Protoanemonin

Protoanemonin^[1]
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 5-Methylidenefuran-2(5H)-one
	Other names 4-Methylenebut-2-en-4-olide
Identifiers
CAS Number	108-28-1;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	60307 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.003.244
PubChem CID	66948;
UNII	66FQZ1A5SO ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID10148346 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C5H4O2/c1-4-2-3-5(6)7-4/h2-3H,1H2 Key: RNYZJZKPGHQTJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C5H4O2/c1-4-2-3-5(6)7-4/h2-3H,1H2 Key: RNYZJZKPGHQTJR-UHFFFAOYAD;
	SMILES C=C1C=CC(=O)O1;
Properties
Chemical formula	C5H4O2
Molar mass	96.08 g/mol
Appearance	Pale yellow oil
Boiling point	73 °C (163 °F; 346 K)
Hazards
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	190 mg·kg−1 (mouse)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Protoanemonin (sometimes called anemonol or ranunculol^[4]) is a toxin found in all plants of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). When the plant is wounded or macerated, the unstable glucoside found in the plant, ranunculin, is enzymatically broken down into glucose and the toxic protoanemonin.^[5] It is the lactone of 4-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoic acid.

Contact with a wounded plant causes itch, rashes or blistering on contact with the skin or mucosa. Ingesting the toxin can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, spasms, acute hepatitis, jaundice, or paralysis.^[6]^[7]^[8]

When drying the plant, protoanemonin comes into contact with air and dimerizes to anemonin, which is further hydrolyzed to a non-toxic dicarboxylic acid.^[5]^[9]

Biological pathway

	ranunculin
↓ – glucose	(maceration, enzymatically)
	protoanemonin
↓ dimerization	(air or water contact)
	anemonin
↓ hydrolyzation
	4,7-dioxo-2-decenedioic acid

References

^ Römpp, Hermann; Falbe, Jürgen; Regitz, Manfred (1992). Römpp Lexikon Chemie (in German) (9 ed.). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.
^ Haynes, William M.; Lide, David R.; Bruno, Thomas J. (2014). "3". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (95th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 370. ISBN 9781482208689. OCLC 908078665.
^ Martín, ML; San Román, L; Domínguez, A (1990). "In vitro activity of protoanemonin, an antifungal agent". Planta Medica. 56 (1): 66–9. doi:10.1055/s-2006-960886. PMID 2356244. S2CID 260283223. The LD50 of protoanemonin in male Swiss albino mice was 190 mg/kg.
^ List, PH; Hörhammer, L, eds. (1979). Hagers Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Praxis (in German) (4 ed.). Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-07738-3.
^ a b Berger, Artur; Wachter, Helmut, eds. (1998). Hunnius Pharmazeutisches Wörterbuch (in German) (8 ed.). Walter de Gruyter Verlag. ISBN 3-11-015793-4.
^ Yilmaz, Bulent; Yilmaz, Barış; Aktaş, Bora; Unlu, Ozan; Roach, Emir Charles (2015-02-27). "Lesser celandine (pilewort) induced acute toxic liver injury: The first case report worldwide". World Journal of Hepatology. 7 (2): 285–288. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i2.285. ISSN 1948-5182. PMC 4342611. PMID 25729484.
^ Verbraucherschutz, Bundesamt für (2014-09-12). List of Substances of the Competent Federal Government and Federal State Authorities: Category "Plants and plant parts". Springer. ISBN 9783319107325.
^ Lewis, Robert Alan (1998-03-23). Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781566702232.
^ Handbuch der organischen Chemie, Leopold Gmelin (in German)

[Römpp-1] Römpp, Hermann; Falbe, Jürgen; Regitz, Manfred (1992). Römpp Lexikon Chemie (in German) (9 ed.). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.

[2] Haynes, William M.; Lide, David R.; Bruno, Thomas J. (2014). "3". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (95th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 370. ISBN 9781482208689. OCLC 908078665.

[3] Martín, ML; San Román, L; Domínguez, A (1990). "In vitro activity of protoanemonin, an antifungal agent". Planta Medica. 56 (1): 66–9. doi:10.1055/s-2006-960886. PMID 2356244. S2CID 260283223. The LD50 of protoanemonin in male Swiss albino mice was 190 mg/kg.

[Hager-4] List, PH; Hörhammer, L, eds. (1979). Hagers Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Praxis (in German) (4 ed.). Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-07738-3.

[Hunnius-5] Berger, Artur; Wachter, Helmut, eds. (1998). Hunnius Pharmazeutisches Wörterbuch (in German) (8 ed.). Walter de Gruyter Verlag. ISBN 3-11-015793-4.

[6] Yilmaz, Bulent; Yilmaz, Barış; Aktaş, Bora; Unlu, Ozan; Roach, Emir Charles (2015-02-27). "Lesser celandine (pilewort) induced acute toxic liver injury: The first case report worldwide". World Journal of Hepatology. 7 (2): 285–288. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i2.285. ISSN 1948-5182. PMC 4342611. PMID 25729484.

[7] Verbraucherschutz, Bundesamt für (2014-09-12). List of Substances of the Competent Federal Government and Federal State Authorities: Category "Plants and plant parts". Springer. ISBN 9783319107325.

[8] Lewis, Robert Alan (1998-03-23). Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781566702232.

[Gmelin-9] Handbuch der organischen Chemie, Leopold Gmelin (in German)