Spiral (railway)

Spiral viaduct of the Bernina Express near Brusio, Switzerland.

A spiral (sometimes called a spiral loop or just loop) is a technique employed by railways to ascend steep hills.

A railway spiral rises on a steady curve until it has completed a loop, passing over itself as it gains height, allowing the railway to gain vertical elevation in a relatively short horizontal distance. It is an alternative to a zig-zag, and avoids the need for the trains to stop and reverse direction while ascending. If the train is longer than the length of each loop it may be possible to view it looping above itself.[1][2]

The term "loop" is also often used for a railway that curves sharply and goes back on itself: if the railway crosses itself, then it forms a spiral or helix; otherwise, it forms the much more common horseshoe curve or bend.[3][4]

List of spirals

Argentina

  • Two spirals between Tacuara and Meseta at 24°26′10″S 65°50′28″W / 24.4361°S 65.8412°W / -24.4361; -65.8412 and 24°23′17″S 65°51′01″W / 24.3881°S 65.8502°W / -24.3881; -65.8502 on the heritage Tren a las Nubes section of the Salta–Antofagasta railway part of the General Manuel Belgrano Railway.[5][6][7]

Australia

Bulgaria

  • Four Spirals on the Rhodope Mountain Line between Septemvri to Dobrinishte railway between Velingrad and Cherna Mesta at 42°02′36″N 23°51′12″E / 42.04329°N 23.85336°E / 42.04329; 23.85336, 42°02′27″N 23°50′30″E / 42.04074°N 23.84169°E / 42.04074; 23.84169, 42°02′14″N 23°44′48″E / 42.03728°N 23.74671°E / 42.03728; 23.74671 and 42°02′53″N 23°44′10″E / 42.04814°N 23.73606°E / 42.04814; 23.73606.[5][12][13]: 247 
  • Spiral just outside Klisura at 42°42′02″N 24°27′35″E / 42.700687°N 24.459643°E / 42.700687; 24.459643 on the Sofia to Tulovo railway.[14]: 110 [13]: 244 [15]
  • Spiral just outside Radevtsi at 42°47′46″N 25°32′38″E / 42.796201°N 25.544000°E / 42.796201; 25.544000 on the Ruse to Dimitrovgrad railway.[14]: 110 [13]: 244 [15]
  • Spiral and horseshoe bends just outside Raduntsi at 42°40′37″N 25°35′41″E / 42.677007°N 25.594618°E / 42.677007; 25.594618 on the Ruse to Dimitrovgrad railway.[12][14]: 110 [16][13]: 244 [15]

Canada

China

  • Spiral between Qingshiya and Guanyinshan at 34°16′43″N 106°59′12″E / 34.2787°N 106.9867°E / 34.2787; 106.9867 on the Baoji–Chengdu Railway.[24]
  • Six spirals on the Chengdu–Kunming Railway at:
    • South of Baishiyan at 28°46′05″N 102°34′25″E / 28.7680°N 102.5737°E / 28.7680; 102.5737.[25][26]
    • Lewu at 28°17′52″N 102°37′21″E / 28.2977°N 102.6226°E / 28.2977; 102.6226.[25][27]
    • Wazu at 28°11′54″N 102°33′58″E / 28.1983°N 102.5662°E / 28.1983; 102.5662.[25][28]
    • Tiekou at 28°13′49″N 102°31′54″E / 28.2304°N 102.5318°E / 28.2304; 102.5318.[25][29]
    • Ananzhuang at 25°26′53″N 101°49′16″E / 25.4481°N 101.8211°E / 25.4481; 101.8211.[30]
    • Longgudian at 25°25′29″N 101°46′34″E / 25.4248°N 101.7761°E / 25.4248; 101.7761.[31]
  • Spiral at Shangshali at 48°47′36″N 121°43′39″E / 48.7934°N 121.7274°E / 48.7934; 121.7274 on the Harbin–Manzhouli Railway.[25]
  • Spiral at Daheba at 28°19′42″N 106°50′19″E / 28.3283°N 106.8385°E / 28.3283; 106.8385 on the Sichuan–Guizhou railway.[32]
  • Three spirals on the Liupanshui–Hongguo Railway at:
    • Maocaoping at 26°12′37″N 104°43′01″E / 26.2103°N 104.7170°E / 26.2103; 104.7170.[33]
    • Duchuanzhai at 26°10′20″N 104°43′51″E / 26.1722°N 104.7308°E / 26.1722; 104.7308.[34]
    • Sanjiazhai at 26°09′33″N 104°43′29″E / 26.1593°N 104.7246°E / 26.1593; 104.7246.[35]
  • There are four spirals on the Southern Xinjiang Railway at 42°51′35″N 87°31′52″E / 42.8596°N 87.5310°E / 42.8596; 87.5310, 42°50′05″N 87°17′14″E / 42.8346°N 87.2871°E / 42.8346; 87.2871, 42°52′58″N 86°32′35″E / 42.8828°N 86.5431°E / 42.8828; 86.5431 and 42°51′37″N 86°27′43″E / 42.8604°N 86.4619°E / 42.8604; 86.4619 on a by-passed section between Yu'ergou and Hejing that is now freight only. This line was rebuilt on a shorter route in 2014.[36]
Guanjiao Spiral on Qinghai–Tibet Railway at night, it was replaced by a 32-km long tunnel in 2014
  • There used to be a spiral at Guanjiao at 37°05′04″N 98°52′25″E / 37.08442°N 98.873591°E / 37.08442; 98.873591 on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway, it was replaced by a tunnel in 2014. (see photo).[37]

