit

There are 2 types of transit through the United Kingdom under the United Kingdom Transit Rules - airside transit and landside transit.[131][132][133] The Transit Without Visa facility for visa requiring nationals was abolished, effective 1 December 2014, and replaced with United Kingdom Transit Rules.[134] Notwithstanding the lists below, in general, even persons from 'Direct Airside transit visa-exempt nationalities' require a transit visa if transiting though the UK to other parts of the Common Travel Area including Ireland.

With the introduction of the Electronic Travel Authorisation system, everyone, unless exempt from needing an ETA, will need an ETA even if in transit, irrespective of whether it is an airside or landslide transit. (see list of countries needing an ETA above)

Airside transit
  • Available only at London Heathrow Airport.
  • Available only to passengers arriving and departing by air to an international destination other than Ireland on the same day.
  • Available only to passengers not leaving the airside zone of the airport and not passing through immigration control.
  • Concerns passengers who would normally require a visitor visa to enter the United Kingdom but who hold a Direct Airside Transit visa, a passport of an airside transit visa-exempt country, or an airside transit visa exemption document.
Landside transit
  • Available only to passengers arriving and departing by air by 23:59 the next day who require passing through immigration control and leaving the airport building only for transit purposes.
  • Concerns passengers who would normally require a visitor visa to enter the United Kingdom but who hold a Visitor in Transit visa or a landside visa exemption document.
Airside transit visa-exempt citizens
  • United Nations Stateless persons holding UN Convention 1954 travel documents and refugees whose original nationality is exempt.
Airside transit visa exemption documents

The exemption applies where travellers:

  • arrive and depart by air, and
  • the onward flight must be confirmed, and must depart the same day, and
  • have proper documentation for their destination (including a visa for the destination country if necessary), and
  • fulfil any one of the below conditions:
  1. have a valid visa for Australia, Canada, New Zealand or the US, whether or not travelling to or from those countries, or
  2. have a valid Australian or New Zealand residence visa; or
  3. have a valid Canadian permanent resident card issued on or after 28 June 2002; or
  4. have a valid uniform format residence permit issued by an EEA state under Council Regulation (EC) number 1030/2002; or
  5. have a valid Irish biometric visa endorsed BC or BC BIVS; or
  6. have a valid uniform format category D visa for entry to a state in the European Economic Area (EEA); or
  7. have a valid US I-551 permanent resident card issued on or after 21 April 1998; or
  8. have an expired I-551 permanent resident card issued on or after 21 April 1998, accompanied by an I-797 extension letter; or
  9. have a standalone US Immigration Form 155A/155B attached to an envelope; or
  10. have a valid Schengen Approved destination Scheme (ADS) group tourism visa where the holder is travelling to the country that issued it or holds a valid airline ticket from the Schengen area, provided the holder can demonstrate they entered there no more than 30 days previously on the basis of a valid Schengen ADS visa;

E-visas or e-residence permits are not acceptable for airside transit unless the airline is able to verify it with the issuing country. Nationals of Syria who are holders of US B1/B2 visas are not visa-exempt.

Visitor in Transit visa exemption documents

The exemption applies where travellers:

  • arrive and depart by air, and
  • the onward flight must be confirmed, and must depart by 23:59 the following day, and
  • have proper documentation for their destination (including a visa for the destination country if necessary), and
  • fulfil any one of the below conditions:
  1. have a valid entry visa for Australia, Canada, New Zealand or the US, and a valid airline ticket for travel via the UK, as part of a reasonable journey to or from one of those countries, or
  2. have a valid airline ticket for travel via the UK as part of a reasonable journey from Australia, Canada, New Zealand or the US, if they are transiting the UK no more than 6 months after the date when they last entered Australia, Canada, New Zealand or the US with a valid entry visa for that country; or
  3. have a valid Australian or New Zealand residence visa; or
  4. have a valid Canadian permanent resident card issued on or after 28 June 2002; or
  5. have a valid uniform format residence permit issued by an EEA state under Council Regulation (EC) number 1030/2002; or
  6. have a valid Irish biometric visa endorsed BC or BC BIVS; or
  7. have a valid uniform format category D visa for entry to a state in the European Economic Area (EEA); or
  8. have a valid US I-551 permanent resident card issued on or after 21 April 1998; or
  9. have an expired I-551 permanent resident card issued on or after 21 April 1998, accompanied by an I-797 extension letter; or
  10. have a standalone US Immigration Form 155A/155B attached to an envelope;

E-Visas such as those regularly issued by Australia or e-residence permits are not acceptable for landside transit.

