Parashqevi Qiriazi

Parashqevi Qiriazi
Parashqevi Qiriazi
Born(1880-06-02)June 2, 1880[1]
Manastir, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
(present-day Bitola, North Macedonia)
DiedDecember 17, 1970(1970-12-17) (aged 90)
Tirana, Albania
Resting placeTirana, Varrezat e Sharrës
NationalityAlbanian
CitizenshipAlbanian
EducationMasters
Alma materAmerican College for Girls at Constantinople (B.A.), Oberlin College (Masters)
Occupation(s)educator, publisher
Notable workYll'i Mëngjezit (The Morning Star), Boston, 1917–1920
Parent(s)Dhimitër Qiriazi, Maria Qiriazi (Vodica)
Relativessister of Tashko Qiriazi, Kostandin Qiriazi, Theofania "Fanka" Qiriazi (Trajan), Gjerasim Qiriazi, Gjergj Qiriazi, Sevasti Qiriazi, Kristo Qiriazi, Naum Qiriazi, and Perikli "Pandi" Qiriazi[2][3]
Awards People's Teacher
Honor of the Nation
Order for Patriotic Activity

Signature

Parashqevi Qiriazi (2 June 1880 – 17 December 1970)[1] was an Albanian teacher of the Qiriazi family who dedicated her life to the Albanian alphabet and to the instruction of written Albanian language. She was a woman participant at the Congress of Manastir, which decided the form of the Albanian alphabet,[4] and the founder of the Yll' i Mengjesit, a women's association.[5] Parashqevi was also a participant in the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 as a member of the Albanian-American community.[6] She was the sister of Sevasti Qiriazi, who was the director of the first Albanian School for girls in Korça, opened in 1891.[7]

Biography

Parashqevi was born in Monastir (now Bitola, in the Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia).[2] When she was only 11 she started to help her brother Gjerasim Qiriazi and sister Sevasti Qiriazi to teach written Albanian to girls in the first school for girls in Albania, the Girls' School (Albanian: Shkolla e Vashave),[4] which opened on 15 October 1891.[2][8]

She later studied at the American College for Girls at Constantinople. Upon graduation she went to Korçë to work as an elementary teacher along with her sister, Sevasti at the Mësonjëtorja, the first Albanian school which had opened in 1887.[9]

In 1908, she was a participant in the Congress of Monastir and the only woman to be there.[4]

In 1909, she published an abecedarium for elementary schools. Although the Congress of Monastir had decided about the new alphabet, two versions of the alphabet were still present in her abecedary, which shows how fragile the consensus of the Congress still was. However, along with the abecedarium, she published some very well known verses on the defense of the new Albanian alphabet:[10]

Abetare from Parashqevi Qiriazi
Albanian Tosc English

Armiqëtë o shqipëtarë,
Po perpiqenë
Shkronjat turçe dhe greqishte,
të na apënë;
Le t'i mbajnë ata per vetëhe;
Kemi tonatë.

The enemies o Albanians,
Are trying
Turkish and Greek letters,
To give us;
Let them keep those letters;
We have ours.

She is also known for having organized teaching for children and night schools in other southern Albania villages and for helping to organize local libraries.[9]

She contributed to the foundation of the Yll' i Mëngjesit association (Albanian: Morning Star) in 1909[11] and later, when she had migrated to the US, she continued to publish the periodical with the same name from 1917 to 1920.[5] The magazine was published every fortnight and included articles on Albanian politics, society, history, philology, literature, and folklore.[9]

In 1914 she left Albania for Romania along with her sister as a consequence of the Greek occupation of the city.[8]

She later went to the United States and became a member of the Albanian-American community, on behalf of which she participated in the Conference of Peace of Paris in 1919 to represent the rights of the Albanians.[4][12]

Parashqevi returned to Albania in 1921, after which she followed political developments there with interest, without losing sight of national aspirations. She became one of the founders and directors of the Female Institution named "Kyrias," after her family, in Tiranë and Kamëz, in cooperation with her sister Sevasti and brother-in-law Kristo Dako.[13]

In October 1928, at the initiative of the Ministry of Interior, the organization "Gruaja Shqiptare" ("The Albanian woman") was founded in Tirana, with plans to create branches nationwide and in the diaspora. It was created under the patronage of the Queen Mother and King Zog's sister Princess Sanije. The organization aimed at promoting education, hygiene, and charitable activities, and raising Albanian women to a higher cultural level. As a well-educated woman, Parashqevi succeeded in gaining a leadership position in it. Between 1929 and 1931, the organization published its periodical Shqiptarja ("The Albanian [f]"), which featured many articles contributed by Parashqevi and her sister Sevasti. The journal took issue with conservative thinking, championing the women's movement and its demands.[14]

