Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook

His Excellency The Right Honourable
The Earl of Northbrook
GCSI PC FRS
His Excellency The Right Honourable The Earl of Northbrook GCSI PC FRS
	The 1st Earl of Northbrook, c. 1889
Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire
	In office; 7 November 1890 – 15 November 1904
Monarch	Victoria
Preceded by	The Lord Carnarvon
Succeeded by	The Lord Winchester
Viceroy and Governor-General of India
	In office; 3 May 1872 – 12 April 1876
Monarch	Victoria
Preceded by	The Lord Napier
Succeeded by	The Lord Lytton
Member of Parliament ; for Penryn and Falmouth
	In office; 24 April 1857 – 15 October 1866
Preceded by	Howel Gwyn
Succeeded by	Jervoise Smith
Personal details
Born	Thomas George Baring; 22 January 1826
Died	15 November 1904 (aged 78); Stratton Park, Hampshire
Nationality	British
Political party	Liberal
Spouse	Elizabeth Sturt (m. 1848; died 1867)
Alma mater	Christ Church, Oxford

Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook, GCSI, PC, FRS (22 January 1826 – 15 November 1904) was a British Liberal statesman. Gladstone appointed him Governor-General of India 1872–1876. His major accomplishments came as an energetic reformer who was dedicated to upgrading the quality of government in the British Raj. He reduced taxes and overcame bureaucratic obstacles in an effort to reduce both starvation and widespread social unrest.^[1] He served as First Lord of the Admiralty between 1880 and 1885.

Background and education

Northbrook was the eldest son of Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook, by his first wife Jane, daughter of the Sir George Grey, 1st Baronet. Jane died when young Thomas was less than thirteen, and he studied under a tutor, Mr. Bird, at home and took an interest in natural history. At fourteen Thomas wrote to his father who was holidaying at Weymouth to capture a yellow butterfly with black spots at the end of each wing known to be found on Portland Island. He was sent briefly to another tutor, Mr. Vaughan Johnson at Chalons-sur-Marne, to study French. He also took an interest in sketching, learning from S. Palmer, and later his friend Edward Lear. He went to Christ Church, Oxford in 1843, and graduated with honours in 1846. He travelled in Europe and took an interest in mountaineering, joining his friend from Oxford, Alfred Seymour.^[2]

Political career

Northbrook entered upon a political career, and was successively private secretary to Henry Labouchere (Board of Trade), Sir George Grey (Home Office), and Sir Charles Wood (India Office and then Admiralty to 1857). In 1847 he served on the committee of the British Relief Association. In 1857, he was returned to the House of Commons for Penryn and Falmouth, which he represented until becoming a peer on the death of his father in 1866. He served under Lord Palmerston as Civil Lord of the Admiralty between 1857 and 1858, as Under-Secretary of State for War in 1861, as Under-Secretary of State for India between 1861 and 1864, under Palmerston and Lord Russell as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department between 1864 and 1866 and under Russell as Secretary to the Admiralty in 1866.

When William Ewart Gladstone acceded to power in 1868, Baring was again appointed Under-Secretary of State for War, and this office he held until February 1872, when he was appointed Viceroy of India. On 3 May he was Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India and ex officio Grand Master of the Order.^[3]

In January 1876, however, he resigned. He had recommended the conclusion of arrangements with Sher Ali Khan which, as has since been admitted,^{[by whom?]} would have prevented the Second Anglo-Afghan War; but his policy was overruled by the Duke of Argyll, then Secretary of State for India. in 1876 he was created Viscount Baring, of Lee in the County of Kent, and Earl of Northbrook, in the County of Southampton.

