User:Donald Trung/Marriage coin charm

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Marriage coin charm" and is preserved for attribution.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marriage_coin_charm&oldid=957371753 Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 14:49, 18 May 2020 (UTC) .

Original draft

[[File:Chinese numismatic charms - Scott Semans 43.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Six square-hole coins of different colours|A group of Chinese [[sex education]] coins, each showing four different [[Sex position|sexual positions]].]] '''Marriage coin charms''' ({{zh |first=t | t= 夫婦和合花錢 | s=夫妇和合花钱 | hp= fū fù hé hé huā qián| links=yes}}) are a category of [[Chinese numismatic charm|Chinese]], [[Japanese numismatic charm|Japanese]], [[Korean numismatic charm|Korean]], and [[Vietnamese numismatic charm]]s that depict [[marriage]], [[Harmony|harmonious]], and/or [[Sexual intercourse|sexual]] imagery. These coin charms often imitate the design of [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]], but can exist in many different shapes and sizes. == Names == Marriage coin charms are known by many names, including ''secret play coins'' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 秘戲錢; [[Simplified Chinese]]: 秘戏钱; [[Pinyin]]: ''mì xì qián''), ''secret fun coins'', ''hide (evade) the fire (of lust) coins'' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 避火錢; [[Simplified Chinese]]: 避火钱; [[Pinyin]]: ''bì huǒ qián''), ''Chinese marriage coins'', ''Chinese love coins'', ''Chinese spring money'' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 春錢; [[Simplified Chinese]]: 春钱; [[Pinyin]]: ''chūn qián''), ''Chinese erotic coins'', and ''Chinese wedding coins''.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/marriage.html |title= Chinese Marriage Charms - 夫婦和合花錢 - Background and History .|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=18 May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> == Types and themes == Marriage coin charms can display various symbols related to marriage.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> They may depict [[Date palm|dates]] and [[peanut]]s symbolising the wish for reproduction, [[lotus seed]]s symbolising "continuous births", [[chestnut]]s symbolising male offspring, [[pomegranate]]s symbolising fertility, brans symbolising sons that will be successful, "[[Chinese dragon|dragon]] and [[Fenghuang|phoenix]]" candles, cypress leaves, [[qilin]]s, [[bronze mirror]]s, shoes, saddles, and other things associated with traditional [[Chinese wedding]]s.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> Since [[Ancient China|ancient times]], three of the most important events that could occur in the life of a Chinese person in accordance to [[Culture of China|traditional Chinese culture]] were success in the [[imperial examination]], which would result in a government position as well as the prestige and wealth that is associated with it, getting married, and having a large number male offspring to carry out the proper duties of [[filial piety]] and [[ancestor worship]] which were all proscribed to these sons by the [[Confucianism|Confucian system]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> === Dragon and Fenghuang charms === [[File:Cheng Te T'ung Pao charm (Phoenix and Dragon) - John Ferguson 02.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Zhengde Tongbao]] (正德通寶) fantasy cash coin charm featuring the image of a [[Chinese dragon|dragon]] and a [[fenghuang]] on its reverse.]] A number of marriage numismatic charms depict the image of a [[Chinese dragon|dragon]] and a [[fenghuang]] on their reverse sides, usually the obverse sides of these amulets often contain a cash coin inscription, fantasy cash coin inscription, or a more auspicious inscription related to either marriage or having plenty.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> [[Zhengde Tongbao]] (正德通寶) fantasy cash coin charms commonly feature the image of a dragon and a fenghuang on their reverses, when a Chinese dragon and fenghuang are shown together they often symbolise the union of a man and a woman meaning that these Zhengde Tongbao charms were used as [[Chinese numismatic charm#Chinese marriage and sex education charms|Chinese marriage charms]].<ref name="TransAsiart-Zheng-De-Marriage-Amulets">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/heureux%20presages/ncnamuba164.htm|title= Amulette de mariage au nianhao de Zheng De (2) - Zheng De charm for weddings (2).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=19 May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=Primaltrek-Qian-Wen-Qian>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/coinlegend.html#zheng_de_tong_bao|title= Chinese Charms with Coin Inscriptions 錢文錢 § Zheng De Tong Bao.