Costa Rica

Replica of the Brusio Spiral Viaduct at 10°28′44″N 84°49′25″W / 10.47900°N 84.82374°W / 10.47900; -84.82374 on the Tren Turistico Arenal, 10 km east of Nuevo Arenal, Guanacaste.[38][39]

Croatia

  • Spiral between Rijeka-Brajdica and Sušak-Pećine at 45°19′27″N 14°27′45″E / 45.3241°N 14.4625°E / 45.3241; 14.4625 on the Rijeka–Karlovac railway, part of International corridor V. The spiral is mainly in a 1838 m long tunnel.[40]: 215 

Eritrea

  • Spiral between Asmara and Arbaroba at 15°21′17″N 38°59′07″E / 15.35475°N 38.98535°E / 15.35475; 38.98535 on Eritrean Railways. This spiral pushes the definition of a spiral as the line crosses itself but then immediately crosses back, and it does this in a tunnel.[citation needed]

France

  • Three spirals on the Col de Tende line between Ventimiglia to Cuneo as it passes through France, a further spiral on this line is in Italy.[41][42]: 155 [43][44]
    • Just north of Fontan at 44°00′58″N 7°33′58″E / 44.016°N 7.566°E / 44.016; 7.566.
    • Saint Dalmas-de-Tende at 44°03′28″N 7°35′38″E / 44.0577°N 7.5938°E / 44.0577; 7.5938.
    • Tende at 44°05′55″N 7°35′44″E / 44.0987°N 7.5955°E / 44.0987; 7.5955.
  • Spiral at Moûtiers at 45°29′08″N 6°32′26″E / 45.485628°N 6.540444°E / 45.485628; 6.540444 between Albertville and Bourg-Saint-Maurice used by TGV.[44][45][46]
  • Spiral partly in a tunnel at Claveisolles at 46°05′20″N 4°29′07″E / 46.0888°N 4.4853°E / 46.0888; 4.4853 on the Paray-le-Monial to Lozanne line (between Saint-Nizier-d'Azergues and Poule-les-Écharmeaux).[47][48]
  • Spiral north of L'Hospitalet près l'Andorre at 42°36′18″N 1°48′55″E / 42.605°N 1.8153°E / 42.605; 1.8153 on the line between Latour-de-Carol and Ax-les-Thermes.[49]: 51 [50]
  • There used to be a spiral in the Sayerce tunnel at 42°50′54″N 0°32′46″W / 42.8483°N 0.546°W / 42.8483; -0.546 on the former Pau–Canfranc railway line between Pau and Zaragoza (Spain) in the Pyrenees. This spiral is now a footpath.[51][44]
  • The proposed spirals between The Gravenne and Montpezat at 44°41′42″N 4°13′05″E / 44.695047°N 4.21797°E / 44.695047; 4.21797 on the partly completed Transcevenole line between Le Puy-en-Velay and Lalevade-d'Ardèche in the Cévennes were never constructed.

