Serbs of Romania

Serbs of Romania
Serbia Romania
Total population
18,076 (2011)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Banat
Languages
Serbian and Romanian
Religion
Serbian Orthodox Church
Related ethnic groups
Bulgarians of Romania, Croats of Romania, Macedonians of Romania
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The Serbs of Romania (Romanian: Sârbii din România, Serbian: Срби у Румунији/Srbi u Rumuniji) are a recognized ethnic minority numbering 18,076 people (0.1%) according to the 2011 census. The community is concentrated in western Romania, in the Romanian part of the Banat region (divided with Serbia), where they constitute the absolute majority in two communes and the relative majority in one other.

History

Historical background

Slavic presence is attested in Romania since the Early Middle Ages. The Avar Khaganate was the dominant power of the Carpathian Basin between around 567 and 803.[2] Most historians agree that Slavs and Bulgars, together with the remnants of the Avars, and possibly with Vlachs , inhabited the Banat region after the fall of the khaganate.[3] Place names of Slavic origin recorded already in the Middle Ages show the early presence of a Slavic-speaking population.[4]

Early modern period

From the late 14th- to the beginning of the 16th century a large number of Serbs lived in Wallachia and Moldavia.[5] Following Ottoman expansion in the 15th century, Serb mass migrations ensued into Pannonia.[5] Serbian Orthodox monasteries began to be built in the area from the 15th century, including Kusić and Senđurađ built by despot Jovan Branković, and in the 16th century including Bezdin and Hodoš built by the Jakšić family.[5] In the Ottoman period, some thirty Serbian Orthodox monasteries were built in the territory of Romania.[5]

Ottoman pressure traditionally forced members of several South Slavic communities to seek refuge in Wallachia - although under Ottoman rule as well, the latter was always subject to less requirements[clarification needed] than regions to south of the Danube.

The Palace and Cathedral of Serbian Orthodox Church eparchy in Timișoara, capital of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849–1860)

The Serbian Uprising in Banat (1594) included territories that are part of modern Romania. There were reprisals, contemporary sources speaking of "the living envied the dead".[6] After the crushing of the uprising in Banat, many Serbs migrated to Transylvania under the leadership of Bishop Teodor; the territory towards Ineu and Teiuș was settled, where Serbs had lived since earlier – the Serbs had their eparchies, opened schools, founded churches and printing houses.[6]

Serbs-proper probably constituted the vast majority of mercenary troops known as seimeni, given that their nucleus is attested to have been formed by "Serb seimeni" (as it was during their revolt in 1655), and that the rule of Prince Matei Basarab had witnessed the arrival of a large group of Serb refugees.[citation needed]

The Great Migrations of the Serbs in 1690 and 1737–39 led to additional settlement of Serbs.[citation needed]

Modern

These groups are, however, hard to distinguish one from another in early Wallachian references, as the term "Serbs" is regularly applied to all Southern Slavs, no matter where they might have originated. This only changed in the 19th century, through a transition made clear by an official statistic of 1830, which reads "census of how many Serbs are resident here in the town of Ploiești, all of them Bulgarians" (Giurescu, p. 269).[citation needed]

The Bărăgan deportations (1951–56) saw minorities (including Serbs) from the Banat region bordering Yugoslavia deported to south-eastern Romania due to the deteriorating Yugoslav–USSR relations and the perceived "elements who present a danger through their presence in the area" to the Romanian Communist regime.[7]

Demographics

According to the 2011 census, there was 18,076 people of the Serb minority,[1] down from 22,561 people in 2002.

In Caraș-Severin County, the Serbs constitute an absolute majority in the commune of Pojejena (52.09%)[8] and a plurality in the commune of Socol (49.54%).[9] Serbs also constitute absolute majority in the municipality of Svinița (87.27%) in the Mehedinți County.[10] The region where these three municipalities are located is known as Clisura Dunării in Romanian or Banatska Klisura (Банатска Клисура) in Serbian.

Localities

The following localities had a Serb population greater than 1% according to the 2011 census. Serbian placenames are included in brackets.

  • Communes with a Serbian majority in Romania (2002 census)
    Communes with a Serbian majority in Romania (2002 census)
  • Distribution of Serbs in Romania (2002 census)
    Distribution of Serbs in Romania (2002 census)

Culture

Most of the Serbs in Romania are Orthodox Christians; the vast majority belong to Serbian Orthodox Church Eparchy of Timișoara.