Parashqevi stood as a firm anti-fascist throughout World War II, starting from the Italian invasion of 1939. Because of her anti-fascist views, she and her sister were sent to the Anhaltelager Dedinje camp near Belgrade by pro-Nazi units led by Xhaferr Deva.[15][13][16]

She survived and returned to Tirana after the war, but she and her sister's family then faced further persecution. Because of his past affiliation with Zog, Kristo Dako was posthumously vilified by the communist regime,[2] and the Kyrias families were forced out of Tirana. Parashqevi's two nephews (Sevasti's sons) would be imprisoned, and eventually one died in prison.

The efforts of Albanian scholar Skënder Luarasi and woman politician Vito Kapo led eventually to the partial rehabilitation of the Kyrias sisters.[15] Parashqevi died in Tirana on December 17, 1970.

Published works

The following works are known to have been written by Parashqevi Qiriazi:

  • "The Albanian Girls’ School at Kortcha". Life and Light for Woman XXXV, nr. 8 (Boston: Woman's Board of Missions, August 1905).
  • "The Development of Schools in the Turkish Empire and an Ideal System of Education for Albania", in Albania, the Master Key to the Near East (Boston: E.L. Grimes, 1919), p. 248-266. (Republished 2020, IAPS, ISBN 978-1-946244-29-1).
  • Abetare për shkollat e para. (Manastir: Bashkimi i Kombit, 1909).

Legacy

  • Parashqevi Qiriazi and her sister Sevasti Qiriazi are known colloquially in Albania as "the Qiriazi Sisters" (Albanian: Motrat Qiriazi). They are considered the "mothers of Albanian education".[17]
  • Several educational institutions and organizations in Albania and Kosovo bear their name.
  • In ca. 2017, a college bearing the Qiriazi name[18] was opened on the property of the original Kyrias Institute (1922–1933) in Kamëz, Albania.
  • An Albanian-American Women's Organization (AAWO) in New York City bears the sisters' name.[19]

Further reading

  • Toska, Teuta. Parashqevi Qiriazi dhe viti i saj 1919. Tirana: ISSHP, 2020, ISBN 978-9928-4519-7-2 (winner of the Academy of Sciences of Albania's 2022 "Aleks Buda" prize).
  • Kyrias-Dako, Sevasti. My Life: The autobiography of the pioneer of female education in Albania. Tiranë: IAPS, 2022, ISBN 978-1-946244-43-7.
  • Hosaflook, David. Lëvizja Protestante te shqiptarët, 1816–1908. Skopje: Instituti i Trashëgimisë Shpirtërore e Kulturore të Shqiptarëve, 2019, ISBN 978-608-4897-08-8 (winner of the Academy of Sciences of Albania's 2021 "Trinity of Albanology: Meyer-Pedersen-Jokl" prize – 2nd prize).
  • Quanrud, John and David Hosaflook. "Were the Kyrias siblings, Kristo Dako, and the Kortcha Girls School Protestant? A response to the re-emergence of a communist-era narrative". IAPS, 2023 (or in Albanian – https://instituti.org/vellezerit-dhe-motrat-qiriazi-kristo-dako-dhe-shkolla-e-vashave-e-korces-a-ishin-protestante
  • Hosaflook, David. Precious Alphabet, Precious Fatherland: the Unknown Origin of Albania's Alphabet Hymn. Skopje: ITSHKSH and ISSHP, 2018. https://www.academia.edu/37829263/Precious_Alphabet_Precious_Fatherland_the_Unknown_Origin_of_Albanias_Alphabet_Hymn