Germany

  • Spiral, known as the Rendsburg Loop, on the northern approach to the Rendsburg High Bridge, a railway viaduct and transporter bridge crossing the Kiel Canal in Rendsburg, Schleswig-Holstein at 54°17′58″N 9°40′37″E / 54.2995046°N 9.6769807°E / 54.2995046; 9.6769807.[14]: 43 [52][53]: 95 
  • Spiral on the Wutach Valley Railway at 47°47′30″N 8°30′07″E / 47.7916136°N 8.5019723°E / 47.7916136; 8.5019723. The line was built partly for strategic reasons and had to be built to a reasonable gradient in order to haul heavy military trains over it. The alternative, shorter Singen–Waldshut route was not available for this traffic, since it crossed Swiss territory. The line is now a heritage railway.[14]: 58 [54]

India

Loop (Agony Point) on the DHR, India
  • There are currently three spirals on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway:
    • Chunbati Loop at 26°50′30″N 88°20′28″E / 26.8416944°N 88.3410351°E / 26.8416944; 88.3410351.[55]
    • Agony Point at 26°51′28″N 88°19′40″E / 26.8576792°N 88.3277078°E / 26.8576792; 88.3277078.[55]
    • Batasia Loop at 27°01′00″N 88°14′50″E / 27.0167882°N 88.2471805°E / 27.0167882; 88.2471805.[55]

The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway originally had five or six spirals but only five in operation at any one time. The line also has six reverses or zig-zags.[56][57]

  • There used to be a spiral at Dhulghat at 21°16′58″N 76°45′41″E / 21.2827°N 76.7615°E / 21.2827; 76.7615 between Khandwa and Hingoli on the metre gauge railway, the spiral was apparently removed[citation needed] when the track was upgraded to broad gauge.[58]: 41 

Iran

  • Spirals near Dowgal station at 35°52′34″N 52°57′20″E / 35.8762337°N 52.9554674°E / 35.8762337; 52.9554674 and extensive horseshoe curves in the Alborz Mountains on the Trans-Iranian Railway.[5][59]

Ireland

Italy

  • Spiral at Bortigiadas 40°53′31″N 9°03′23″E / 40.8918324°N 9.0563916°E / 40.8918324; 9.0563916 on the Sassari-Palau railway on Sardinia.[62]: 179 [63]
  • Spiral near Lanusei 39°52′21″N 9°32′27″E / 39.872545°N 9.540812°E / 39.872545; 9.540812 on the Mandas–Gairo–Arbatax railway on Sardinia.[62]: 190 [63]
  • Varzo Spiral Tunnel near Iselle di Trasquera 46°12′45″N 8°13′37″E / 46.2125°N 8.2270°E / 46.2125; 8.2270 on the Swiss Federal Railways just south of the Southern Portal of the Simplon Tunnel.[12][41][62]: 9 [64]
  • Spiral near Vernante 44°14′12″N 7°32′25″E / 44.2368°N 7.5404°E / 44.2368; 7.5404 on the Col de Tende railway from Ventimiglia to Cuneo. There are a further three spirals on this line in French territory.[62]: 60 [42]: 155 [43]
  • Spiral close to Savona at 44°19′45″N 8°26′51″E / 44.3293°N 8.4476°E / 44.3293; 8.4476 on the Savona–Altare line.[65][62]: 62 [42]: 155 
  • Spiral just north of Salerno at 40°41′45″N 14°45′59″E / 40.6957°N 14.7665°E / 40.6957; 14.7665 on the Salerno–Mercato San Severino railway.[14]: 86 [62]: 129 [42]: 164 
  • Spiral at Ragusa at 36°55′11″N 14°44′12″E / 36.9198°N 14.7368°E / 36.9198; 14.7368 on the approach to Ragusa from Modica on Sicily.[66][42]: 168 
  • Spiral between Medaglie d'Oro and Salvator Rosa at 40°50′52″N 14°13′52″E / 40.8478°N 14.2312°E / 40.8478; 14.2312 on Line 1 of Naples Metro. Vanvitelli and Quattro Giornale stations are on the loop itself.[67]: 112 [68]
  • Spiral at Casole Bruzio 39°16′42″N 16°20′22″E / 39.278195°N 16.339308°E / 39.278195; 16.339308 on the Cosenza to San Giovanni in Fiore line (line exists but is not in service).[14]: 87 
  • There were three spirals at 42°44′29″N 12°46′58″E / 42.7413°N 12.7828°E / 42.7413; 12.7828 Caprareccia and 42°44′29″N 12°49′12″E / 42.7415°N 12.8199°E / 42.7415; 12.8199 and 42°44′45″N 12°49′13″E / 42.7458°N 12.8204°E / 42.7458; 12.8204 near San Martino on the former Spoleto–Norcia line.[69]