Obtaining an entry visa

Mandatory tuberculosis testing for a long term UK visa
The UK visa in a Russian student's passport

Visitors entering the UK, the Channel Islands and/or the Isle of Man who do not qualify for one of the visa exemptions listed above have to apply for a visa in advance through the UK Visas and Immigration at a visa application centre.

All visitors must apply by registering an online account (except citizens of North Korea who must apply in person at the British Embassy), fill in the application form, pay the fee and attend an appointment at a visa application centre.[135]

A visitor's visa for a single stay or multiple stays of up to 6 months costs £95. A multiple-entry visitor's visa valid for 2 years costs £361, 5 years £655, and 10 years £822.[136][137] Chinese citizens in can, for certain common forms of travel, obtain a 2-year, multiple-entry visitor's visa at a cost of £95.[138][139] Being a digital nomad is explicitly allowed on a standard visitor visa as long as the clients or employer are not based in the UK and there is no access to the UK jobs market.[140]

Family members of EU, EEA and Swiss citizens who are not covered by one of the visa exemptions above can apply for an EEA Family Permit free of charge (instead of a visa).[141]

Visitors applying for most types of UK visas (including a visitor's visa and an EEA Family Permit) are required to submit biometric identifiers (all fingerprints and a digital facial image) as part of the visa application process.[142] However, diplomats, foreign government ministers and officials and members of Commonwealth Forces are exempt from the requirement to submit biometric identifiers. Applicants who have obtained a new passport and are merely requesting a transfer of their visa vignette from their old passport to their new passport are not required to re-submit biometric identifiers.[143] In addition, applicants who are travelling directly to the Channel Islands or Gibraltar without passing through the UK or the Isle of Man are exempt from providing biometric information.[144] Children must be accompanied by an adult when their biometric identifiers are taken. Biometric identifiers may be shared with foreign governments. Biometric identifiers are destroyed 10 years after the last date a person's fingerprints and digital facial image were captured.[145]

Most visa applications are decided within 3 weeks.[137]

Applicants resident in the following countries and territories who wish to enter the UK for 6 months or more are required to be tested for tuberculosis as part of the visa application process:[146]

After a person has successfully obtained a UK visa, if they subsequently obtain a new passport, but the UK visa in their old passport still has remaining validity, they are not required to have the UK visa vignette affixed in the old passport transferred to the new passport, but must be able to present both the new and old passports at passport control when entering the UK.[147]

If a person who has successfully obtained a UK visa subsequently loses the passport in which the visa vignette is affixed (or if it is stolen), they have to pay the original visa fee in full again and may be required to show that their circumstances have not changed when applying for a replacement visa. However, a new 'confirmation of acceptance for studies' (CAS)/'certificate of sponsorship' (COS) is not required when applying for a replacement Tier 4/Tier 2 visa.[143]

Visa types

These are correct as of April 2015.

Visitor visas

  • Standard Visitor visa[148][149]
  • Marriage Visitor visa[150]
  • Permitted Paid Engagement visa[151]
  • Parent of a Tier 4 child visa[152]
  • Visa to pass through the UK in transit[131]
    • Direct Airside Transit visa
    • Visitor in Transit visa

Work visas

As of September 2023:

  • British National (Overseas) visa[153]
  • Charity Worker visa (Temporary Work)[154]
  • Creative Worker visa (Temporary Work)[155]
  • Exempt vignette[156]
  • Frontier Worker permit[157]
  • Global Talent visa[158]
  • Government Authorised Exchange visa (Temporary Work)[159]
  • Graduate Trainee visa (Global Business Mobility)[160]
  • Graduate visa[161]
  • Health and Care Worker visa[162]
  • High Potential Individual (HPI) visa[163]
  • Innovator Founder visa (formerly Innovator visa)[164][165]
  • International Agreement visa (Temporary Work)[166]
  • International Sportsperson visa[167]
  • Minister of Religion visa (T2)[168]
  • Overseas Domestic Worker visa[169]
  • Religious Worker visa (Temporary Work)[170]
  • Representative of an Overseas Business visa [171]
  • Scale-up Worker visa[172]
  • Seasonal Worker visa (Temporary Work)[173]
  • Secondment Worker visa (Global Business Mobility)[174]
  • Senior or Specialist Worker visa (Global Business Mobility)[175]
  • Service providers from Switzerland visa[176]
  • Service Supplier visa (Global Business Mobility)[177]
  • Skilled Worker visa[178]
  • Turkish Worker visa [179]
  • UK Ancestry visa[180]
  • UK Expansion Worker visa (Global Business Mobility)[181]
  • Youth Mobility Scheme visa[182]


