Paleohispanic languages

Paleohispanic
(geographic)
Geographic
distribution		Mainly, Iberia and southwestern France (including Andorra)
Paleohispanic languages according to inscriptions (except Aquitanian – according to anthroponyms and theonyms used in Latin inscriptions).

Pre-Roman languages of Iberia by 300 BCE.[1]

The paleo-Hispanic languages[2] are the languages of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, excluding languages of foreign colonies, such as Greek in Emporion and Phoenician in Qart Hadast. After the Roman conquest of Hispania the Paleohispanic languages, with the exception of Proto-Basque, were replaced by Latin, the ancestor of the modern Iberian Romance languages.

Languages

Some of these languages were documented directly through inscriptions, mainly in Paleohispanic scripts, that date for sure between the 5th century BC, maybe from the 7th century in the opinion of some researchers, until the end of the 1st century BC or the beginning of the 1st century AD.

  • Vasconic languages
    • Proto-Basque — Unattested, partially reconstructed through internal analysis of modern Basque. Proto-Basque is also the ancestor or sibling of the Aquitanian language (see below).
    • Aquitanian — Close relative of modern Basque. Some scholars characterise Aquitanian as an ancestor of Basque, while others describe Aquitanian and Basque as siblings both descended from Proto-Basque.
  • Unclassified languages
  • Indo-European languages
    • Celtic languages
    • (Internally unclassified languages)
      • Lusitanian — Definitely an Indo-European language. Possibly Celtic or Italic, but a lack of data has prevented scholars from determining exactly where Lusitanian fits within the Indo-European family.
      • Sorothaptic[3] (from Greek σορός sorós 'funerary urn' and θαπτός thaptós 'buried') is a hypothetical pre-Celtic language. Joan Coromines identified problematic words in Catalan with inscriptions on lead tablets, from ca. 2nd century CE, found at Amélie-les-Bains on the Catalan–French border. The inscriptions include some Latin but also a non-Latin and non-Celtic component that Coromines identifies with the Urnfield culture from a millennium earlier, claiming to have found such "Sorothaptic" place names across Europe.[4][5] Like the better-known Vasconic substrate hypothesis, Coromines' Sorothaptic hypothesis has not been well received.[6]

Other Paleohispanic languages can only be identified indirectly through toponyms, anthroponyms or theonyms cited by Roman and Greek sources.

Classification

Of these languages, Celtiberian, Gallaecian, Lusitanian, and presumably Sorothaptic were Indo-European languages; Celtiberian and Gallaecian were Celtic languages, and Lusitanian may also have been, but the hypothetical Sorothaptic was not. Aquitanian was a precursor of Basque, while Tartessian and Iberian remain unclassified.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Populi", Iberia (map), Arkeotavira, archived from the original on 2011-02-26, retrieved 2007-10-31
  2. ^ Sinner, Alejandro G.; Velaza, Javier (5 March 2019). Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198790822.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-879082-2.
  3. ^ "Sorothaptic". ISO 639-3. Summer institute of linguistics. "MultiTree entry for Sorothaptic".
  4. ^ Coromines, Joan (1976). Els ploms sorotàptics d'Arles [The sorotaptic leads of Arles] (in Catalan). pp. 142–216.
  5. ^ Brill's New Pauly, 2008, p. 50
  6. ^ Martines, Josep (2020). "General Lexicon". In Argenter, Joan A.; Lüdtke, Jens (eds.). Manual of Catalan Linguistics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 311–350. ISBN 978-3-11-044831-3.
  7. ^ Broderick, George (2010). "Die vorrömischen Sprachen auf der iberischen Halbinsel" [The pre-Roman languages of the Iberian Peninsula]. In Hinrichs, Uwe (ed.). Das Handbuch der Eurolinguistik [The Eurolinguistics Handbook] (in German) (1st ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 304–305. ISBN 978-3-447-05928-2.

Further reading

  • Coromines, Joan. "Les Plombs Sorothaptiques d'Arles". In: Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (ZrP) 91, no. 1-2 (1975): 1-53. https://doi.org/10.1515/zrph.1975.91.1-2.1
  • Correa, José Antonio (1994): «La lengua ibérica», Revista española de lingüística 24, 2, pp. 263–287.
  • Jordán, Carlos (2004): Celtibérico, Zaragoza.
  • Hoz, Javier de (1995): «Tartesio, fenicio y céltico, 25 años después», Tartessos 25 años después, pp. 591–607.
  • de Hoz Bravo, Jesús Javier; Churruca, Joaquín Gorrochategui Churruca. "Paleohispánica y Filología Clásica". In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017, pp. 119-150. ISBN 978-84-697-8214-9
  • Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2005): «Introducció a l'estudi de les inscripcions ibèriques», Revista de la Fundació Privada Catalana per l'Arqueologia ibèrica, 1, pp. 13–144.
  • Untermann, Jürgen : Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum, Wiesbaden. (1975): I Die Münzlegenden. (1980): II Die iberischen Inschriften aus Sudfrankreicht. (1990): III Die iberischen Inschriften aus Spanien. (1997): IV Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften.
  • Vallejo Ruiz, J. M. (2021). "Lengua lusitana y onomástica de Lusitania. 25 años después". In: Palaeohispanica. Revista Sobre Lenguas Y Culturas De La Hispania Antigua, 21, 369-395. https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v21i0.409
  • Velaza, Javier (1996): Epigrafía y lengua ibéricas, Barcelona.

External links

  • Pre-Roman languages and writing systems from Spain and Portugal – Jesús Rodríguez Ramos
  • Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
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