Nazir Husayn

Nazir Husayn
Personal
Born1805
Surajgarha, Bengal Presidency, British India
Died13 October 1902(1902-10-13) (aged 96–97)[1]
Chandni Chowk, Delhi, British India
ReligionIslam
RegionIndia
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceSalafi
CreedAthari
MovementAhl-i Hadith
Muslim leader
Students

Sayyid Nazir Husayn Dihlawi (1805 – 13 October 1902) was an Indian Islamic scholar who was a founding figure of the Ahl-i Hadith movement in British India.

Earning the appellation shaykh al-kull (teacher of all, or the shaykh of all knowledge) for his authority among early Ahl-i Hadith scholars.[2][3][4][5]

Biography

Early life

Husayn was born into an aristocratic ashraf family in the northern Indian city of Monghyr, Bihar.[6] He was raised a Shia Muslim, though later abandoned that faith.[7] He began his studies in Sadiqpur in Bihar where he first came into contact with the revolutionary preacher Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi (1786–1831) in the 1820s.[8] He later moved to Delhi in 1826 where he studied under Shah Abd al-Aziz (1746-1824), son of the revivalist theologian Shah Wali Allah Dihlawi (1703–1762), and then Abd al-Aziz's grandson and successor Shah Ishaq al-Dihlawi (1778–1846), the renowned hadith scholar in India.[7] When Shah Ishaq Al-Dihlawi emigrated to the Hijaz, Husayn took his place as a teacher.[9] Self-consciously identifying himself with Shah Wali Allah, and viewing himself as spiritual heir to his legacy, Husayn took on the title miyan sahib, a title closely associated with Shah Wali Allah's successors.[10] At Delhi's prestigious Madrasah-i Rahimiyah seminary, which had broken up into a number of interlinked schools following Shah Ishaq al-Dihlawi's death in 1846, Husayn led the most Salafi-oriented school.[11]

Attitude towards the British

Nazir Husayn advocated political quietism and was among a large number of Muslim scholars from both the Sunni and Shia sects who supported British rule and rejected calls for armed jihad against it.[12][13] He was also among a number of Muslim scholars, including the muftis of Mecca, who declared British India to be dar al-Islam (abode of peace) and not Dar al-harb (abode of war).[13] During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, he resisted pressure from the mutineers to call for a jihad and instead declared in favour of British rule, viewing the Muslim-British relationship as a legal contract which could not be broken unless their religious rights were breached.[14] Despite having denied any involvement in the rebellion in its aftermath and having strongly opposed the declaration of jihad as sinful and a faithless breach of covenant,[11] Husayn was widely believed to have been among a group of Delhi ulema pressured into signing a jihad fatwa.[15] He was arrested in 1868 by the British on suspicion of being the leader of the Wahhabi insurgents in Delhi and detained for six months but was eventually released without charge after it had emerged that he had not supported the rebels.[16][17] Husayn consistently denied any links with the Wahhabis as well as any role in the Delhi uprising in 1857.[16]

Because he was seen by the British as the only scholar of the Ahl-i Hadith who could allay the conflict between the movement and followers of the prevailing Hanafi school of thought, which often resulted in civil disturbances that the Government sought to prevent, and because he also knew English which was very rare among Indian Muslim scholars at the time, Husayn's turbulent relations with the British at Delhi had improved.[6] He was granted a letter of recommendation by the government to the British Vice Consul in Jeddah when he travelled there in 1883 to perform the Hajj pilgrimage. However, he was already denounced as a Wahhabi by Indian Hanafis to the Ottoman governor of Jedda who had him arrested and imprisoned before he could present the letter. He was later released with the intervention of the British Vice Consul.[3]

Founding of Jamaat Ahl-i Hadith

Within a couple of years of his release from prison in 1868, Husian, together with Siddiq Hasan Khan of Bhopal and Muhammad Husain Batalvi (c.1840–1920), two influential fellow alumni of the Madrasah-i Rahimiyah, formally founded the politico-religious organisation known as the Jamaat Ahl-i Hadith, the Party of the People of the Hadith.[18] However, their zealous opposition against co-religionists and non-Muslims alike, to the extent of using violence against mosques and shrines, and their strong anti-polytheist, anti-innovation, anti-Shia and anti-Christian message in close resemblance to the followers of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792), did not stop other Muslim groups from denouncing them as Wahhabis. Neither did the British Government of India cease using this term for them until the Ahl-i Hadith leaders published, in 1885, a book denying any links with Wahhabism and called for the Government to cease employing this term in reference to them.[19]

