Toksun County
Toksun County
Tuokexun, T'o-k'o-hsün | |
|---|---|
 | |
.png) Location of Toksun County (red) within Turpan City (yellow) and Xinjiang | |
  Toksun County Location of the seat in Xinjiang  Toksun County Toksun County (China) | |
| Coordinates: 42°47′00″N 88°38′00″E / 42.7833°N 88.6333°E / 42.7833; 88.6333 | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Xinjiang |
| Prefecture-level city | Turpan |
| County seat | Toksun Town |
| Township-level divisions | 7 towns, 1 township |
| Area [1][2] | |
| • County | 16,561 km2 (6,394 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 29.7 km2 (11.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2020)[3] | |
| • County | 134,235 |
| • Density | 8.1/km2 (21/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 36,891 |
| • Urban density | 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi) |
| Ethnic groups | |
| • Major ethnic groups | Uyghur - 76.5%[2] |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard[a]) |
| Postal code | 838100 |
| Website | tkx.gov.cn (in Chinese) |
| Toksun County | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uyghur name | |||||||||||
| Uyghur | توقسۇن ناھىيىسى | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 托克逊县 | ||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 託克遜縣 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Toksun County[4][5][6][7] is a county in Turpan, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China.
Name
The term 'Toksun' means 'ninety'.[8][9]
History
The Battle of Toksun took place in this county in July 1933 when Khoja Niyas Hajji, a Uighur leader, defected with his forces to Governor Sheng Shicai. He advanced to Toksun via Dawan Ch'eng, where the Chinese Muslim forces of General Ma Shih-ming achieved victory over Niyas Hajji's forces.[10]
In December 2010, Zeng Lingquan (曾令权), who ran an adoption agency for the physically and mentally disabled with no operation license in Sichuan, was arrested. Zeng reportedly sent the mentally ill to work in a factory run by Li Xinglin (李兴林) where they were enslaved and worked year round (instead of seasonally as with other local factories) in unsafe conditions at the Jia'ersi Green Construction Material Chemical Factory (佳尔思绿色建材化工厂) in Kümüx.[11][12]
In 2017, Radio Free Asia reported that a police officer in Toksun County had said that all Uyghurs who wished to travel abroad were required to attend political indoctrination education organized by the county government.[13]
Geography and Climate
Toksun County's location in the bottom of the Turpan Depression and an average rainfall of just 3.9 mm (0.15 in) annually, the least precipitation of any area in China,[4] make it a very hot place during summertime. On July 31, 1964, the highest recorded temperature was 53.3 °C (127.9 °F), which is the highest reliable temperature, recorded during standard conditions anywhere in China.[citation needed] The county is bordered to the south by Yuli County.
| Climate data for Toksun (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
32.2 (90.0) |
42.0 (107.6) |
44.3 (111.7) |
48.0 (118.4) |
47.6 (117.7) |
47.4 (117.3) |
41.3 (106.3) |
35.1 (95.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
48.0 (118.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.0 (28.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
27.5 (81.5) |
33.5 (92.3) |
38.6 (101.5) |
40.0 (104.0) |
38.2 (100.8) |
32.1 (89.8) |
22.6 (72.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
22.2 (72.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) |
0.3 (32.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
26.1 (79.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
30.4 (86.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
14.0 (57.2) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.4 (9.7) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
23.4 (74.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.8 (−3.6) |
−17.1 (1.2) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
10.8 (51.4) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.5 (0.02) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.5 (0.02) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.4 (0.02) |
2.1 (0.08) |
2.0 (0.08) |
1.5 (0.06) |
0.7 (0.03) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.01) |
9.2 (0.37) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 8.4 |
| Average snowy days | 2.4 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 4.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 60 | 43 | 29 | 26 | 26 | 29 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 47 | 52 | 61 | 40 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 152.8 | 191.6 | 248.7 | 276.5 | 319.1 | 304.3 | 299.9 | 298.6 | 282.2 | 255.8 | 186.8 | 140.2 | 2,956.5 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 52 | 63 | 66 | 68 | 70 | 67 | 65 | 71 | 77 | 77 | 65 | 50 | 66 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[14][15] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kumishizhen, Toksun County (elevation 922 m (3,025 ft), 1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) |