  • Entrepreneur visa (Tier 1) [closed for new applications][183]
  • Investor visa (Tier 1) [closed for new applications][184]
  • Start-up visa [closed for new applications][185]
  • Turkish Businessperson visa [closed for new applications][186]

Student visas

  • Short-term study visa
  • Tier 4 visa
    • General
    • Child

History

Visa policy of the UK from 1960 to the present
  United Kingdom or British Empire
  Visa-free access (subject to UK arrival with credible presentation as a visitor)

By early 1917, all aliens (i.e. persons who were not British subjects) were required to obtain visas from a British consul before embarking for the United Kingdom.[187] Visa requirements would then be maintained for aliens under the peacetime regime of immigration control retained after 1918.

Visas were mutually abolished between the UK and France in July 1921, although this did not apply to French overseas territories or the rest of the British Empire.[188]

Visa fee reduction between the UK and the United States had been discussed as early as 1925.[189] They were mutually reduced by 80 per cent on 1 April 1937; by February 1938, such fees had already been abolished between the US and most European countries,[190] but American citizens continued being required visas for entry into the UK until 1948.

Post-World War II

Members of the British Empire had been considered British subjects before the war and did not generally need visas; this did not apply to mandated territories such as South West Africa or Western Samoa, whose residents did need visas but were eligible to stay indefinitely.[191] As dominions became more independent and adopted their own nationality laws, however, visa restrictions started to be applied.

The abolition of visa requirements was increased in post-war era as part of a policy to make travel freer and easier; by 1949 visa requirements had been abolished in 20 countries.[192]

Although waiving visas or visa charges for United States citizens was discussed as early as 1930,[193] such visas would remain until 1948, when the UK abolished such visas and the US waived visa fees and doubled visa lengths for UK citizens, albeit stopping short at full visa abolition due to domestic considerations; MP Phil Piratin was denied a visa.[194][195]

Modern history

In March 2007, the Home Office announced that it would carry out its first Visa Waiver Test to review the list of countries and territories outside the European Union, European Economic Area and Switzerland whose nationals are exempt from holding a visa for the UK.

After carrying out the review, in July 2008, Jacqui Smith, the Home Secretary, and David Miliband, the Foreign Secretary, announced to Parliament that the results of the test showed a 'strong case' for introducing visa regimes for 11 countries (Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Lesotho, Malaysia, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela) having taken into account the following factors (including the extent to which they were being addressed by the countries' authorities):[196][197][198]

  • Passport security and integrity
  • The degree of co-operation over deportation or removal of the countries' nationals from the UK
  • Levels of illegal working in the UK and other immigration abuse (such as fraudulent asylum claims)
  • Levels of crime and terrorism risk posed to the UK

Following the July 2008 announcement, the UK Government entered into a 6-month period of 'detailed dialogue' with the governments of the 11 countries 'to examine how risks can be reduced in a way that obviates the need for a visa regime to be introduced'. In order to maintain visa-free access to the UK, the 11 countries had to 'demonstrate a genuine commitment to put into effect credible and realistic plans, with clear timetables, to reduce the risks to the UK, and begin real implementation of these plans by the end of the dialogue period'.[196]

On 9 January 2009, the new visa rules announced required citizens of Bolivia, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland to obtain a visa, and only Venezuelan nationals travelling on biometric passports with an electronic chip issued since 2007 could continue to enter the UK without a visa.[199] The existing visa-free status for citizens of Botswana, Brazil, Malaysia, Mauritius, Namibia and Trinidad and Tobago was maintained.[200]

Starting from 3 March 2009, a transitional regime was put in place until 30 June 2009 for South African citizens - those who held a valid South African passport and had previously entered the UK lawfully using that passport could continue to enter the UK without a visa, whilst all other South African citizens were required to apply for a visa. On the same day, Taiwan citizens were able to enter the UK without a visa.[201] On 18 May 2009, Bolivian citizens were no longer able to enter the UK without a visa and Venezuelan citizens were required to present a biometric passport to enter the UK without a visa.[202] On 1 July 2009, all South African citizens were required to apply for a visa to enter the UK. On the same day, citizens of Lesotho and Swaziland were required to apply for a visa to enter the UK.