Husayn taught hadith at Delhi for half a century,[20] gaining international renown in this field and attracting students from different parts of India, Afghanistan, Central Asia,[3] the Hijaz and Najd.[21][22] Almost all of the major scholars of the early Ahl-i Hadith movement studied under him.[23] Husayn held together a network of scholars who aligned themselves to the teachings of Ahmad Sirhindi and Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, but were more uncompromising in their rejection of what they believed were blameworthy innovations in the faith and the legitimacy given to the four Sunni schools of law.[7] The solicitude of the British also gained Husayn favour among modernist Muslims associated with the Aligarh Institute, whose Aligarh Institute Gazette dedicated an obituary praising him when he died in 1902 at the age of ninety-seven.[6]

Teachings

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The teachings of Nazir Husayn and Siddiq Hasan Khan were shaped amidst broader reformist developments in South Asia which saw the Muslims of India as having drifted away from 'authentic' Islamic beliefs and practices that compromised the Islamic concept of the indivisible oneness of God and bordered on idolatry. For guidance on religious matters, however, in contrast to other reformist currents in India, they advocated direct use of the central Islamic scriptures: the Quran and hadith – which they interpreted literally and narrowly – rather than looking to the classical lawmakers and the legal traditions of Islam that developed around them.[4] Accordingly, Husayn was known for his emphasis on the primacy of the Prophetic traditions as the source of Islamic law over deference (taqlid) given to the Sunni legal schools and for the opposition to popular rituals and folk practices associated with the Sufis which were deemed to be illegitimate innovations in the faith.[24] Although Husayn himself has been seen as less literalist and more favourably inclined towards Sufism than later exponents of the Ahl-i Hadith, demanding an oath of allegiance (bay'ah) from his disciples, a practice commonly associated with Sufism, and even praising Ibn Arabi, a colossus among Sufis.[25] Nevertheless, overall, these teachings resulted in the development of close ties with Wahhabi scholars but strong controversy between the Ahl-i Hadith and the Deobandis who upheld strict adherence to the Hanafi school.[24]

Legacy and influence

Husayn has been described as "perhaps the single most influential figure in the spread of the Ahl-i-Ḥadīth".[26] According to author Charles Allen, Nazir Husayn's students included Imdadullah Muhajir Makki,[27] Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi[28] and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi,[29] the founding figures of the Deobandi movement; although prominent Deobandi scholars including Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani have issued fatwas against him.[30] Husayn might have had an influence on Mirza Ghulam Ahmad,[31] the founder of the Ahmadiyya, whose second marriage Husayn had performed in 1884,[32] though Ahmad never studied under him.[33] Ahmad's foremost disciple and successor Hakim Nur ul-Din also briefly studied under Husayn.[34]

Other students of Husayn included the Afghan-Indian scholar Abdullah Ghaznavi; the two major Ahl-i Hadith proponents in the Punjab: Muhammad Husain Batalvi and Sanaullah Amritsari;[35] and the Indian hadith scholar Shams-ul-Haq Azimabadi.The modernist founder of the Aligarh Movement and Muslim University, Syed Ahmad Khan, also studied under Husayn in the 1850s.[36]

Works

Sayyid Nazir Husayn's fatwas were collected posthumously by some of his students into two large volumes called Fatawa Naziriyya. Other written works by him include the following:

  • Mi'yar al-haq (Criterion for Truth; Urdu)
  • Waqi'at al-fatwa wa dafi'at al-balawi (Event of the Fatwa and Defence Against the Affliction; Urdu)
  • Thabut al-haq al-haqeeq (Proof of the Veritable Truth; Urdu)
  • Risalah fi tahli al-nisa bi al-dhahab (Treatise on the Adornment of Women with Gold; Urdu)
  • Al-masa'il al-arba'a (The Four Issues; Urdu)
  • Falah al-wali ba 'itiba' al-nabi (Felicity for the Saint in Following the Prophet; Persian)
  • Risalah fi ibtal 'amal al-mawlid (Treatise on the Erroneousness of the Practice of Mawlid; Arabic)