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=25 July 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> Although [[Gary Ashkenazy]] claims that the dragon and fenghuang symbolises matrimony,<ref name=Primaltrek-Qian-Wen-Qian/> it is argued by [[Edgar J. Mandel]] in his book ''Metal Charms and Amulets of China'' that the dragon and fenghuang actually represent the power of the imperial Chinese government where the dragon represents the [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] and the fenghuang the [[List of consorts of rulers of China|Empress]]. A popular saying in imperial China was "If a household has a Zhengde coin, there will be material wealth and honour for ten thousand years" (家有正德錢富貴萬萬年, ''jiā yǒu zhèng dé qián fù guì wàn wàn nián'').<ref name=Primaltrek-Qian-Wen-Qian/> Some dragon and fenghuang charms display the obverse inscription [[Zhouyuan Tongbao]] (周元通寶), which is an inscription used by [[Later Zhou]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> Although most of the numismatic charms that display this inscription are produced during a later period, charms with this inscription are very popular throughout [[History of China|Chinese history]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> In 956, [[Chai Rong]], also known as Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, had ordered that the bronze [[Buddha statue]]s in the [[Buddhist temple]]s, as well as all the bronze items which were owned by the people of the Later Zhou Empire, had to be turned in to the imperial government.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> These bronze items were confiscated in order to manufacture [[Ancient Chinese|Later Zhou cash coins]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> Because Buddhist statues were used to produce these cash coins it is believed by some people that Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins were especially auspicious, which is why they later became a very popular design for later made Chinese numismatic charms.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> === Fenghua Xueyue ("Wind, Flowers, Snow, Moon") === The most common inscriptions that is found on Chinese love charms is Fenghua Xueyue (風花雪月) which literally translate to mean "wind, flowers, snow and moon".<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> The expression used in this inscription is most likely intentionally obscure which makes it to be open to various interpretations.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> The expression ''Fenghua Xueyue'' is generally used in China in order to describe a happy and lively place, or could be used to describe something that is either [[frivolous]] or [[trivia]]l.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> One of the more plausible explanations for the phrase ''Fenghua Xueyue'' appearing on marriage numismatic charms is that each word in this context is used to represent a different Chinese goddess.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> The inscription may also be a reference to the 4 volume Chinese [[erotic novel]] entitled [[Su E Pian]] (素娥篇) made during the late [[Ming dynasty]] period (which was written around 1640).<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> The erotic novel describes the romantic adventures of a man named [[Wu Sansi]] (武三思), an official of the [[History of China|Chinese]] dynasty [[Tang dynasty]] and his aunt [[Wu Zetian]]'s Zhou dynasty,<ref>[http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%A4%A4%A9v&reign=%AF%AB%C0s&yy=3&ycanzi=&mm=7&dd=6&dcanzi= 兩千年中西曆轉換]</ref> and a concubine who was described as being "beautiful" named [[Su E]] (素娥).<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> The woman Su E is sometimes also referred to as the "Lady of the Moon".<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> In the novel Wu Sansi and Su E are inspired to have sex in a variety of natural settings using 43 different sexual positions, which were all illustrated wood engravings that accompany the text of the novel.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> === Fish === A design of [[China|Chinese]], [[Korea]]n, and [[Vietnam]]ese marriage amulets display a pair of [[fish]] on one side and the inscription Yu Shuang (魚双; [[Korean language|Korean]]: ''Eo ssang''; [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Ngư Song'', "Pair of Fish") on the other side.<ref name="Craig-Greenbaum-Vietnamese)Amulets">{{cite web|url= https://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=87111|title= Amulets of Viet Nam (Bùa Việt-Nam - 越南符銭).|date=2006|accessdate=31 March 2020|author= Craig Greenbaum|language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=104}} In various Oriental cultures fish are associated with plenty and abundance.