Prussian Homage

The Prussian Homage or Prussian Tribute (German: Preußische Huldigung; Polish: hołd pruski) was the formal investiture of Albert of Prussia with the Duchy of Prussia as a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. This ended the rule of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, which became a secular Protestant state.

Fighting in the Polish-Teutonic War (1519–1521) ended with an armistice. In 1522, Albert, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and a member of the House of Hohenzollern, became a Protestant, as did many other members of the Teutonic Order and Prussian nobles. At the suggestion of Martin Luther, Albert agreed that Prussia should submit to Poland and become Protestant. King Sigismund I the Old of Poland (Albert's uncle) accepted this, because it was better for Poland for strategic reasons than the independent State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, formally subject to the Holy Roman Emperor and the Papacy.

These terms were included in the Treaty of Kraków, which officially ended the Polish–Teutonic War on 8 April 1525. On 10 April, in the Main Square of the Polish capital Kraków, Albert resigned as Grand Master and received the title "Duke of Prussia" from Sigismund. The Duchy of Prussia became the first Protestant state, anticipating the Peace of Augsburg of 1555.

As a symbol of vassalage, Albert received a standard with the Prussian coat of arms from the Polish king. The black Prussian eagle on the flag was augmented with a letter "S" (for Sigismundus) and had a crown placed around its neck as a symbol of fealty to Poland.

Earlier homages of Grand Masters of the Teutonic KnightsThirteen Years' War (1454–66)

The tradition of Prussian Homages dates back to the year 1469, when, after the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66) and the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), each new Grand Master was obliged to pay homage to Polish rulers within six months of his election. Some Grand Masters refused to do so, claiming that the Order was under Papal sovereignty. Among those who refused were Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen, Frederick of Saxony (who referred the matter to the 1495 Imperial Diet), and Albert. Five Grand Masters did comply:

• 1 December 1469, at a Sejm in Piotrków Trybunalski, Grand Master Heinrich Reuß von Plauen paid homage to King Casimir IV Jagiellon.
• 20 November 1470, at a Sejm in Piotrków Trybunalski, Grand Master Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg and Conrad Von Wilczyński paid homage to King Casimir IV.
• 9 October 1479, at Nowy Korczyn, Grand Master Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen paid homage to King Casimir IV.
• 18 November 1489, at Radom, Grand Master Johann von Tiefen paid homage to King Casimir IV.
• 29 May 1493, Grand Master Johann von Tiefen paid homage to King John I Albert.

Subsequent homages of Dukes of Prussia

The Duchy of Prussia was created in 1525, and the homage of Duke Albert of Prussia took place on 10 April 1525 at Kraków. The last homage took place on 6 October 1641 in front of the Royal Castle, Warsaw. Following the Treaty of Bromberg (1657), Prussian rulers were no longer regarded as vassals of Polish kings.

• 19 July 1569, at a Sejm in Lublin, Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia, paid homage to King Sigismund II Augustus. This event was observed, among others, by Jan Kochanowski, who described it in the poem Proporzec albo hołd pruski.
• 20 February 1578, in front of St. Anne's Church, Warsaw, George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, paid homage to King Stephen Báthory.
• 16 November 1611, in front of St. Anne's Church, Warsaw, John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, paid homage to King Sigismund III Vasa.
• September 1621, George William, Elector of Brandenburg, paid homage to King Sigismund III.
• 21 March 1633, envoys of Elector George William paid homage to King Władysław IV Vasa.
• 6 October 1641, in front of Warsaw's Royal Castle, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, paid homage to King Władysław IV.

References

• Vetulani A. Lenno pruskie od traktatu krakowskiego do śmierci księcia Albrechta 1525-1568. Studium historyczno-prawne, Kraków 1930.
• Marian Biskup. "Geneza i znaczenie hołdu pruskiego 1525 r." Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie, 1975, nr 4.
• Bogucka M. Hołd Pruski. Warszawa 1982.
• Boockman Hartmut. Zakon krzyżacki: Dwanaście rozdziałów jego histori. Warszawa, 1998.
• Bogdan Wachowiak, Andrzej Kamieński. Dzieje Brandenburgii-Prus na progu czasów nowożytnych (1500-1701). ISBN 83-7177-195-9