Turnip moth

Turnip moth
Adult moth
Mounted
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Noctuoidea
Family: Noctuidae
Genus: Agrotis
Species:
A. segetum
Binomial name
Agrotis segetum
Synonyms[1]
  • Noctua segetum Denis & Schiffermüller 1775
  • Euxoa segetis

Agrotis segetum, sometimes known as the turnip moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775.[1] It is a common European species and it is found in Africa and across Eurasia except for the northernmost parts.

It is a cutworm in the genus Agrotis, which possibly is the genus that includes the largest number of species of cutworms.

Illustration of caterpillar and imago
Larva

Common names

It is usually known as the common cutworm in English.[2][3][4] It is sometimes called the turnip moth in the United Kingdom.[5]

Description

This is a very variable species with the fore-wings ranging from pale buff through to almost black. The paler forms have three dark-bordered stigmata on each fore-wing. Antennae of male bipectinated (comb like on both sides) with moderate length branches.[6] The main feature distinguishing it from other Agrotis species is the shade of the hind-wings, pure white in the males and pearly grey in the females. The wingspan is 32–42 mm.[7]

Edward Meyrick, an English schoolteacher who is especially notable for his study of the microlepidoptera, had this to say about the species:[8]

Wingspan 33–41 mm. Antennae in male bipectinated. Fore-wings brownish, sometimes reddish tinged, with darker fuscous strigulae mixed with black scales, sometimes wholly darker suffused; sub-basal, first, and second lines edged with dark fuscous, second sometimes with dots only; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform centred with fuscous; subterminal line faint or whitish sprinkled, followed by darker suffusion. Hind-wings white, termen brownish. Larva pale grey or greyish ochreous, sometimes pinkish tinged; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines usually indicated by dark edges, subdorsal sometimes grey head pale, with two brown marks; plate of 2 more or less brown.

Agrotis segetum is difficult to certainly distinguish from its congeners. See Townsend et al.[9]

Distribution

It is possible it has been spread by the international trade in nursery stock.

Ecology

Behaviour

In the British Isles, two broods are produced each year, the adults flying in May and June and again in August and September.[10] It is known to migrate some distances.[11] The species is nocturnal and is attracted to light and nectar-rich flowers. The species overwinters as a caterpillar.

Larval behaviour and damage

Agrotis segetum is one of the most important species of noctuid moths whose larvae are called cutworms.[2] The larvae are generally grey, sometimes tinged with purple. They attack the roots and lower stems of a huge range of plants[3] (see list below) and can be a particularly serious pest of root vegetables and cereals.[12] Attacking the lower stems often results in cutting down seedlings, which is why this species is classed as a cutworm.

Recorded host plants

The following is a partial list of genera and other taxa on which the larvae of the turnip moth have been recorded, whether feeding in situ, incidentally, in a laboratory or home breeding situation, or simply having been recorded (perhaps erroneously) in a field of crops.[13] It is striking that the list includes such a sheer variety of plants including resinous, aromatic, and toxic species such as conifers, Eucalyptus, and Nicotiana:

Diseases

As with any other noctuid, assorted diseases, predators, and parasitoids attack Agrotis segetum, mainly in the egg and larval stages.

A fungus called Tarichium megaspermum (from the order Entomophthorales) has been found within the infested larvae of the turnip moth. The fungus had killed the insects and left a finely granular mass consisting of large amounts of thick-walled spores.[15]

Spread and control

The insect is not believed to be present in the United States, where the government has been making efforts to prevent its introduction on imported food crops.[16]

Cultural methods such as fallowing land before sowing, to starve the larvae can be effective, and in suitable conditions, ploughing land during the dry season to kill larvae and pupae, and expose them to predators, has been effective in maize fields in South Africa.[12]

Insecticides of various kinds have been used with success for many decades. Baits based on sweetened bran, finely spread, have met with some success.[12]

A Betabaculovirus virus species, "Agrotis segetum granulovirus DA", was first isolated in the USSR in the late 1960s, but despite some research in the 1970s, as of 2017 it has not been found to be commercially viable as a biocontrol for crops.[4][17]

References

  1. ^ a b Savela, Markku. "Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Cutworm name" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2009.
  3. ^ a b Annecke, D. R. (1982). Insects and mites of cultivated plants in South Africa. London: Butterworths. ISBN 0-409-08398-4.
  4. ^ a b Shah, Bashir H.; Zethner, O.; Gul, H.; Chaudhry, M. I. (1979). "Control experiments using Agrotis segetum granulosis virus against Agrotis ipsilon [Lep.: Noctuidae] on tobacco seedlings in Northern Pakistan". Entomophaga. 24 (4): 393–401. doi:10.1007/BF02374178. S2CID 43479624.
  5. ^ Kimber, Ian. "73.319 BF2087 Turnip Moth Agrotis segetum ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)". UKMoths. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  6. ^ Hampson, G. F. (1894). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II. Vol. Moths - Vol. II. Taylor and Francis – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  7. ^ Skinner, Bernard (1984). The Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles.
  8. ^ Meyrick, E. (1895). A Handbook of British Lepidoptera. MacMillan, London Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ Martin C. Townsend, Jon Clifton and Brian Goodey (2010). British and Irish Moths: An Illustrated Guide to Selected Difficult Species. (covering the use of genitalia characters and other features) Butterfly Conservation.
  10. ^ Chinery, Michael (1991). Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe.
  11. ^ Guo, Jianglong, et al. (26 June 2015). "Annual Migration of Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Observed on a Small Isolated Island in Northern China". PLOS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131639
  12. ^ a b c Smit, Bernard. (1964). Insects in South Africa: How to Control Them. Oxford University Press, Cape Town.
  13. ^ Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian J.; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2010). "Search the database - introduction and help". HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. doi:10.5519/havt50xw.
  14. ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Douglas-fir: Pseudotsuga menziesii, globalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Strõmberg Archived 4 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ MacLeod, Donald M.; Müller-Kögler, Erwin (January–February 1970). "Insect Pathogens: Species Originally Described from Their Resting Spores Mostly as Tarichium Species (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)". Mycologia. 62 (1): 33–66. doi:10.2307/3757710. JSTOR 3757710. PMID 5441003.
  16. ^ O’Dell, Melissa; Redding, Jerry. "USDA Allows Importation of Peppers from the Republic of Korea". Archived from the original on 19 December 2006. Retrieved 13 December 2006.
  17. ^ Alletti, Gianpiero Gueli; Eigenbrod, Marina; Carstens, Eric B.; Kleespies, Regina G.; Jehle, JA (April 2017). "The genome sequence of Agrotis segetum granulovirus, isolate AgseGV-DA, reveals a new Betabaculovirus species of a slow killing granulovirus". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 146: 58–68. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2017.04.008. PMID 28442399.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agrotis segetum.
  • Kopij, Grzegorz (2006). "Lepidoptera fauna of Lesotho" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 49B (1–2): 137–180. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.517.8184. doi:10.3409/000000006783995256.
  • "10351 Agrotis segetum ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) - Saateule". Lepiforum e.V. Retrieved 5 December 2019. (in German)
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