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=105}} Fish are furthermore noted for their prolific ability to reproduce and that when they swim that this was in joy and are therefore associated with a happy and harmonious marriage.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=105}} In [[Feng Shui]], a pair of fish are associated with conjugal bliss and the joys of being in a matrimonial union.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=105}} === Sex education coins === [[File:Chinese numismatic charms - Scott Semans 42.jpg|thumb|right|A Fenghua Xueyue (風花雪月) sex education cash coin.]] Some marriage coin charms illustrate how the newlywed couple should perform on their wedding night to meet their responsibilities and obligations to produce children.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/><ref>Lockhart, J.H.S. Currency of the Farther East, V1: (Glover Collection, text) & V2: (illustrations) 223pp, 1895</ref><ref>Lu Zhenhai Zhongguo gudai yasheng qianpu (Catalog of Chinese Charms) 831p,1991 (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref><ref name="Jibi-Sex-Coins">{{cite web|url= http://www.jibi.net/News/qbqbcx/8_16_40_545.html|title= 透过秘戏钱看古代性文化（宋康年）.|date=9 February 2020|accessdate=18 May 2020|author= Song Kangnian (宋康年)|publisher= Jibi|language=zh-cn}}</ref> In the case of these coins, "charm" in this context is a catchall term for coin-shaped items which were not official (or counterfeit) money.<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms">{{cite web|url= http://roberts.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/coins/Charms.html|title= Charms.|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=18 May 2020|work= Dr. Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref> However, these numismatic objects were necessarily considered "magical" or "lucky", as some of these Chinese numismatic charms can be used as "[[mnemonic]] coins".<ref name="UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms"/> Sex acts were traditionally only scarcely depicted in [[Chinese art]] but stone carvings from the Han dynasty showcasing sexual intercourse were found and bronze mirrors with various sexual themes were common during the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/><ref>[http://portlandcoins.blogspot.nl/2011/12/coins-with-holes.html?m=1 World Coin Collecting The fun of collecting world coins], from Portland Coins. Saturday, 17 December 2011. Coins with Holes (Holed Coins). Retrieved: 9 May 2018.</ref><ref>Mandel, Edgar J. Chinese talismans Phase II Plates 270p, 8Z\x x11", 1975?R1995</ref><ref>I Ching Meditations [http://www.ichingmeditations.com/2010/04/11/are-these-i-ching-kama-sutra-coins/ Are these I Ching Kama Sutra coins?] Yesterday I received in the mail a gift from a friend in Berkeley California of what looks like a Chinese Kama Sutra coin. Retrieved: 9 May 2018.</ref> It was also during the Tang dynasty that coins graphically depicting sex started being produced.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> Chinese love charms often have the inscription "wind, flowers, snow and moon" (風花雪月) which is an obscure verse referring to a happy and frivolous setting, although every individual character might also be used to identify a Chinese goddess or the "Seven Fairy Maidens" (七仙女).<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> Other Chinese wedding charms often have inscriptions like ''fēng huā yí rén'' (風花宜人), ''míng huáng yù yǐng'' (明皇禦影), and ''lóng fèng chéng yàng'' (龍鳳呈樣).<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> These charms could also be used in brothels where a traveller could use the illustrations to make a request of a [[Prostitution in China|prostitute]] without knowing the local language.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992-11-02/news/9204090466_1_coin-emperors-tokens|title= Q I have a Chinese coin with four figures in different sex acts on one side, and on the other side is Chinese writing or symbols. I've had this coin for more than 50 years. It is almost one-fourth inch thick and it appears to be bronze. Can you tell me something about it? |date=2 November 1992|accessdate=9 May 2018 |author=June M. Reinisch, Ph.D. |work= United Feature Syndicate Inc. (for the [[Chicago Tribune]]). }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://shuangxingfu.blogspot.nl/2009/06/ancient-chinese-marriage-coins.html?m=1|title= ANCIENT CHINESE MARRIAGE COINS.|date=9 June 2009|accessdate=9 May 2018|work=By Miss Cheah (Xing Fu - 幸福). "I am just an ordinary Malaysian teacher who loves blogging and taking photographs."}}</ref> A common design for Korean marriage charms displays scenes of a [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]] couple engaging in different positions of [[sexual intercourse]].