Japan

Okoba spiral and zig zag in Hisatsu Line, Japan
Spiral loop, west of Rainbow Bridge in Tokyo, Japan.
  • Spiral South of Echigo-Nakazato at 36°53′49″N 138°50′08″E / 36.896908°N 138.8356393°E / 36.896908; 138.8356393 on the Tokyo bound Jōetsu Line.[70][71]: 53 [72]
  • Spiral at Shimizu Tunnel at 36°48′21″N 138°59′33″E / 36.805837°N 138.9923663°E / 36.805837; 138.9923663 on the Tokyo-bound Jōetsu Line.[70][71]: 53 [72]
  • Spiral South of Tsuruga Station at 35°36′43″N 136°04′15″E / 35.6118281°N 136.07083°E / 35.6118281; 136.07083 on the Hokuriku Main Line to Shin-Hikida Station.[70][71]: 73 
  • Spiral at Okoba Station at 32°09′57″N 130°46′52″E / 32.165707°N 130.7810953°E / 32.165707; 130.7810953 on the Hisatsu Line. Okoba Station is situated on a zig zag part way around the loop.[71]: 131 
  • Spiral on the Nakamura Line just after its junction with the Yodo Line at 33°09′35″N 133°05′27″E / 33.159697°N 133.0907083°E / 33.159697; 133.0907083.[71]: 122 
  • Spiral on the western approach to the Rainbow Bridge at 35°38′15″N 139°45′15″E / 35.637366°N 139.7541263°E / 35.637366; 139.7541263 on New Transit Yurikamome automated transit service in Tokyo.[67]: 43 [71]: 149 

Kenya

There are three spirals on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge railway line from Kenya to Uganda. This railway has been superseded by the Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway, which has removed the need for spirals by constructing tunnels and bridges.[73][74][75][76]

  • Spiral South of Mazeras at 3°59′44″S 39°32′39″E / 3.995608°S 39.5441203°E / -3.995608; 39.5441203 near Mombasa.
  • Spiral near Makutano station at : 0°02′36″S 35°38′29″E / 0.043457°S 35.641461°E / -0.043457; 35.641461.
  • Spiral near Equator station at 0°00′26″S 35°33′04″E / 0.007183°S 35.551033°E / -0.007183; 35.551033.

Madagascar

  • Spiral at Anjiro at 18°51′57″S 47°58′00″E / 18.8657°S 47.9668°E / -18.8657; 47.9668 on the main line from Antananarivo to Toamasina.[77]

Mexico

Myanmar

Spiral in Thazi – Taunggyi line, Myanmar
  • One spiral on the Burma Mines Railway at 23°06′13″N 97°19′23″E / 23.103540°N 97.323176°E / 23.103540; 97.323176.[81][82][83]
  • One spiral close to Shwenyaung at 20°44′06″N 96°51′48″E / 20.7349°N 96.8633113°E / 20.7349; 96.8633113 on the Thazi-Taunggyi line.[84]

New Zealand

  • Raurimu Spiral at 39°07′13″S 175°24′04″E / 39.120337°S 175.4010443°E / -39.120337; 175.4010443 on the North Island Main Trunk. The line is single track and involves two short tunnels around a suitable hill.[85][86]
  • Spiral on the Driving Creek Railway at 36°44′07″S 175°30′20″E / 36.73535°S 175.50551°E / -36.73535; 175.50551. This railway also has several reverses or zig-zags.[87]
  • There used to be a spiral at 38°42′25″S 175°21′56″E / 38.706870°S 175.365488°E / -38.706870; 175.365488 on the Ellis and Burnand Tramway, Ongarue, which closed in 1958 and is now part of the Timber Trail.[88]