On 30 March 2010, Alan Johnson, the Home Secretary, and David Miliband, the Foreign Secretary, announced to Parliament that, having carried out a review of visa regimes in relation to Eastern Caribbean countries, 5 countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis and St Vincent and the Grenadines) would have their visa-free status maintained. At the same time, the UK Government would enter a six-month period of 'detailed dialogue' with the governments of 2 countries (Dominica and St Lucia), who would have to 'demonstrate a genuine commitment to put into effect credible and realistic plans, with clear timetables, to reduce the risks to the UK, and begin implementing these plans by the end of the dialogue period' to maintain their visa-free status.[203] On 2 March 2011, Theresa May, the Home Secretary, and William Hague, the Foreign Secretary, announced to Parliament that the governments of Dominica and St Lucia 'have made concrete improvements to the immigration, border control and identity systems which would not have happened without the test', and so the visa-free status for the 2 countries would be maintained.[204]

On 13 June 2011, new Immigration Rules were laid before Parliament that came into force on 4 July 2011 introducing a new streamlined application procedure (waiving the normal requirements to provide documentary evidence of maintenance and qualifications at the time of application) for some non-visa nationals from 'low-risk countries' who wish to study in the UK for more than 6 months and apply for Tier 4 entry clearance. The following 15 countries and territories were categorised as 'low-risk' and included in 'Appendix H' of the Immigration Rules: Argentina, Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago and the United States.[205][206][207] Although the announcement did not relate to a Visa Waiver Test per se, it showed that the UK Border Agency considers some countries and territories in the list of visa-free nationalities to be lower risk than others. In particular, Trinidad and Tobago, which was considered to be a high-risk country from a visa regime perspective in 2008 when the Visa Waiver Test was carried out, was now viewed by the UK Border Agency as a low-risk country. On 5 September 2012, two more countries (Botswana and Malaysia) were added to the list of 'low-risk' nationalities for the purpose of Tier 4 entry clearance applications, i.e. 'Appendix H', (taking effect on 1 October 2012),[208] whilst on 6 September 2013, Barbados was also added to 'Appendix H' (taking effect on 1 October 2013).[209] Again, although the announcement did not relate to a Visa Waiver Test per se, it showed that Botswana, Malaysia and Barbados (countries which were considered to be a high-risk countries from a visa regime perspective when the Visa Waiver Test was carried out in 2008 in the case of Botswana and Malaysia, and in 2010 in the case of Barbados) were now viewed by the UK Border Agency as low-risk countries.[208][210]

In March 2013, it was revealed that Theresa May, the Home Secretary, was considering removing Brazil from the list of visa-exempt nationalities due to concerns about illegal immigration, since Brazil was fifth in the top 10 of illegal immigrant nationalities in the UK according to Home Office figures for 2011, and was the only country on the list for which short-term visitors do not need a visa. However, the UK Government later decided to retain the visa exemption for Brazilian citizens, a decision which was seen as attempting to develop closer trading links with Brazil.[211]

On 1 January 2014, an electronic visa waiver (EVW) scheme was introduced, enabling citizens of Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates who have obtained an EVW authorisation online to visit and / or study in the UK for up to 6 months without a visa;[212] with Kuwait added to the EVW scheme during February 2016.[213]

After 'assessing countries against a list of risk and compliance criteria', the UK Government added Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the UAE to 'Appendix H' (the list of 'low-risk' nationalities for the purpose of Tier 4 student visa applications) at various periods between 2014 and 2018 but according to the Cambridge Education Group, Oman was to be removed from this Appendix.[214] However, it doesn't seem like this may have occurred.