{{Sfn|Wybrand op den Velde and David Hartill|2013|p=617}} === "Song of Unending Sorrow" charms === "Song of Unending Sorrow" charms, or ''"Song of Unending Regret" charms'', are a common type of marriage coin charm, that might be Chinese, Japanese, Korean [[Taiwanese numismatic charm|Taiwanese]], or Vietnamese in origin, that depict part of the 9th century poem ''[[Chang hen ge (poem)|Chang hen ge]]'' written by [[Bai Juyi]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Song-of-Unending-Sorrow-Charms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/06/song-of-unending-sorrow-charm/ |title= "Song of Unending Sorrow" Charm.|date=6 May 2011|accessdate=18 May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> "Song of Unending Sorrow" charms display four heterosexual couples having sex in various positions (or they are supposed to represent one couple having in four different positions) in the area surrounding the square centre hole of the coin.<ref name="Primaltrek-Song-of-Unending-Sorrow-Charms"/> Surrounding the couples having sex are the [[Hanzi|Chinese characters]] representing the [[spring]] (春), [[wind]] (風), [[peach]]es (桃), and [[plum]]s (李), which is a reference to the first four characters of a line from the ''Chang hen ge'' poem which translates into [[English language|English]] as "Gone were the breezy spring days when the peach and plum trees were in bloom" in reference to the death of [[Yang Guifei]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Song-of-Unending-Sorrow-Charms"/> === Spring === Marriage coin charms are sometimes referred to as "spring money" (春錢) or "spring coins" in refers to an ancient Chinese springtime ritual where young boys and young girls would be separated from each other by a stream and would then sing [[love song]]s to towards the other gender on the other side of the stream.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> This ancient tradition is still practiced by a number of [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic minorities in China]] today.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> <ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/>, still practiced today by some ethnic minorities,<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> where boys and girls separated by a stream would sing love songs to each other.<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> === Vietnamese marriage charms === Vietnamese marriage amulets often display [[Vietnamese dragon|dragon]] (龍) and [[Fenghuang|phoenix]] (鳳) motifs,{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=22}} this is because the Vietnamese dragon is often used as a symbol for [[male]]s,{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=23}} while the Phượng Hoàng (or "phoenix") is used to represent [[female]]s.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=24}} When the phoenix is shown together with the dragon this is often meant as a metaphor for the [[List of Vietnamese monarchs|Emperor and Empress]].{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=24}} Some marriage amulets have the obverse inscription [[Changming Fugui|Trường Mạng Phú Quý]] (長命富貴) written in [[seal script]], which translates into [[English language|English]] to "Long life, riches, and honour".{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=24}} This inscription symbolises good fortune in marriage as well as protection.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=24}} There are also some Vietnamese marriage amulets with the inscription Thọ Sơn Phúc Hải (壽山福海, "longevity, mountain, happiness, and sea"), which is a part of a Chinese congratulatory phrase "May your age be as [[Mount Tai]] and your happiness as the [[East China Sea|Eastern Sea]]" (壽比南山福如東海).{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=28, 29}} Some Vietnamese marriage amulets contain the Daoist [[Taijitu|Âm and Dương symbol]] (or ''Thái cực đồ''), this is because in Daoist Âm symbolises the feminine and Dương symbolises the masculine.{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=36}} Further symbols may include the [[lotus flower]], known as "荷" (Hà) or "蓮" (Sen).{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=36}} In [[Mandarin Chinese]] the word for "lotus" has a homonymous sound with the word which means "to bind" as in a marriage contract, "to love", and "to be modest".{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=36}} == List of marriage coin charms by inscription == {{See also|Chinese numismatic charm#Implied and hidden meanings of Chinese numismatic charms|List of Chinese cash coins by inscription}} {{Expand list|date=May 2020}} List of marriage coin charms by inscription:<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Charm-Inscriptions">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/inscriptions.html|title= Chinese Charm Inscriptions.