Tell Maghzaliyah
  Shown within Iraq  Tell Maghzaliyah (Near East) | |
| Alternative name | Magzalia, Tell Magzalia |
|---|---|
| Location | Nineveh Governorate, Iraq |
| Coordinates | 36°22′48″N 42°26′24″E / 36.38000°N 42.44000°E / 36.38000; 42.44000 |
| Type | tell, archaeological site |
| History | |
| Periods | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1977–1980 |
| Archaeologists | Nikolay Bader |
Tell Maghzaliyah (Tell Maghzalia), in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq, is a prehistoric fortified aceramic Mesolithic and Neolithic site located approximately 7.5 km northwest of Yarim Tepe, with which it shows some similarities. It is situated near the Abra River, a tributary of the Habur River, which eventually drains into the Euphrates River. Tell Maghzaliyah shows the development of pre-Hassuna culture. There are also numerous connections to the Jarmo culture going back to 7000 BCE.
Archaeology
The site is approximately 4500 square meters in area, and the depth of deposit is approximately 8 meters. It was excavated during 12 seasons between 1969 and 1980 on the Sinjar Plain, by a Soviet team from the Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences led by R. M. Munchaev and N. Ya. Merpert with N.O. Bader.[1][2][3]
The original village housed approximately 150 people. It was more suited to hunting and gathering, than to long-standing agriculture. Archeological evidence includes flint flakes and debitage, along with evidence of semi-permanent settlement, including houses and utilitarian structures. Permanent settlement remains indicate pisé walls and stone foundations. The clay used for construction was apparently imported from other locations, as the primary natural stratigraphy is limestone loam. In its final phase the site was circled by a wall with massive stone facing.[4]
The excavators estimated a total of 15 building levels at the site, each with an average thickness of 50–60 cm. The assemblage suggests a tightly packed settlement, occupied continuously over its existence.
Early metallurgy
A hammered ‘awl’ (or a chisel) made from native copper (i.e. not smelted) was found on the floor of one of the houses.[5][6]
Other early sites with metal are also Ali Kosh in lowland Iran, and Tol-e Nurabad and Tepe Sialk in the Iranian Zagros Mountains. Also in the Iranian Zagros, near Marvdasht, are located the sites of Tall-i Mushki, and Tall-i Jari showing evidence of early metallurgy utilizing native copper. All these settlements date to the late 7th/early 6th millennia BC.[6]
See also
References
- ^ Zettler, Richard L., "Review of Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq, by N. Yoffee & J. J. Clark", American Antiquity, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 174–75, 1995
- ^ Bader, N. O., "Earliest Cultivators in Northern Mesopotamia: The Investigation of the Soviet Archaeological Expedition in Iraq at Settlements Tell Magzalia, Tell Sotto, Kiiltepe", Moscow:Nauka, 1989
- ^ Munchaev, Rauf M., N. I. Merpert, and N. O. Bader, "Archaeological Studies in the Sinjar Valley, 1980", Sumer 43, pp. 32-53, 1984
- ^ Edens, Christopher, "Review of Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq, by N. Yoffee & J. J. Clark", American Antiquity, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 284–86, 2000
- ^ CHARLES KEITH MAISELS (1999). EARLY CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD;THE FORMATIVE HISTORIES OF EGYPT, THE LEVANT, MESOPOTAMIA, INDIA AND CHINA. ABINGDON: ROUTLEDGE. ISBN 1-134-83731-3. OCLC 1199128027.
- ^ a b Potts, Daniel T., ed. (15 August 2012). "Northern Mesopotamia". A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-4443-6077-6.
Further reading
- "Tell Maghzaliyah: an early Neolithic site in northern Iraq"; Soviet Archeology; 1979:117-32
- Voronezh State Pedagogical University; Kornienko, Tatiana V. (2020). "Tell Maghzalia in the context of the early Neolithic sites of Northern Mesopotamia and neighbouring territories". Rossiiskaia Arkheologiia (4): 5–20. doi:10.31857/S086960630012626-7. S2CID 242719185.
- Early stages in the evolution of Mesopotamian civilization : Soviet excavations in northern Iraq. Norman Yoffee, Jeffery J. Clark. Tucson, Arizona. 2016. ISBN 978-0-8165-3281-0. OCLC 930303471.
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