Toliara Province

Toliara
Province
Map of Madagascar with Toliara highlighted
Map of Madagascar with Toliara highlighted
Coordinates (Capital): 22°45′S 44°15′E / 22.750°S 44.250°E / -22.750; 44.250
Country Madagascar
CapitalToliara
Area
 • Total161,405 km2 (62,319 sq mi)
Population
 (2001)
 • Total2,229,550
 • Density14/km2 (36/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3

The Toliara Province (formerly Toliary or Tuléar) is a former province of Madagascar with an area of 161,405 square kilometres (62,319 sq mi). It had a population of 2,229,550 (July, 2001). Its capital was Toliara. Near Toliara was the "spiny forest". Toliara Province bordered the following provinces – Mahajanga Province in the north, Antananarivo Province in the northeast and Fianarantsoa Province in the east.

Economy and population

Masikoro Malagasy and Tandroy Malagasy were the chief languages.[1] Sea cucumbers were exported from the province and were an important factor in its economy.[2] The deciduous Andronovory forest was located in the province.[3]

The province was the poorest one in Madagascar. In 1993, 8 in every 10 person of the province was living below the poverty line. Despite the production of export crops the province recorded the highest rural poverty.[4][5] The average fertility rate per woman was above 5.[6] With 77 percent of its population being illiterate, Tolaira was the most illiterate province of Madagascar. Only 22 percent of the province's population had received primary level education.[7][8]

The commercially valuable softwood tree Givotia madagascariensis, found in Antananarivo and Toliara provinces was endemic to Madagascar.[9] The oil producing plant moringa drouhardii was endemic to Toliara province.[10] Deforestation was a major issue for the province.[11] In April 1971, a peasant rebellion was organised by MONIMA leader Monja Joana. The peasants refused to pay taxes and the government retaliated by dissolving MONIMA and deporting Joana.[12]

Toliara province offered poor transport and security facilities.[13][14] Potable water was accessible to only 24.9% of the province's households.[15] It was rich in terms of minerals.[16][17] Toliara province was in the news in July 2005 for its mining activity.[18]

Abolition

The provinces were abolished following the results of Malagasy constitutional referendum, 2007 which led to the formation of 22 smaller areas (faritra or regions) to facilitate regional development.[19]

Administrative divisions

Toliara Province was divided into four regions of Madagascar - Androy, Anosy, Atsimo Andrefana and Menabe. These four regions became the first-level administrative divisions when the provinces were abolished in 2009. They are sub-divided into 21 districts:

References

  1. ^ Frawley 2003, p. 205.
  2. ^ Lovatelli & Conand 2004, p. 141.
  3. ^ Collins & Morris 1985, p. 354.
  4. ^ International Monetary Fund 1997, p. 47.
  5. ^ International Monetary Fund 2003, p. 20.
  6. ^ International Monetary Fund 1997, p. 52.
  7. ^ International Monetary Fund 1997, p. 53.
  8. ^ World Bank 2002, p. 50.
  9. ^ Lemmens, Louppe & Oteng-Amoako, p. 364.
  10. ^ van der Vossen & Mkamilo 2007, p. 118.
  11. ^ Cook 2010, p. 84.
  12. ^ Europa Publications 2003, p. 261.
  13. ^ International Monetary Fund 2003, p. 29.
  14. ^ International Monetary Fund 2003, p. 32.
  15. ^ International Monetary Fund 2003, p. 39.
  16. ^ List of minerals
  17. ^ Milisenda & Henn 1996, pp. 177–178.
  18. ^ McKay, David (19 July 2005). "Africa's new mining province". miningmx.com. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  19. ^ "Initial result shows "Yes" to revision of constitution in Madagascar". People's Daily Online. 7 April 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2014.

Bibliography

  • Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). "Papilio (Princeps) morondavana Grose-smith, 1891". Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Gland & Cambridge: IUCN. pp. 354–355. ISBN 978-2-88032-603-6 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  • Cook, Jonathan A. (2010). Vulnerable Places, Vulnerable People: Trade Liberalization, Rural Poverty and the Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84980-519-3.
  • Europa Publications (2003). Political Chronology of Africa. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-35666-8.
  • Frawley, William (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
  • Madagascar: Recent Economic Developments and Selected Issues. International Monetary Fund. 1997. ISBN 978-1-4519-9201-4.
  • Madagascar: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. International Monetary Fund. 2003. GGKEY:WBCZZ86945A.
  • Lemmens, R.H.M.J.; Louppe, D.; Oteng-Amoako, A.A. Timbers 2. PROTA. ISBN 978-92-9081-495-5.
  • Lovatelli, Alessandro; Conand, C. (2004). Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management. Food & Agriculture Org. p. 141. ISBN 978-92-5-105163-4.
  • Milisenda, Claudio C.; Henn, U. (1996). "Compositional characteristics of sapphires from a new find in Madagascar". The Journal of Gemmology. 25 (3). Great Britain: Gemmological Association of Great Britain: 177–184. doi:10.15506/JoG.1996.25.3.177.
  • van der Vossen, H.A.M.; Mkamilo, G.S. (2007). Vegetable oils. PROTA. ISBN 978-90-5782-191-2.
  • Education and Training in Madagascar: Toward a Policy Agenda for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction. World Bank Publications. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8213-5164-2.
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