These 2 changes reflect the UK Government's view that Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the UAE should now be regarded as low-risk countries from a visa regime perspective and it is possible that, in future, nationals of these four countries will be classified as non-visa nationals (enabling them to visit and/or study in the UK without a visa for up to 6 months without having to obtain an EVW authorisation online every time they wish to enter the UK).

On 13 March 2014, the UK Government announced that, with effect from 5 May 2014, Venezuelan citizens (including those with biometric passports) would require a visa to enter the UK.[215][216]

In January 2020, British ambassador to Ukraine announced that there would be no visa-free arrangements for Ukrainian citizens.[217]

On April 9, 2020, the Home Office issued a new immigration rule imposing visa restriction on low-skilled people workers with effect from January 2021. The restriction introduced a new point-based immigration system, allotting points for certain skills, salaries, qualification and shortage occupations. Any worker with points falling below the given threshold will be restricted from applying for UK work visa, as per the new immigration rule.[218][219] Free Movement, a UK-based website updating, commenting, training and advising on immigration and asylum laws, claims that nurses, hospital porters, cleaners, postal workers, etc., are to be worst affected by the new immigration law.[220]

In February 2021, the UK's new visa scheme stated that Hong Kong residents with a British National (Overseas) passport can stay in the UK for five years and get full citizenship.[221]

In May 2022, a new visa scheme was offered to graduates from the world's top 50 universities, giving them a two year long work visa with the opportunity to prolong it if they meet certain requirements.[222]

From 4 August 2022, police registration is no longer required.[223]

Reciprocity

Of the 82 countries and territories whose citizens are granted 6 months' visa-free access to the UK:

Beyond reciprocity (recent legacy arrangements)

Three South American legacy arrangements remain, and one recent other, as at 2020: (standard visitor grants of entry obtainable to, for duration stated)

No reciprocity
  • Papua New Guinea requires British citizens to apply for a visa on arrival, valid for up to 60 days, for PGK100 (tourist) or PGK500 (business)

Visitor statistics

Most visitors arriving to United Kingdom were from the following countries of nationality. Note the statistics for Ireland are fluid; no visitor conditions attach and visits across the land border are not counted.[225]