From 1880 to 1885 Northbrook held the post of First Lord of the Admiralty in Gladstone's second government. During his tenure of office the state of the navy aroused much public anxiety and led to a strong agitation in favor of an extended shipbuilding programme. The agitation called forth Tennyson's poem The Fleet. In September 1884, Northbrook was sent to Egypt as special commissioner to inquire into its finances and condition. The inquiry was largely unnecessary, all the essential facts being well known, but the mission was a device of Gladstone's to avoid an immediate decision on a perplexing question. Northbrook, after six weeks of inquiry in Egypt, sent in two reports, one general, advising against the withdrawal of the British garrison, and one financial. His financial proposals, if accepted, would have substituted the financial control of Britain for the international control proposed at the London Conference of June–August of the same year, but this was not carried out. When Gladstone formed his third ministry in 1886 Baring held aloof, being opposed to the Home Rule policy of the prime minister; and he then ceased to take a prominent part in political life.

Other work

Baring had served in the Hampshire Yeomanry, reaching the rank of major, and was appointed the regiment's Honorary Colonel on 26 January 1889.^[4]

In 1890 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire.

In the 1880s he was president of an offshoot of the National Indian Association, which was named the Northbrook Indian Society after its president.^[5] From 1890 to 1893 he was president of the Royal Asiatic Society.

In 1898 he sold the land of Manor House Gardens, to the London County Council, and also gifted land in Lee to public use, which was opened as Northbrook Park in 1903.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Botanic Society in November 1902.^[6]

Family

Lord Northbrook married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Charles Sturt and sister of Lord Alington, in 1848. They had two sons and one daughter. She died in June 1867, aged 40. Lord Northbrook remained a widower until his death at Stratton Park, Hampshire, in November 1904, aged 78. There is a memorial to him at All Saints, East Stratton.^[7] He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, Francis.

Legacy in India

The Ghanta Ghar Multan, or Clock Tower of Multan, was named 'Northbrook Tower'. It is located in the center of Multan in Punjab province, Pakistan. A library named 'Northbrook Hall' is located in Dhaka, capital of Bangladesh.

References

^ James S. Olson and Robert S. Shadle, Historical Dictionary of the British Empire (1996), p. 116.
^ Mallet (1908):15-21.
^ "The Knights of England. A complete record from the earliest time to the present day of the knights of all the orders of chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of knights bachelors, incorporating a complete list of knights bachelors dubbed in Ireland". 1906.
^ Army List.
^ Northbrook Society, Open University, Retrieved 27 July 2015.
^ "Royal Botanic Society". The Times. No. 36921. London. 10 November 1902. p. 12.
^ "Geograph". Geograph. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2013.

External links

Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Thomas Baring
"Archival material relating to Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook". UK National Archives.

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Howel Gwyn James William Freshfield	Member of Parliament for Penryn and Falmouth 1857–1866 With: Samuel Gurney	Succeeded by Samuel Gurney Jervoise Smith
Political offices
Preceded by Henry James Baillie	Under-Secretary of State for India 1859–1861	Succeeded by The Earl de Grey and Ripon
Preceded by The Earl de Grey and Ripon	Under-Secretary of State for War 1861–1861	Succeeded by The Earl de Grey and Ripon
Preceded by The Earl de Grey and Ripon	Under-Secretary of State for India 1861–1864	Succeeded by The Lord Wodehouse
Preceded by Henry Bruce	Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department 1864–1866	Succeeded by Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen
Preceded by William Henry Smith	First Lord of the Admiralty 1880–1885	Succeeded by Lord George Hamilton
Government offices
Preceded by The Lord Napier, acting	Viceroy of India 1872–1876	Succeeded by The Lord Lytton
Honorary titles
Preceded by The Earl of Carnarvon	Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire 1890–1904	Succeeded by The Marquess of Winchester
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New title	Earl of Northbrook 1876–1904	Succeeded by Francis Baring
Preceded by Francis Baring	Baron Northbrook 1866–1904	Succeeded by Francis Baring

[1] James S. Olson and Robert S. Shadle, Historical Dictionary of the British Empire (1996), p. 116.

[2] Mallet (1908):15-21.

[3] "The Knights of England. A complete record from the earliest time to the present day of the knights of all the orders of chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of knights bachelors, incorporating a complete list of knights bachelors dubbed in Ireland". 1906.