3.5 (38.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
28.3 (82.9) |
32.9 (91.2) |
34.8 (94.6) |
33.7 (92.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.2 (10.0) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
14.1 (57.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −18.6 (−1.5) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−15.5 (4.1) |
2.0 (35.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1.2 (0.05) |
0.8 (0.03) |
1.4 (0.06) |
3.1 (0.12) |
6.5 (0.26) |
12.9 (0.51) |
16.2 (0.64) |
10.2 (0.40) |
4.2 (0.17) |
3.6 (0.14) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.7 (0.03) |
61.8 (2.45) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 5.1 | 6.8 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 29.4 |
| Average snowy days | 4.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 4.7 | 13.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 55 | 34 | 28 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 34 | 35 | 42 | 55 | 66 | 43 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 189.0 | 199.5 | 245.4 | 268.1 | 299.6 | 286.2 | 287.2 | 291.7 | 282.0 | 260.5 | 198.8 | 169.0 | 2,977 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 64 | 66 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 63 | 63 | 69 | 77 | 78 | 69 | 60 | 67 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[14][16] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
Toksun County is divided into 7 towns (بازىرى / 镇)[1][8]: 34 [17][18] and 1 township (يېزىسى / 乡):
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Uyghur (UEY) | Uyghur Latin (ULY) | Administrative division code | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Towns | |||||||
| Toksun Town | 托克逊镇 | Tuōkèxùn Zhèn | توقسۇن بازىرى | Toqsun baziri | 650422100 | ||
| Kümüx Town | 库米什镇 | Kùmǐshí Zhèn | كۈمۈش بازىرى | Kümüsh baziri | 650422101 | ||
| Kokjay Town[19] | 克尔碱镇 | Kè'ěrjiǎn Zhèn | كۆجەي بازىرى | Köjey baziri | 650422102 | Also Ke'erjian, Köjey; formerly Kujiayi (库加依镇) | |
| Alghuy Town | 阿乐惠镇 | Ālèhuì Zhèn | ئالغۇي بازىرى | Alghuy baziri | 650422103 | ||
| Yilanlik Town[9] | 伊拉湖镇 | Yīlāhú Zhèn | يىلانلىق بازىرى | Yilanliq baziri | 650422104 | Also Yilahu, Yilanliq, I-la-hu; formerly Yilanlik Township (يىلانلىق يېزىسى[20] / 伊拉湖乡) | |
| Shah Town | 夏镇 | Xià Zhèn | شاھ بازىرى | Shah baziri | 650422105 | formerly Shah Township (شاھ يېزىسى[21] / 夏乡) | |
| Bostan Town | 博斯坦镇 | Bósītǎn Zhèn | بوستان بازىرى | Bostan baziri | 650422106 | formerly Bostan Township (بوستان يېزىسى / 博斯坦乡) | |
| Townships | |||||||
| Gholbuyi Township | 郭勒布依乡 | Guōlèbùyī Xiāng | غولبۇيى يېزىسى | Gholbuyi yëzisi | 650422201 | ||
Economy
Irrigation in the county is well-developed. Agricultural products of the county include sorghum, wheat, muskmelon, peanuts and cotton. Specialty products include Hami melon and raisins. Industries include electronics, coal, machinery, construction, etc.[22]
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 102,150 | — |
| 2010 | 118,221 | +1.47% |
| [17] | ||
As of 2015, 96,439 of the 124,040 residents of Toksun County were Uyghur, 18,600 were Han Chinese, 8,539 were Hui and 462 were from other ethnic groups.[24]
According to a 2002 estimate, it then had a population of 110,000.[citation needed]
As of the 2000 Census, the county counted 52,346 males and 49,804 females and 83.65% of the population of the county were from ethnic minority groups.[25]
As of 1999, 77.03% of the population of Toksun County were Uyghur and 15.51% of the population was Han Chinese.[26]
Transportation
Notable persons
Historical maps
Historical English-language maps including Toksun:
-
Map including Toksun (labeled as Tukson) (1917)
-
Map including Toksun (labeled as T'O-K'O-HSÜN) and surrounding region from the International Map of the World (DMA, 1975)
-
From the Operational Navigation Chart; map including Toksun (DMA, 1982)
-
Map including Toksun (DMA, 1990)
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Notes
- ^ Locals in Xinjiang frequently observe UTC+6 (Xinjiang Time), 2 hours behind Beijing.
References
- ^ a b 托克逊县概况. 新疆托克逊县人民政府 (in Simplified Chinese). 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020 – via Internet Archive.
总面积16561平方公里。{...}共有8个乡镇（场）、44个村（队）、13个社区。
- ^ a b 1997年托克逊县行政区划 [1997 Toksun County Administrative Divisions]. XZQH.org (in Simplified Chinese). 11 January 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
面积17342平方千米，人口10.1万，其中维吾尔族占76.5％，另有汉、回等10多个民族。辖3镇4乡
- ^ Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
- ^ a b Atlas of the People's Republic of China. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 1989. p. [1]. ISBN 0-8351-2319-7 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Ligaya Mishan (13 September 2019). "Uighur Noodles, Terrifically Chewy and Earthy, at Nurlan in Flushing, Queens". New York Times. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
"Soup is soup; laghman is laghman," said Adil Nurdun, who grew up in Toksun County, south of Xinjiang's capital, Urumqi, and runs the restaurant with Arkin Ali, a native of Aksu Prefecture to the west, bordering Kyrgyzstan.