Nationality Total
2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
 United States Increase 4,499,000 Decrease 3,877,000 Increase 3,910,000 Increase 3,455,000 Increase 3,266,000 Increase 2,976,000 Decrease 2,778,000 Decrease 2,840,000 Increase 2,846,000
 France Decrease 3,561,000 Decrease 3,693,000 Decrease 3,956,000 Decrease 4,064,000 Increase 4,171,000 Increase 4,114,000 Increase 3,974,000 Increase 3,787,000 Increase 3,633,000
 Germany Decrease 3,233,000 Decrease 3,262,000 Increase 3,380,000 Increase 3,341,000 Increase 3,249,000 Increase 3,220,000 Increase 3,048,000 Increase 2,967,000 Decrease 2,947,000
 Ireland Increase 2,851,000 Decrease 2,782,000 Increase 3,029,000 Increase 2,897,000 Increase 2,632,000 Increase 2,486,000 Decrease 2,350,000 Decrease 2,453,000 Decrease 2,574,000
 Spain Decrease 2,319,000 Increase 2,530,000 Increase 2,413,000 Increase 2,397,000 Increase 2,197,000 Increase 1,986,000 Increase 1,746,000 Decrease 1,716,000 Increase 1,836,000
 Italy Increase 2,197,000 Increase 1,808,000 Decrease 1,779,000 Increase 1,990,000 Increase 1,794,000 Increase 1,757,000 Increase 1,636,000 Decrease 1,521,000 Increase 1,526,000
 Netherlands Increase 1,987,000 Decrease 1,954,000 Increase 2,136,000 Increase 2,062,000 Decrease 1,897,000 Increase 1,972,000 Increase 1,891,000 Decrease 1,735,000 1,789,000
 Poland Decrease 1,651,000 Increase 1,817,000 Decrease 1,807,000 Increase 1,921,000 Increase 1,707,000 Increase 1,494,000 Increase 1,339,000 Increase 1,222,000 Decrease 1,057,000
 Belgium Increase 1,135,000 Decrease 1,116,000 Increase 1,148,000 Decrease 1,048,000 Increase 1,175,000 Decrease 1,122,000 Increase 1,174,000 Increase 1,113,000 Decrease 984,000
 Australia Increase 1,063,000 Decrease 1,003,000 Increase 1,092,000 Decrease 982,000 Decrease 1,043,000 Decrease 1,057,000 Increase 1,058,000 Decrease 993,000 Increase 1,093,000
 China Increase 1,010,000 Increase 472,000 Increase 406,000 Decrease 307,000 Increase 325,000 Decrease 233,000 Increase 237,000 Increase 215,000 181,000
  Switzerland Increase 926,000 Decrease 808,000 Increase 989,000 Increase 940,000 Increase 872,000 Increase 864,000 Decrease 807,000 Increase 832,000 Increase 768,000
 Romania Decrease 902,000 Increase 987,000 Increase 944,000 Increase 891,000 Increase 693,000 Increase 471,000 Increase 377,000 Increase 267,000 Increase 259,000
 Canada Increase 874,000 Increase 850,000 Increase 835,000 Increase 828,000 Increase 708,000 Decrease 649,000 Increase 731,000 Decrease 704,000 Increase 740,000
 Sweden Decrease 789,000 Decrease 827,000 Increase 831,000 Decrease 821,000 Decrease 850,000 Increase 869,000 Increase 784,000 Decrease 777,000 Increase 794,000
 India Increase 692,000 Decrease 511,000 Increase 562,000 Decrease 415,000 Increase 422,000 Increase 390,000 Increase 373,000 Decrease 339,000 Decrease 355,000
 Denmark Decrease 691,000 Increase 735,000 – 730,000 Decrease 730,000 Increase 756,000 Decrease 662,000 Increase 696,000 Increase 636,000 Increase 614,000
 Norway Decrease 647,000 Decrease 673,000 Increase 712,000 Decrease 700,000 Decrease 771,000 Increase 874,000 Increase 838,000 Increase 771,000 Increase 739,000
 Portugal Increase 613,000 Decrease 431,000 Decrease 482,000 Increase 492,000 Decrease 392,000 Increase 395,000 Decrease 285,000 Increase 292,000 Decrease 283,000
 United Arab Emirates Increase 553,000 Increase 392,000 Increase 374,000 Increase 365,000 Increase 347,000 Decrease 260,000 Increase 304,000 Increase 256,000 Increase 241,000
 Czech Republic Increase 414,000 Increase 412,000 Decrease 375,000 Decrease 414,000 Increase 465,000 Decrease 352,000 Increase 356,000 Increase 325,000 Increase 286,000
 Hong Kong Increase 409,000 Increase 243,000 Increase 230,000 Increase 218,000 Increase 204,000 Decrease 159,000 Increase 163,000 Decrease 135,000 Increase 149,000
 Japan Increase 389,000 – 247,000 Increase 247,000 Increase 246,000 Decrease 194,000 Decrease 222,000 Decrease 225,000 Increase 243,000 Increase 237,000
 Austria Increase 342,000 Increase 322,000 Increase 307,000 Increase 302,000 Increase 277,000 Decrease 263,000 Increase 275,000 Decrease 268,000 Decrease 271,000