Norway

  • Spiral on the Flåm Line between Myrdal and Flåm at 60°44′38″N 7°07′53″E / 60.744°N 7.1315°E / 60.744; 7.1315.[47][89]
  • Spiral on the Vestfold Line around the town of Tønsberg at 59°16′43″N 10°24′30″E / 59.2787°N 10.4082°E / 59.2787; 10.4082.[90]

Peru

  • Spiral between San Bartolome and Matucana at 11°52′01″S 76°25′15″W / 11.8669°S 76.4207°W / -11.8669; -76.4207 on the Central Railway.[citation needed]

Russia

  • Spiral just north of Indyuk at 44°14′48″N 39°14′32″E / 44.2466227°N 39.2422978°E / 44.2466227; 39.2422978 on the North Caucasus Railway route from Tuapse (Tуапсе) through Gornyy to Belorechensk (Белореченск).[91][92]
  • There used to be a spiral at "Devil's Bridge", 46°59′14″N 142°06′54″E / 46.9871792°N 142.1150693°E / 46.9871792; 142.1150693 on the now abandoned line from Kholmsk to Yushno-Sakhalinsk on Sakhalin Island.[citation needed]

Serbia

  • Spiral at Jatare at 43°48′03″N 19°31′11″E / 43.800867°N 19.5198113°E / 43.800867; 19.5198113 on the Šargan Eight Heritage Railway in Western Serbia between from Mokra Gora and Šargan Vitasi.[47][40]: 222 

Slovakia

  • Spiral at Telgártska slučka at 48°51′18″N 20°11′28″E / 48.855024°N 20.1912296°E / 48.855024; 20.1912296 on the Brezno to Gelnica Line. The spiral is constructed of two viaducts and a 1,200m tunnel.[47]

South Africa

  • Spiral near Komga at 32°32′04″S 27°59′32″E / 32.5343497°S 27.9921599°E / -32.5343497; 27.9921599 on the branch line to Mthatha as it descends to the Great Kei River.[93][94][95]
  • Spiral at Van Reenen's Pass at 28°22′15″S 29°23′17″E / 28.3707°S 29.3881°E / -28.3707; 29.3881 on the line from Harrismith to Ladysmith.[96][97][98]

South Korea

Geumdae 2nd Tunnel in Jungang Line, South Korea
  • Spiral at Hambaek 1st Tunnel at 37°13′19″N 128°42′10″E / 37.2219°N 128.7027°E / 37.2219; 128.7027 between Hambaek station and Jodong station on the Hambaek Line;– one loop, single track.[99]
  • Spiral at Solan Tunnel at 37°09′31″N 129°01′51″E / 37.1585°N 129.0308°E / 37.1585; 129.0308 between East Baeksan station and Dogye station on the Yeongdong Line. There is one loop on a single track railway but double track is installed in the middle of the tunnel to enable trains from opposing directions to pass each other.[100][101]
  • There used to be a spiral at Daegang Tunnel at 36°55′15″N 128°22′46″E / 36.9209°N 128.3795°E / 36.9209; 128.3795 between Danseong station and Jungnyeong station on the Jungang Line;– one loop, single track.[99] A new double track tunnel has opened which by-passes the line with the spiral, which has since closed.[citation needed]
  • There used to be a spiral at Ddwari Tunnel at 37°16′26″N 128°01′18″E / 37.2738°N 128.0216°E / 37.2738; 128.0216 between Geumgyo station and Chiak station on Jungang Line. A new double track tunnel has opened which by-passes the line with the spiral, which has since closed.[102]

Spain

  • Spiral near Toses at 42°19′31″N 2°01′51″E / 42.3252°N 2.0307°E / 42.3252; 2.0307 on the Ripoll to Latour-de-Carol, France line.[12][103]: 30 
  • Spiral at La Granja de San Vicente at 42°36′18″N 6°17′18″W / 42.605°N 6.2883°W / 42.605; -6.2883 on the Palencia to A Coruña line.[103]: 18 [104]