[4] Army List.

[5] Northbrook Society, Open University, Retrieved 27 July 2015.

[6] "Royal Botanic Society". The Times. No. 36921. London. 10 November 1902. p. 12.

[7] "Geograph". Geograph. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2013.

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of Great Britain	The Earl of Orford Sir John Leake The Earl of Strafford The Earl of Orford The Earl of Berkeley The Viscount Torrington Sir Charles Wager The Earl of Winchilsea The Duke of Bedford The Earl of Sandwich The Lord Anson The Earl Temple The Earl of Winchilsea The Lord Anson The Earl of Halifax George Grenville The Earl of Sandwich The Earl of Egmont Sir Charles Saunders Sir Edward Hawke The Earl of Sandwich The Viscount Keppel The Viscount Howe The Viscount Keppel The Viscount Howe The Earl of Chatham The Earl Spencer
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v t e Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society
19th century	F. J. Robinson George Murray John Barrow William R. Hamilton George Greenough Roderick Murchison Charles Abbot William J. Hamilton William Smyth Roderick Murchison Francis Egerton Frederick Beechey Roderick Murchison Bingham Baring Roderick Murchison Henry Rawlinson Henry Frere Rutherford Alcock Thomas Baring Henry Bruce John Campbell Richard Strachey M. E. Grant Duff Clements Markham
20th century	George Goldie Leonard Darwin George Curzon Douglas Freshfield Thomas Holdich Francis Younghusband Lawrence Dundas David George Hogarth Charles Close William Goodenough Percy Cox Henry Balfour Philip Chetwode Francis Rodd Harry Lindsay James Wordie James Marshall-Cornwall Roger Nathan Raymond Priestley Dudley Stamp Gilbert Laithwaite Edmund Irving Edward Shackleton Duncan Cumming John Hunt Michael John Wise Vivian Fuchs George Bishop Roger Chorley Crispin Tickell George Jellicoe John Palmer
21st century	Ron Cooke Neil Cossons Gordon Conway Michael Palin Judith Rees Nicholas Crane Lynda Chalker Nigel Clifford

v t e Viceroys of India
East India Company (1773–1858)	Warren Hastings (1774–85) The Earl Cornwallis (1786–93) The Lord Teignmouth (1793–98) The Marquess Wellesley (1798–1805) The Marquess Cornwallis (1805) The Earl of Minto (1807–13) The Marquess of Hastings (1813–23) The Earl Amherst (1823–28) Lord William Bentinck (1828–35) The Earl of Auckland (1836–42) The Earl of Ellenborough (1842–44) The Viscount Hardinge (1844–48) The Marquess of Dalhousie (1848–56) The Viscount Canning (1856–58)
British Government¹ (1858–1947)	The Earl Canning (1858–62) The Earl of Elgin (1862–63) The Lord Lawrence (1864–69) The Earl of Mayo (1869–72) The Earl of Northbrook (1872–76) The Earl of Lytton (1876–80) The Marquess of Ripon (1880–84) The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1884–88) The Marquess of Lansdowne (1888–94) The Earl of Elgin (1894–99) The Lord Curzon of Kedleston (1899–1905) The Earl of Minto (1905–10) The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst (1910–16) The Lord Chelmsford (1916–21) The Earl of Reading (1921–26) The Lord Irwin (1926–31) The Earl of Willingdon (1931–36) The Marquess of Linlithgow (1936–43) The Viscount Wavell (1943–47) The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (1947)
Governors General after Indian independence²	The Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1947–48) Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari (1948–50)
Governors General after Pakistani independence³	Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1947–48) Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin (1948–51) Ghulam Muhammad (1951–55) Iskander Mirza (1955–56)
¹ Following the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny. ² As representatives of George VI in his role as King of India (1947–50). ³ As representatives of George VI and then Elizabeth II in their roles as King and Queen of Pakistan, respectively.

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