 Hungary Decrease 334,000 Increase 437,000 Increase 415,000 Increase 397,000 Increase 328,000 Increase 323,000 Increase 276,000 Increase 262,000 Decrease 210,000
 Turkey Increase 334,000 Decrease 177,000 Increase 230,000 Increase 196,000 Decrease 192,000 Increase 196,000 Increase 154,000 Increase 145,000 Decrease 126,000
 Brazil Increase 291,000 Decrease 240,000 Increase 244,000 Decrease 187,000 Increase 324,000 Increase 293,000 Decrease 258,000 Decrease 260,000 Increase 276,000
 Israel Decrease 265,000 Increase 278,000 Increase 265,000 Increase 209,000 Increase 205,000 Increase 185,000 Increase 179,000 Decrease 138,000 Increase 164,000
 Greece Increase 250,000 Decrease 200,000 Decrease 213,000 Increase 227,000 Decrease 225,000 Increase 238,000 Increase 181,000 Decrease 159,000 Increase 225,000
 Lithuania Decrease 236,000 Increase 372,000 Increase 327,000 Decrease 242,000 Increase 271,000 Decrease 198,000 Increase 202,000 Decrease 171,000 Increase 178,000
 Bulgaria Decrease 235,000 Increase 266,000 Increase 262,000 Increase 248,000 Decrease 173,000 Increase 184,000 Decrease 125,000 Increase 138,000 Increase 97,000
 South Africa Decrease 217,000 Decrease 224,000 Increase 230,000 Decrease 188,000 Increase 231,000 Decrease 217,000 Increase 225,000 Increase 211,000 Decrease 194,000
 Finland Increase 215,000 Decrease 214,000 Decrease 258,000 Increase 261,000 Decrease 245,000 Increase 255,000 Increase 212,000 Decrease 208,000 Increase 233,000
 Nigeria Increase 208,000 Decrease 107,000 Increase 119,000 Decrease 101,000 Decrease 128,000 Decrease 134,000 Increase 157,000 Increase 154,000 Decrease 142,000
 Russia Increase 199,000 Decrease 181,000 Increase 227,000 Decrease 147,000 Decrease 164,000 Increase 249,000 Decrease 214,000 Increase 227,000 211,000
 Malta Increase 190,000 Decrease 72,000 Increase 104,000 Increase 87,000 Decrease 74,000 Increase 100,000 Increase 85,000 Increase 65,000 Decrease 64,000
 New Zealand Decrease 188,000 Decrease 216,000 Increase 220,000 Increase 213,000 Increase 207,000 Increase 196,000 Decrease 165,000 Decrease 175,000 — 187,000
 Thailand Increase 184,000 Decrease 93,000 Increase 94,000 Decrease 77,000 Increase 79,000 Increase 76,000 Decrease 74,000 Increase 75,000 Decrease 65,000
 Mexico Increase 166,000 Decrease 153,000 Increase 155,000 Increase 106,000 Increase 102,000 Decrease 92,000 Increase 109,000 84,000 Increase 78,000
 Luxembourg Increase 146,000 Decrease 76,000 Decrease 83,000 Decrease 104,000 Increase 122,000 Increase 97,000 Increase 90,000 Increase 83,000 73,000
 Cyprus Increase 128,000 Decrease 96,000 Increase 163,000 Decrease 135,000 Increase 136,000 Decrease 119,000 Increase 123,000 Decrease 111,000 Increase 124,000
 Slovakia Decrease 113,000 Decrease 142,000 Increase 179,000 Decrease 156,000 Increase 175,000 Decrease 132,000 Increase 146,000 Increase 120,000 Decrease 117,000
 Pakistan Decrease 90,000 Increase 102,000 Increase 69,000 Increase 66,000 Decrease 58,000 Increase 75,000 Decrease 63,000 Increase 73,000 65,000
 Egypt Increase 52,000 — 43,000 Increase 43,000 Decrease 42,000 Decrease 47,000 Increase 59,000 Increase 54,000 Increase 50,000 Decrease 41,000
 Morocco Increase 33,000 Decrease 32,000 – 33,000 Increase 33,000 Decrease 29,000 Increase 35,000 Increase 31,000 Increase 26,000 Increase 19,000
 Sri Lanka Increase 29,000 Increase 20,000 Decrease 17,000 Increase 22,000 Decrease 16,000 Decrease 17,000 Increase 24,000 — 20,000 Increase 20,000
 Barbados Increase 27,000 Increase 22,000 – 11,000 Decrease 11,000 Increase 16,000 Decrease 9,000 Increase 10,000 Decrease 6,000 Increase 11,000
 Tunisia Increase 9,000 Decrease 5,000 Decrease 7,000 Decrease 12,000 Increase 14,000 Decrease 9,000 Increase 10,000 — 9,000 — 9,000
 Jamaica Decrease 8,000 Increase 15,000 Increase 8,000 Decrease 4,000 Increase 14,000 — 10,000 Increase 10,000 — 7,000 Decrease 7,000
Total Increase 40,857,000 Decrease 37,905,000 Increase 39,214,000 Increase 37,609,000 Increase 36,115,000 Increase 34,377,000 Increase 32,692,000 Increase 31,084,000 Increase 30,798,000