Sri Lanka

Switzerland

Toua spiral tunnel on the RhB Albulabahn
  • The Gotthard railway has spirals and horseshoe curves or bends mostly in tunnels on its standard gauge, double track line. The spirals are:
    • North of Wassen at Pfaffensprung on the Northern approach at 46°43′19″N 8°36′34″E / 46.722034°N 8.6095033°E / 46.722034; 8.6095033, this loop is followed by two horseshoe bends around Wassen.[86][107]: 143 
    • Piottino spirals on the Southern approach at 46°29′41″N 8°44′13″E / 46.494787°N 8.7370045°E / 46.494787; 8.7370045 and at 46°29′11″N 8°46′08″E / 46.486278°N 8.7688043°E / 46.486278; 8.7688043.[86][107]: 143 
    • Biaschina double spiral near Anzonico at 46°25′25″N 8°51′43″E / 46.423613°N 8.861917°E / 46.423613; 8.861917.[86][107]: 149 
  • RhB Albulabahn has four spirals, mainly in tunnels, on its metre gauge single track. The spirals are at:
    • Filisur at 46°40′31″N 9°41′07″E / 46.675145°N 9.6851513°E / 46.675145; 9.6851513.[86][107]: 144 [108]
    • South of Bergün at 46°36′11″N 9°43′03″E / 46.603132°N 9.7176171°E / 46.603132; 9.7176171.[86][107]: 144 [108]
    • Double spiral North of Preda at 46°35′47″N 9°44′33″E / 46.596291°N 9.7425725°E / 46.596291; 9.7425725.[86][107]: 144 [108]
    • It could also be argued that the horseshoe curves immediately South of Bergün at 46°37′17″N 9°45′09″E / 46.621283°N 9.7524213°E / 46.621283; 9.7524213 also form a spiral as it appears that one curve overlaps the other.[86][107]: 144 [108]
  • Brusio spiral viaduct at 46°15′05″N 10°07′15″E / 46.251333°N 10.1209571°E / 46.251333; 10.1209571 on RhB Berninabahn. This is a fine example of an open spiral mainly on the Brusio spiral viaduct on a metre gauge single track railway.[107]: 145 
  • Spiral South of Gletsch at 46°33′28″N 8°21′18″E / 46.5577°N 8.3550773°E / 46.5577; 8.3550773 on the former Furka Oberalp Bahn, now Dampfbahn Furka-Bergstrecke Heritage Railway. This is a single track partial rack railway with the catenary equipment removed.[109]
  • Spiral East of Grengiols at 46°22′41″N 8°05′42″E / 46.378156°N 8.0948933°E / 46.378156; 8.0948933 on the former Furka Oberalp Bahn, now Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn, between Grengiols and Lax.[107]: 148 

Taiwan

Triple spiral loop on the Alishan Forest Railway
  • Triple spiral at Dulishan at 23°32′11″N 120°36′07″E / 23.5363374°N 120.6019135°E / 23.5363374; 120.6019135 on the Alishan Forest Railway.[110][111]

Uganda

  • There used to be a spiral at Circle Hill 0°11′25″N 30°21′48″E / 0.1902°N 30.3634°E / 0.1902; 30.3634 on the Western Uganda Extension of the Kenya to Uganda Railway Line to Kasese.[112]

United Kingdom

The bridge on the spiral loop at Dduallt on the Ffestiniog Railway, Wales.
  • Spiral around Dduallt railway station at 52°57′37″N 3°58′07″W / 52.9602°N 3.9686°W / 52.9602; -3.9686 on the Ffestiniog Railway in Wales.[113][108][114]
  • The line at 50°26′43″N 4°28′37″W / 50.4451597°N 4.4768321°W / 50.4451597; -4.4768321 from Moorswater cement terminal, through Coombe Junction and Liskeard on the Looe Valley Line and on over Moorswater Viaduct forms a complete spiral, climbing up to join the main line at Liskeard. Not all parts are used by passenger trains.[115][114]

United States

Tehachapi Loop, on the Union Pacific Railroad, California, United States, viewed from the air.
1903 view of Riflesight Notch loop, near Rollins Pass in Colorado

See also

References

  1. ^ Christian Wolmar (1 May 2014). The Iron Road: The Illustrated History of Railways. Dorling Kindersley Limited. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-0-241-18186-7.
  2. ^ S. M. Yameen Nachsch (1972). Railway Engineering. Caravan Book House.
  3. ^ William W. Hay (16 June 1982). Railroad Engineering. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 231–. ISBN 978-0-471-36400-9.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spiral loops.
  • Helixes, Tunnels, Spirals, and Other Unique Trackage Archived 2013-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
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