List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Romania:

  • Sveti Đurađ monastery (Манастир светог Ђорђа - Манастир свети Ђурађ / Manastir svetog Đorđa - Manastir sveti Đurađ). According to the legend, it was founded in 1485 by the Serbian despot, Jovan Branković. It was rebuilt in the 18th century.
  • Šemljug monastery (Манастир Шемљуг / Manastir Šemljug). It was founded in the 15th century.
  • Sveti Simeon monastery (Манастир светог Симеона / Manastir svetog Simeona).
  • Bazjaš monastery (Манастир Базјаш / Manastir Bazjaš), built 1225
  • Bezdin monastery (Манастир Бездин / Manastir Bezdin).
  • Zlatica monastery (Манастир Златица / Manastir Zlatica).
  • Kusić monastery (Манастир Кусић / Manastir Kusić).
  • The "St. Peter and Paul" Serbian Church, raised in 1698-1702 in Arad, early Baroque architecture

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Rezultatele finale ale Recensământului din 2011 - Tab8. Populaţia stabilă după etnie – judeţe, municipii, oraşe, comune" (in Romanian). National Institute of Statistics (Romania). 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  2. ^ Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. pp. 2–3. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
  3. ^ Oța, Silviu (2014). The Mortuary Archaeology of Medieval Banat. Brill. p. 18. ISBN 978-90-04-21438-5.
  4. ^ Györffy, György (1987). Az Árpád-kori Magyarország történeti földrajza, III: Heves, Hont, Hunyad, Keve, Kolozs, Komárom, Krassó, Kraszna, Küküllő megye és Kunság [Historical Geography of Hungary of the Árpáds, Volume I: The Counties of Heves, Hont, Hunyad, Keve, Kolozs, Komárom, Krassó, Kraszna, Küküllő, and the Kunság] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 306, 470. ISBN 963-05-3613-7.
  5. ^ a b c d Cerović 1997.
  6. ^ a b Cerović 1997, Oslobodilački pokreti u vreme Turaka.
  7. ^ Dennis Deletant (January 1999). Communist Terror in Romania: Gheorghiu-Dej and the Police State, 1948-1965. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-1-85065-386-8.
  8. ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  9. ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  10. ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  11. ^ George Călinescu; Al Piru (1982). Istoria literaturii române: de la origini pînă în prezent. Editura Vlad & Vlad. p. 517. ISBN 978-973-95572-2-1.
  12. ^ Olivera Bogavac (28 March 1990). "Tempo magazine #1257, pg. 11" (in Serbo-Croatian). Tempo magazine. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ^ "Romanian Coach Keeps Up the Fight" Jane Perlez, New York Times, July 13, 1995

Sources

  • Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.
  • Cerović, Ljubivoje (1997). "Srbi u Rumuniji od ranog srednjeg veka do današnjeg vremena". Projekat Rastko. Archived from the original on 2013-06-14.
  • Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
  • Đurić-Milovanović, Aleksandral (2012). "Serbs in Romania: Relationship between Ethnic and Religious Identity" (PDF). Balcanica (43): 117–142. doi:10.2298/BALC1243117D.
  • Gavrilović, Slavko (1993). "Serbs in Hungary, Slavonia and Croatia in struggles against the Turks (15th-18th centuries)". Serbs in European Civilization. Belgrade: Nova, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies. pp. 41–54. ISBN 9788675830153.
  • Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). "Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.
  • Ivić, Pavle, ed. (1995). The History of Serbian Culture. Edgware: Porthill Publishers. ISBN 9781870732314.
  • Lemajić, Nenad (2015). "The Serbian Population of the Banat and the Western Mureş Basin in the 15th and 16th Centuries (and its Local and Military Leaders)". The Cultural and Historical Heritage of Vojvodina in the Context of Classical and Medieval Studies. Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy. pp. 205–222.
  • Mitrović, Andrej (1969). Jugoslavija na Konferenciji mira 1919-1920. Beograd: Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika.
  • Mitrović, Andrej (1975). Razgraničenje Jugoslavije sa Mađarskom i Rumunijom 1919-1920: Prilog proučavanju jugoslovenske politike na Konferenciji mira u Parizu. Novi Sad: Institut za izučavanje istorije Vojvodine.
  • Pilat, Liviu (2010). "Mitropolitul Maxim Brancovici, Bogdan al III-lea şi legăturile Moldovei cu Biserica sârbă". Analele Putnei (in Romanian). 6 (1): 229–238.
  • Sorescu-Marinković, Annemarie (2010). "Serbian Language Acquisition in Communist Romania" (PDF). Balcanica (41): 7–31. doi:10.2298/BALC1041007S.
  • Stojkovski, Boris; Ivanić, Ivana; Spăriosu, Laura (2018). "Serbian-Romanian Relations in the Middle Ages until the Ottoman Conquest" (PDF). Transylvanian Review. 27 (2): 217–229. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2020-09-20.

External links

  • (in Romanian) Sârbii din Romania
  • (in Serbian) Srbi u Rumuniji od ranog srednjeg veka do današnjeg vremena
  • (in Romanian) "Sîrbii", on Divers online
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