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Irish citizens under the Common Travel Area arrangements can freely travel between Ireland and the United Kingdom, and if asked to evidence their identity, any independently issued photographic identity card will be sufficient, unless other facts or circumstances bring Irish citizenship into question. To enable carriers to meet carrier regulations they are required to bear a valid Irish passport or passport card if entering the United Kingdom from a third country.[2][3]
  2. ^ a b c d e May enter on a national ID card at the Ireland-Northern Ireland land border, and elsewhere if belonging to specific categories.[5]
  3. ^ Persons holding a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport. See also British National (Overseas) for persons residing in Hong Kong holding a form of British nationality.[6]
  4. ^ Persons holding a Macao Special Administrative Region passport.[7]
  5. ^ Only for holders with their personal ID numbers stipulated in their respective passports. Taiwan issues passports without ID numbers to some persons not having the right to reside in Taiwan, including nationals without household registration and certain persons from Hong Kong, Macau, and mainland China.[8][9] The visa waiver granted by the United Kingdom to Taiwan passport holders has not altered its non-recognition of Taiwan as a sovereign country.
  6. ^ Holders of passports that do not contain a personal identification number.
  7. ^ Holders of biometric passports only.

References

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  56. ^ Under unilateral decision of the UK Government
  57. ^ "UK Treaties Online". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
  58. ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government; from 19 December 1968 under Visa exemption agreement "UK Treaties Online". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
  59. ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government; from 19 September 1962 under Visa exemption agreement "UK Treaties Online". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
  60. ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government; from 30 May 1962 under Visa exemption agreement "UK Treaties Online". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
  61. ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government; from 7 March 1969 under Visa exemption agreement "UK Treaties Online". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
  62. ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government; from 6 February 1966 under Visa exemption agreement "UK Treaties Online". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
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  89. ^ "Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC1719, 20 December 2011" (PDF). Gov.UK. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  90. ^ "Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC 628, 6 September 2013" (PDF). Gov.UK. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  91. ^ Paragraph 7.5 “Holders of non-national travel documents currently require a visa before travel to the United Kingdom. This rule encapsulates holders of Holy See Service and Temporary Service passports issued by the Holy See. The Government has assessed the procedures for issuance of these documents and their security to be robust enough to merit an exemption from the visit visa requirement. Nationals, citizens and diplomatic passport holders of the Vatican City are already exempt from the visa requirement.” "Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC887, 9 December 2013" (PDF). Gov.UK. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
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  96. ^ Exchange of Notes between the United Kingdom and Austria constituting an Agreement relating to the Abolition of Passport Visas for the Nationals of the Two States
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  98. ^ Was applied from 17 March 1951. "Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of Cuba for the Abolition of Visas" (PDF). UK Treaties Online, Treaty Section of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  99. ^ Was applied from 1 October 1973. "Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Imperial Iranian Government concerning the Abolition of Visas" (PDF). UK Treaties Online, Treaty Section of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  100. ^ Was applied from 1 June 1961 under unilateral decision of the UK Government from 19 March 1968 under Visa exemption agreement Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Argentine Republic concerning the Abolition of Visas
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  102. ^ Was applied from 1 April 1960. "Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Turkey constituting an Agreement for the Abolition of Visas" (PDF). UK Treaties Online, Treaty Section of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 24 January 2019. Previous visa-free agreement was applied from 9 November 1952 to 1 April 1960. "Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Turkey constituting an Agreement for the Abolition of Visas" (PDF). UK Treaties Online, Treaty Section of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  103. ^ Also was applied as French Algeria under visa-free agreement with France from 1 January 1947 to July 1962.
  104. ^ Was applied from 1 November 1958. "Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Morocco for the Mutual Abolition of Visas on Passports" (PDF). Retrieved 24 January 2019.
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  117. ^ Was applied from 1961. Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Colombia regarding the Reciprocal Abolition of Visas
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  123. ^ "Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC22, November 1999 - GOV.UK".
  124. ^ "Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC1301, 7 November 2002 - GOV.UK".
  125. ^ "Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC180, January 2003 - GOV.UK".
  126. ^ Was applied from 17 April 1960. Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Republic of Bolivia regarding the Reciprocal Abolition of Visas Archived 2017-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
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  128. ^ "Statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC1138, 13 March 2014" (PDF).
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  171. ^ "Representative of an Overseas Business visa". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
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  180. ^ "UK Ancestry visa". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
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  183. ^ "Entrepreneur visa (Tier 1)". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  184. ^ "Investor visa (Tier 1)". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
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