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Koliqi, Hajrullah (2009). Gruaja ndër shekuj : arsimimi dhe emancipimi i saj. Prishtinë: Universiteti i Prishtinёs & Libri shkollor. p. 373. ISBN 9789951077163.(in Albanian)
  2. ^ a b c d Elsie, Robert (2001). A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture. Library of Congress: New York University Press. pp. 97–212. ISBN 0-8147-2214-8. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  3. ^ Sevasti Qiriazi-Dako. Jeta ime (Shkup: ITSHKSH, 2016), p. 327–330
  4. ^ a b c d "Parashqevi Qiriazi". www.kolonja.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011.
  5. ^ a b Prifti, Peter (1978). Socialist Albania since 1944: domestic and foreign developments, Volume 23. The MIT Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-262-16070-6. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  6. ^ Toska, Teuta. Parashqevi Qiriazi dhe viti i saj 1919. Tirana: ISSHP, 2020, ISBN 978-9928-4519-7-2
  7. ^ Young, Antonia; Hodgson, John; Bland William B.; Young Nigel (1997). Albania. National Library of Australia: Clio Press. p. 48. ISBN 1-85109-260-9. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  8. ^ a b de Haan, Francisca; Daskalova Krasimira; Loutfi Anna (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries. Central European University Press. pp. 454–457. ISBN 9789637326394. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  9. ^ a b c "Parashqevi Qiriazi". www.kolonja.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010.
  10. ^ Lloshi, Xhevat (2008). Rreth Alfabetit i Shqipes [About the Albanian Alphabet] (in Albanian). National Library of Albania: Logosa. p. 183. ISBN 978-9989-58-268-4. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  11. ^ Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës (1975). Problems of the struggle for the complete emancipation of women. National Library of Albania. p. 127. Retrieved 22 October 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Ingrid Sharp, Matthew Stibbe (14 February 2011). Aftermaths of War: Women's Movements and Female Activists, 1918–1923. History of Warfare. Vol. 63. BRILL. p. 184. ISBN 978-9004191723. Parashqevi Qiriazi was a member of the delegation the organization sent to Paris
  13. ^ a b Sabile Keçmezi-Basha, Parashqevi Qiriazi, diplomatja e vetme grua në Konferencën e Paqes në Paris [Parashqevi Qiriazi, the only woman diplomat in the Paris Peace Conference] (in Albanian), kosova-sot.info, archived from the original on 27 September 2015, retrieved 22 October 2014, Parashqevi Qiriazi, u kthye në atdhe më 1921, edhe më tej ajo ndoqi me interes dhe mbështeti zhvillimet politike në Shqipëri, pa pushuar së shkruari për çështjen kombëtare. Në ndërkohë u bë një nga themelueset dhe drejtueset kryesore të Institutit Femëror "Kyrias" në Tiranë e Kamëz (1922–1933), duke e shndërruar institucionin në një nga shkollat e mesme më serioze në Shqipëri. Për shkak të qëndrimit të saj antifashist, më 15 tetor 1943 u internua nga Gestapoja në kampin Anhalt (Banjicë). I mbijetoi vdekjes dhe pas mbarimit të luftës u kthye në atdhe. Më 17 dhjetor 1970, vdiq në Tiranë.
  14. ^ Ingrid Sharp, Matthew Stibbe (14 February 2011), Aftermaths of War: Women's Movements and Female Activists, 1918–1923, History of Warfare, vol. 63, BRILL, pp. 191–192, ISBN 978-9004191723
  15. ^ a b Luarasi, Petro, Familja atdhetare Qiriazi dhe mjeshtri i madh i turpit (T.B.) (in Albanian), PrishtinaPress, archived from the original on 1 February 2014, Ndonëse të moshuara ( Sevasti Qiriazi- Dako 73 vjeç dhe Parashqevi Qiriazi 63 vjeç) për veprimtarinë e tyre patriotike dhe antifashiste ato u denoncuan tek gestapoja gjermane. Më 1943 tok me pjesëtarë të tjerë të familjes u arrestuan nga gjermanët dhe milicia e Xhaferr Devës dhe u dërguan në kampin e përqëndrimit Anhaltlager- Banjicatë Beogradit, Jugosllavisë...
    Si rezultat i kësaj të motrat dhe familjet e tyre u bënë object përndjekjesh nga ana e regjimit. Dy djemtë e Sevastisë u burgosën si spiunë. Djali i vogël, Gjergji, duke mos u bërë dot ballë torturave, vrau veten më 1949. Pak më vonë vdiq edhe Sevastia, nga hidhërimi i thellë për humbjen e të birit.[As a result of this both sisters and their families became target of persecution from the regime. Both sons of Sevasti were imprisoned as "spies". The younger son, Gjergj, not resisting to the tortures, killed himself in 1949. Soon after Sevasti died, from the big despair of losing her son...]
  16. ^ Luarasi, Skender (14 December 1980), "Parashqevi Qiriazi", Drita: 12[dead link]
  17. ^ "Nënat e kombit, historia e motrave Sevasti dhe Parashqevi Qiriazi" [Mothers of the nation: History of sisters Parashqevi and Sevasti Qiriazi] (in Albanian). "Bota Sot" Online. 30 March 2012.
  18. ^ https://qiriazi.edu.al/
  19. ^ AAOMQ Official Site
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