Nakhlite

Nakhlites are a group of Martian meteorites, named after the first one, Nakhla meteorite.

Nakhlites are igneous rocks that are rich in augite and were formed from basaltic magma about 1.3 billion years ago. They contain augite and olivine crystals. Their crystallization ages, compared to a crater count chronology of different regions on Mars, suggest the nakhlites formed on the large volcanic construct of either Tharsis, Elysium, or Syrtis Major Planum.^[1]

History

A 2017 study dated them to at least four different eruptions from 1416 ± 7 Ma to 1322 ± 10 Ma.^[2] It has been shown that the nakhlites were suffused with liquid water around 620 million years ago and that they were ejected from Mars around 10.75 million years ago by an asteroid impact. They fell to Earth within the last 10,000 years.^[1]

Possible source crater in Elysium

A 6.5 km diameter crater at 29°40′26″N 130°47′56″E / 29.674°N 130.799°E / 29.674; 130.799 in the volcanic plains to the northwest of Elysium Mons has been identified as a possible source. Based on the crater dimensions, the inferred growth rate of the source volcano during that interval is 0.4–0.7 m per Ma, far slower than would be expected for a terrestrial volcano, and implying that Martian volcanism had slowed greatly by that point in history.^[2]

Samples

The following samples of nakhlites are known.

Nakhla meteorite (about 40 samples, total estimated weight 10 kilograms (22 lb)), vicinity of Nakhla, Abu Hommos district, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt, 1911
Governador Valadares meteorite^[3]
Lafayette meteorite, 800g, before 1931 ^[4]
NWA817, 104g, Morocco, 2000 ^[5]
NWA998, 456g, Morocco, 2001 ^[6]
Y000593 (Yamato 593), 13.7 kilograms (30 lb)^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]
Y000749, 1.28 kilograms (2.8 lb) ^[10]^[12]
Y000802, 22g ^[10]
MIL 03346 Miller Range, Antarctica^[13]
MIL 090030, MIL 090032, and MIL 090136, Miller Range, Antarctica^[13]

External links

Aerolite Meteorites (Martian meteorites)

References

^ a b Treiman, A.H., "The nakhlite meteorites: Augite-rich igneous rocks from Mars" - (PDF) Chemie der Erde 65, p. 203-270, (2005). URL accessed July 30, 2011.
^ a b Cohen, B. E.; Mark, D. F.; Cassata, W. S.; Lee, M. R.; Tomkinson, T.; Smith, C. L. (2017). "Taking the pulse of Mars via dating of a plume-fed volcano". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 640. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..640C. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00513-8. PMC 5626741. PMID 28974682.
^ "Mineralogy of nakhlite Martian meteorites: Implications for their relative burial depths ", Mikouchi, T.; McKay, Gordon; Miyamoto, M., 2006, NASA Technical Reports Server
^ "Lafayette - 800 grams Nakhlite", Martian Meteorite Compendium, C. Mayer, 2012
^ NWA 817 – 104 grams Nakhlite
^ NWA 998 – 456 grams Nakhlite
^ Webster, Guy (February 27, 2014). "NASA Scientists Find Evidence of Water in Meteorite, Reviving Debate Over Life on Mars". NASA. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
^ White, Lauren M.; Gibson, Everett K.; Thomnas-Keprta, Kathie L.; Clemett, Simon J.; McKay, David (February 19, 2014). "Putative Indigenous Carbon-Bearing Alteration Features in Martian Meteorite Yamato 000593". Astrobiology. 14 (2): 170–181. Bibcode:2014AsBio..14..170W. doi:10.1089/ast.2011.0733. PMC 3929347. PMID 24552234.
^ Gannon, Megan (February 28, 2014). "Mars Meteorite with Odd 'Tunnels' & 'Spheres' Revives Debate Over Ancient Martian Life". Space.com. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
^ a b c NASA.gov
^ Imae N., Okazaki R., Kojima H. and Nagao K. (2002a) The first Nakhlite from Antarctica (abs#1483). Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXIII. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston
^ Imae N., Ikeda Y., Shinoda K., Kojima H. and Iwata N. (2002c) Two Nakhlites from Antarctica: Y000593 and Y000749 (abs). Antarctic Meteorites XXVII, 45-47. Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Tokyo
^ a b Udry, Arya (2012). "Paired nakhlites MIL 090030, 090032, 090136, and 03346: Insights into the Miller Range parent meteorite". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 47 (10): 1575–1589. Bibcode:2012M&PS...47.1575U. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2012.01420.x.

[Nakhlites-1] Treiman, A.H., "The nakhlite meteorites: Augite-rich igneous rocks from Mars" - (PDF) Chemie der Erde 65, p. 203-270, (2005). URL accessed July 30, 2011.

[Cohen2017-2] Cohen, B. E.; Mark, D. F.; Cassata, W. S.; Lee, M. R.; Tomkinson, T.; Smith, C. L. (2017). "Taking the pulse of Mars via dating of a plume-fed volcano". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 640. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..640C. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00513-8. PMC 5626741. PMID 28974682.

[mmm-3] "Mineralogy of nakhlite Martian meteorites: Implications for their relative burial depths ", Mikouchi, T.; McKay, Gordon; Miyamoto, M., 2006, NASA Technical Reports Server

[4] "Lafayette - 800 grams Nakhlite", Martian Meteorite Compendium, C. Mayer, 2012

[5] NWA 817 – 104 grams Nakhlite

[6] NWA 998 – 456 grams Nakhlite

[NASA-20140227-7] Webster, Guy (February 27, 2014). "NASA Scientists Find Evidence of Water in Meteorite, Reviving Debate Over Life on Mars". NASA. Retrieved February 27, 2014.

[AJ-20140219-8] White, Lauren M.; Gibson, Everett K.; Thomnas-Keprta, Kathie L.; Clemett, Simon J.; McKay, David (February 19, 2014). "Putative Indigenous Carbon-Bearing Alteration Features in Martian Meteorite Yamato 000593". Astrobiology. 14 (2): 170–181. Bibcode:2014AsBio..14..170W. doi:10.1089/ast.2011.0733. PMC 3929347. PMID 24552234.

[SP-20140228-9] Gannon, Megan (February 28, 2014). "Mars Meteorite with Odd 'Tunnels' & 'Spheres' Revives Debate Over Ancient Martian Life". Space.com. Retrieved February 28, 2014.

[ya-10] NASA.gov

[IOKN-11] Imae N., Okazaki R., Kojima H. and Nagao K. (2002a) The first Nakhlite from Antarctica (abs#1483). Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXIII. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston

[IISKI-12] Imae N., Ikeda Y., Shinoda K., Kojima H. and Iwata N. (2002c) Two Nakhlites from Antarctica: Y000593 and Y000749 (abs). Antarctic Meteorites XXVII, 45-47. Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Tokyo

[MIL-13] Udry, Arya (2012). "Paired nakhlites MIL 090030, 090032, 090136, and 03346: Insights into the Miller Range parent meteorite". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 47 (10): 1575–1589. Bibcode:2012M&PS...47.1575U. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2012.01420.x.