- ^ Liangyu, ed. (4 July 2018). "China Focus: Industry plays big role in poverty alleviation in Xinjiang". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
Zhou Bangyu, an official from Hunan Province in central China, helped Yiburanyim Abulza, a poor villager in Toksun County sell 800 kilograms of dried grapes in two weeks.
- ^ Complete Atlas Of The World (3 ed.). Penguin Random House. 2016. p. 238 – via Internet Archive.
Toksun
- ^ a b Yu Weicheng 于维诚 (2005). 新疆地名与建制沿革 (in Simplified Chinese). Ürümqi: 新疆人民出版社. pp. 34–35. ISBN 7-228-09431-X.
- ^ a b Xie Yuzhong 解玉忠 (2003). 地名中的新疆 (in Simplified Chinese). Ürümqi: 新疆人民出版社. pp. 29–31. ISBN 7-228-08004-1.
伊拉湖 Yilanlik {...}
}
克尔碱 Kokjay {...}
博斯坦 Bostan {... - ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 111. ISBN 0-521-25514-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ "Asylum owner detained for selling mentally ill". China Daily. 14 December 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ 智障包身工遭奴役：黑工厂老板逃逸 新疆警方跨省抓捕. China Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 14 December 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
目前，托克逊县库米什佳尔思绿色建材化工厂已被查封，
- ^ Xin Lin; Eset Sulaiman; Luisetta Mudie (5 May 2017). "China's Tourism Industry Ordered to Monitor, Report on Visitors to Xinjiang". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Luisetta Mudie. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ a b 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ a b 托克逊县历史沿革 (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
2000年第五次人口普查，托克逊县常住总人口102150人，{...}2010年第六次人口普查，托克逊县常住总人口118221人，其中：托克逊镇29657人，库米什镇1389人，库加依镇3170人，阿乐惠镇3576人，夏乡25182人，郭勒布依乡18865人，伊拉湖乡15165人，博斯坦乡21217人。2013年，自治区政府（新政函[2013]206号）批准同意撤销伊拉湖乡，设立伊拉湖镇。调整后，全县辖5个镇、3个乡：托克逊镇、库米什镇、库加依镇、阿乐惠镇、伊拉湖镇、夏乡、郭勒布依乡、博斯坦乡。
- ^ 2019年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：托克逊县 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
统计用区划代码 名称 650422100000 托克逊镇 650422101000 库米什镇 650422102000 克尔碱镇 650422103000 阿乐惠镇 650422104000 伊拉湖镇 650422105000 夏镇 650422106000 博斯坦镇 650422201000 郭勒布依乡
- ^ توقسۇن ناھىيىسى يېزا پاكلىق ئۇچۇر تورى (in Uyghur).
كۆجەي بازىرى يېڭى ئاۋات كەنتى2پەسىللىك سۇ ئامبىرى كۆچمە مەبلەغ پۇلىنى تارقىتىش ئ. 克尔碱镇英阿瓦提村水库移民补助资金发放签名表
- ^ قومۇل قوغۇنىنىڭ تەمى قوغۇنچىلارنى مەست قىلدى. People's Daily (in Uyghur). 22 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
سۈرەتتە 19-ئىيۇن كۈنى توقسۇن ناھىيىسىنىڭ يىلانلىق يېزىسىدىكى بوۋاي يېڭىلا ئۈزۈلگەن سورتلۇق قومۇل قوغۇنىنى تېتىماقتا
- ^ سالامجان قادىر Salamjan Qadeer, ed. (2 March 2018). توقسۇن ناھىيەسىدە ھەر مىللەت ئامما پانۇس بايرىمىنى بىرلىكتە تەبرىكلىدى. Tianshannet (in Uyghur). Retrieved 23 June 2020.
توقسۇن ناھىيەسى شاھ يېزىسى
- ^ a b 夏征农; 陈至立, eds. (September 2009). 辞海：第六版彩图本 [Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color)] (in Chinese). 上海. Shanghai: 上海辞书出版社. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. p. 2304. ISBN 978-7-5326-2859-9.
- ^ 3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 [3-7 Population by Nationality by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)]. tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn (in Chinese). Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. 2020-06-10. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2021-06-11.
- ^ 3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 (in Simplified Chinese). Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
- ^ 表1 总人口、户籍人口、少数民族人口比重、非农业户口人口比重、城乡人口、家庭户人口、家庭户类别（全部数据）. stats.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-04-22.
- ^ Morris Rossabi, ed. (2004). Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers (PDF). University of Washington Press. p. 177. ISBN 0-295-98390-6.
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