North Efate language

North Efate
North Efate
Nakanamanga
Nguna
Region	Efate, Vanuatu
Native speakers	9,500 (2001)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Southern Oceanic North-Central Vanuatu Central Vanuatu Epi-Efate Efate North Efate; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	llp
Glottolog	nort2836
	North Efate is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

A Nakanamanga, or North Efate, speaker.

North Efate, also known as Nakanamanga or Nguna, is an Oceanic language spoken on the northern area of Efate in Vanuatu, as well as on a number of islands off the northern coast – including Nguna, and parts of Tongoa, Emae and Epi.

The population of speakers is recorded to be 9,500.^[2] This makes Nakanamanga one of the largest languages of Vanuatu, an archipelago known for having the world's highest linguistic density.^[3]

Phonology

The consonant and vowels sounds of North Efate (Nguna).^[4]

Consonant sounds
		Labial	Dental	Velar
Plosive	plain	p	t̪	k
Plosive	implosive	ɓʷ
Fricative		v	s
Nasal	plain	m	n	ŋ
Nasal	prenasal	ᵑm
Liquid			l r
Semivowel		w

Vowel sounds
	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e		o
Low		a

Subdialects of North Efate include:^[5]

Buninga
Emau
Livara
Nguna
Paunangis
Sesake

Typology follows Subject Object Verb order as is observed in Nguna^[2]

References

Ray, Sidney H. (1887). "Sketch of Nguna Grammar". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 16. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 409–418. doi:10.2307/2841882. JSTOR 2841882.
Schütz, Albert J. (1969). "Nguna Grammar". Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications.

Notes

^ North Efate at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ a b "Efate, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
^ François, Alexandre; Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015), "The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu", in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.), The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity, Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21, ISBN 9781922185235
^ Schütz, Albert J. (1969). Nguna Grammar. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications.
^ "Glottolog 3.3 - North Efate". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2018-11-13.

[e18-1] North Efate at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[:12-2] "Efate, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-11-13.

[3] François, Alexandre; Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015), "The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu", in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.), The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity, Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21, ISBN 9781922185235

[4] Schütz, Albert J. (1969). Nguna Grammar. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications.

[5] "Glottolog 3.3 - North Efate". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2018-11-13.