RAC3

RAC3
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	2C2H, 2G0N, 2IC5, 2OV2, 2QME
Identifiers
Aliases	RAC3, ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac3), Rac family small GTPase 3
External IDs	OMIM: 602050; MGI: 2180784; HomoloGene: 68433; GeneCards: RAC3; OMA:RAC3 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 17 (human)
End	82,034,204 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 11 (mouse)
End	120,614,795 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	ganglionic eminence; ; cingulate gyrus; ; prefrontal cortex; ; anterior pituitary; ; Brodmann area 9; ; amygdala; ; minor salivary glands; ; hypothalamus; ; right lobe of liver; ; Brodmann area 10;
	Top expressed in
	dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus; ; lip; ; ventromedial nucleus; ; neural tube; ; secondary oocyte; ; superior frontal gyrus; ; lateral hypothalamus; ; urethra; ; cerebellar cortex; ; female urethra;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	nucleotide binding; GTP binding; calcium-dependent protein binding; protein binding; GTPase activity; protein kinase binding;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; filamentous actin; cytosol; cell projection; membrane; growth cone; plasma membrane; neuronal cell body; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; neuron projection; extracellular exosome; cytoskeleton; endomembrane system; cell periphery; lamellipodium; intracellular anatomical structure;
Biological process	intracellular signal transduction; neuromuscular process controlling balance; regulation of neuron maturation; synaptic transmission, GABAergic; cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron development; positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading; neuromuscular process; cell projection assembly; regulation of cell morphogenesis; homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue; positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin; neuron projection development; regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction; actin cytoskeleton organization; small GTPase mediated signal transduction; cell morphogenesis; actin filament organization; Rho protein signal transduction; cell migration; positive regulation of actin filament polymerization; actin cytoskeleton reorganization; engulfment of apoptotic cell;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	5881
	170758
	ENSG00000169750
	ENSMUSG00000018012
	P60763
	P60764
	NM_005052; NM_001316307
	NM_133223
	NP_001303236; NP_005043
	NP_573486
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (Rac3) is a G protein that in humans is encoded by the RAC3 gene.^[5] It is an important component of intracellular signalling pathways. Rac3 is a member of the Rac subfamily of the Rho family of small G proteins.^[6]^[7] Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases.^[5]

Interactions

RAC3 has been shown to interact with CIB1^[8] and HNF1A.^[9] RAC3 also interacts with Nrf2 proteins.^[10] ET_AR, ILK, and β-arr1 interact with RAC3 as well.^[11]

Location

RAC3 gene is located in the third sub-band of the fifth band in the second region of the q arm on chromosome 17. There's many tumor suppressor genes that are located around the RAC3 gene.^[12]

Therapeutic Use

Since the RAC3 gene is over-expressed in carcinoma cells, it can function as a therapeutic target for the treatment of different cancer such as lung adenocarcinoma. To become invasive, epithelial cells have to transform into mesenchymal cells and the transformation is regulated by the RAC3 gene. As a result, if the RAC3 gene is silenced, lung adenocarcinoma cells cannot metastasize. In addition, drugs designed to silence the RAC3 gene lead to the apoptosis of tumor cells, thus preventing the cells from colonizing.^[13]

Pathological mutations

Mutations of the RAC3 gene may result in neurodevelopmental disorder with structural brain anomalies and dysmorphic facies, first described in 2018 by White et al.

References

^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000169750 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000018012 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ a b "Entrez Gene: RAC3 ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac3)".
^ Courjal F, Chuchana P, Theillet C, Fort P (September 1997). "Structure and chromosomal assignment to 22q12 and 17qter of the ras-related Rac2 and Rac3 human genes". Genomics. 44 (2): 242–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4871. PMID 9299243.
^ Haataja L, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N (August 1997). "Characterization of RAC3, a novel member of the Rho family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (33): 20384–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.33.20384. PMID 9252344.
^ Haataja L, Kaartinen V, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N (March 2002). "The small GTPase Rac3 interacts with the integrin-binding protein CIB and promotes integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3)-mediated adhesion and spreading". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (10): 8321–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105363200. PMID 11756406. yes
^ Soutoglou E, Papafotiou G, Katrakili N, Talianidis I (April 2000). "Transcriptional activation by hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 requires synergism between multiple coactivator proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (17): 12515–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.17.12515. PMID 10777539. yes
^ Kim JH, Yu S, Chen JD, Kong AN (January 2013). "The nuclear cofactor RAC3/AIB1/SRC-3 enhances Nrf2 signaling by interacting with transactivation domains". Oncogene. 32 (4): 514–27. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.59. PMC 3538952. PMID 22370642.
^ Masi I, Caprara V, Spadaro F, Chellini L, Sestito R, Zancla A, et al. (March 2021). "Endothelin-1 drives invadopodia and interaction with mesothelial cells through ILK". Cell Reports. 34 (9): 108800. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108800. PMID 33657382.
^ Morris CM, Haataja L, McDonald M, Gough S, Markie D, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N (2000). "The small GTPase RAC3 gene is located within chromosome band 17q25.3 outside and telomeric of a region commonly deleted in breast and ovarian tumours". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 89 (1–2): 18–23. doi:10.1159/000015583. PMID 10894930. S2CID 22901214.
^ de Curtis I (September 2019). "The Rac3 GTPase in Neuronal Development, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, and Cancer". Cells. 8 (9): 1063. doi:10.3390/cells8091063. PMC 6770886. PMID 31514269.