The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spokenlanguages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɔ⟩. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by ⟨o⟩, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.
In Received Pronunciation and Australian English, the open-mid back rounded vowel occurs as the main allophone of the LOT vowel /ɒ/. The contrast between /ɔː/ and /ɒ/ is thus strongly maintained, with the former vowel being realized as close-mid [oː] and the latter as open-mid [ɔ], similarly to the contrast between /o/ and /ɔ/ found in German, Italian and Portuguese.[2][3][6]
Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Contrasts close [u], near-close [o̝], close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ] back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä].[8] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩.
'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding',[17] strongly pharyngealized[18] (although less so in standard Belgian[19]) and somewhat fronted.[16][20] See Dutch phonology
Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be lower [ɒ]. (It is rarely lowered to /ɒ/ before liquids/lɹ/, and may thus be more familiar to many North Americans in r-colored form, /ɔ˞/.)
^ a b cGeoff Lindsey (2012) Morgen — a suitable case for treatment, Speech Talk
^Roach (2004:242)
^Wells (1982)
^ a bWikström (2013:45), "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."
^Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
^ a bTraunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
^Khan (2010:222)
^Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
^McGill (2014), pp. 308–309.
^McGill (2014), p. 308.
^Grønnum (1998:100)
^Basbøll (2005:47)
^ a bVerhoeven (2005:245)
^Collins & Mees (2003:132)
^Collins & Mees (2003:132, 222 and 224)
^Collins & Mees (2003:222)
^ a bGussenhoven (1992:47)
^Wells (1982:305)
^Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
^Bauer et al. (2007:98)
^Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
^Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson:74) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFStoddartUptonWiddowson (help)
^ a bWells (1982:498)
^ a bFougeron & Smith (1993:73)
^Collins & Mees (2013:225)
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34)
^ a bRogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
^Jolkesky (2009:676–677, 682)
^ a bPearce (2011:251)
^Verhoeven (2007:221)
^Peters (2006:118–119)
^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158–159)
^ a bStone (2002:600)
^Schambach, Gerog (1858), "Wörterbuch der niederdeutschen Mundart der Fürstenthümer Göttingen und Grubenhagen oder GöttingischGrubenhagen'sches Idiotikon", p. 30.
^ a bGilles & Trouvain (2013:70) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013 (help)
^ a bPopperwell (2010:26)
^Jassem (2003:105)
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
^Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
^Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
^ a bJones & Ward (1969:56)
^Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
^ a bKanu & Tucker (2010:249)
^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
^Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
^ a bBamgboṣe (1969:166) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBamgboṣe1969 (help)
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