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=18 May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/><ref name="Primaltrek-Song-of-Unending-Sorrow-Charms"/> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%" !colspan=6| List of marriage coin charms by inscription |- ! Transliteration !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Literal [[English language|English]] translation !! [[Chinese numismatic charm#Implied and hidden meanings of Chinese numismatic charms|Meaning]] !! Image |- | Fenghua Xueyue<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> || 風花雪月 || 风花雪月 || "Wind, flowers, snow, and moon" || A metaphor for [[sexual intercourse]]. || [[File:Chinese numismatic charms - Scott Semans 41.jpg|75px]] |- | Fenghua Yiren<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> || 風花宜人 || 风花宜人 || "Wind and flowers delight men" || This may or may not be a reference to the fact that in ancient times, the term "Yi ren" (宜人) was a title given to the wives of [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|government officials]] of the fifth degree. || [[File:Hua Yueh I Jen sex coin - John Ferguson.jpg|75px]] |- | Minghuang Yuying<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> || 明皇禦影 || 明皇御影 || "Emperor Ming imperial shadow" || The ming huang (明皇), in this case, refers to [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang|Emperor Xuanzong]] (685–762 AD), also known as "Emperor Ming". Emperor Xuanzong of Tang's concubine [[Yang Guifei]] was considered one of the [[Four Beauties]] of ancient China. || |- | Longfeng Chengxiang<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> || 龍鳳呈樣 || 龙凤呈样 || "The dragon and fenghuang become a good omen", "prosperity brought by the dragon and phoenix", and "may you have excellent good fortune". || A common expression used to congratulate newlyweds on their marriage. || |- | Tongxie Daolao<br>Fugui Shuangquan<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> || 同偕到老<br>富貴雙全 || 同偕到老<br>富贵双全 || "May you grow old together (as husband and wife)"<br>"Wealth and honour (are) both complete" || Happiness in marriage. || |- | Yu Shuang{{Sfn|Greenbaum|2006|p=104}} || 魚雙 || 魚双 || "Pair of fish" || Conjugal bliss and the joys of being in a matrimonial union. || |- | Chunfeng Taoli<ref name="Primaltrek-Song-of-Unending-Sorrow-Charms"/> || 春風桃李 || 春风桃李 || "Spring, wind, peaches and plums" || A reference to the 9th century poem ''[[Chang hen ge (poem)|Chang hen ge]]'' written by [[Bai Juyi]]. || |- | Jinyu Mantang<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Charm-Inscriptions"/> || 金玉滿堂 || 金玉满堂 || "May gold and jade fill your house (halls)" || An auspicious saying. || [[File:Dragon and Phoenix Marriage Charm, Delft (2018) 01.jpg|75px]] |- | [[Zhengde Tongbao]]<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> || 正德通寶 || 正德通宝 || "[[Zhengde Emperor|Zhengde]] circulating treasure" || Fantasy [[Ming dynasty coinage|Ming dynasty cash coin]]. || [[File:Cheng Te T'ung Pao charm (Phoenix and Dragon) - John Ferguson 06.jpg|75px]] |- | Zhouyuan Tongbao<ref name="Primaltrek-Ancient-Chinese-Marriage-Charms"/> || 周元通寶 || 周元通宝 || "Beginning of the [[Later Zhou|Zhou]], circulating treasure" || A historical [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coin]] inscription that is thought to be auspicious because the original cash coins were cast from molten [[Buddhist statue]]s. || [[File:Zhouyuan Tongbao charms (周元通寶花錢) - Scott Semans 03.jpg|75px]] |} == See also == * [[Spintria]], a similar type of coin from [[ancient Rome]]. == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * [https://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=87111 Amulets of Vietnam] by Craig Greenbaum. Published: 2006. Retrieved: 23 February 2020. * Edgar J.Mandel. ''Metal Charms and Amulets of China''. * Great Dictionary of China Numismatics (中國錢幣大辭典) - ''Chinese Charms'' (壓勝錢編), January, 2013. 995 pages. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]). * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: [[Trafford Publishing]]. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. * Wybrand op den Velde and David Hartill (12 November 2013) ''Cast Korean Coins and Charms''. New Generation Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0755215942}}. {{Commons category|Marriage and sex numismatic charms}} {{Chinese exonumia}} {{Asian numismatic charms}} [[:Category:Chinese numismatic charms]] .

Standard reference templates

July 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

June 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

<ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

<ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

<ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

Redirects

#REDIRECT [[Marriage coin charm]]