References

  1. ^ Tavārīk̲h̲-i ʿAjīb Yaʿnī Kālā Pānī by Muḥammad Jaʿfar Thānesarī, page 246 (in Urdu)
  2. ^ Claudia Preckel. (2013, p.174), 'Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān's Library: The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th century Bhopal' in B. Krawietz & G. Tamer (eds.), Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp.162–219
  3. ^ a b c Chanfi Ahmed (2015). West African ʿulamāʾ and Salafism in Mecca and Medina: Jawāb al-Ifrῑqῑ – The Response of the African. BRILL. p. 99. ISBN 978-90-04-27031-2.
  4. ^ a b Gilliat-Ray 2010, p. 104.
  5. ^ M. Naeem Qureshi (1999). Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924. BRILL. p. 458. ISBN 90-04-11371-1.
  6. ^ a b c Chanfi Ahmed (2015). West African ʿulamāʾ and Salafism in Mecca and Medina: Jawāb al-Ifrῑqῑ – The Response of the African. BRILL. p. 98. ISBN 978-90-04-27031-2.
  7. ^ a b c Jones 1989, p. 56.
  8. ^ Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.
  9. ^ Chanfi Ahmed (2015). West African ʿulamāʾ and Salafism in Mecca and Medina: Jawāb al-Ifrῑqῑ - The Response of the African. BRILL. p. 98. ISBN 978-90-04-27031-2.
  10. ^ Daniel W. Brown (1996). Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-521-57077-8.
  11. ^ a b Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.
  12. ^ Ayesha Jalal (2008). Partisans of Allah. Harvard University Press. pp. 115–116, 129–131. ISBN 978-0-674-02801-2.
  13. ^ a b M. Naeem Qureshi (1999). Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924. BRILL. pp. 178–180. ISBN 90-04-11371-1.
  14. ^ Ayesha Jalal (2008). Partisans of Allah. Harvard University Press. pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-0-674-02801-2. Maulana Sayyid Nazir Husain Dehalvi was the most influential of the Ahl-Hadith ulema in Delhi at the time of the revolt. The rebels coerced him into issuing a fatwa declaring a jihad...he ruled out armed jihad in India, on the grounds that the relationship with the British government was a contract that Muslims could not legally break unless their religious rights were infringed.
  15. ^ Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.
  16. ^ a b Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. pp. 197, 205. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.
  17. ^ Ayesha Jalal (2008). Partisans of Allah. Harvard University Press. pp. 131. ISBN 978-0-674-02801-2.
  18. ^ Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. pp. 205–206. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.
  19. ^ Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.
  20. ^ Annmarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, pg. 208–9. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1980. ISBN 9004061177
  21. ^ Guido Steinberg. (2004; p.95), 'Ecology, Knowledge, and Trade in Central Arabia (Najd) during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries' in M. Al-Rasheed & R. Vitalis (eds.), Counter-Narratives: History, Contemporary Society, and Politics in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.77–102
  22. ^ Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.
  23. ^ Claudia Preckel. (2013; p.174), 'Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān's Library: The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th century Bhopal' in B. Krawietz & G. Tamer (eds.), Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp.162–219
  24. ^ a b David Commins (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B.Tauris. p. 144. ISBN 184-511-080-3.
  25. ^ Martin Riexingr. (2013; p.501), 'Ibn Taymiyya's Worldview and the Challenge of Modernity: A Conflict Among the Ahl-i Ḥadīth in British India' in B. Krawietz & G. Tamer (eds.), Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp.493–518
  26. ^ Brown 1996, p. 27.
  27. ^ Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. pp. 158, 300. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.
  28. ^ Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.
  29. ^ Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. pp. 160, 302. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.
  30. ^ Muhammad Na'eem (2016). The Deviated Sects and theStraight Path of Islaam. Al-Qamar Publications. p. 625.
  31. ^ Khan 2015, p. 180.
  32. ^ Khan 2015, p. 172.
  33. ^ Khan 2015, p. 25.
  34. ^ Khan 2015, p. 133.
  35. ^ Khan 2015, p. 31.
  36. ^ Charles Allen (2006). God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad. Abacus. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-349-11879-6.

Bibliography

  • Khan, Adil Hussain (2015). From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01529-7.
  • Brown, Daniel W. (1996). Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521653947.
  • Jones, Kenneth W. (1989). Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Volume 3 (reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521249867.
  • Gilliat-Ray, Sophie (2010). Muslims in Britain: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83006-5.
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