Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)

Mohammad Ayub Khan
غازي محمد ايوب خان
Emir of Afghanistan
Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan
Emir of Afghanistan
Reign12 October 1879 – 31 May 1880
PredecessorMohammad Yaqub Khan
SuccessorAbdur Rahman Khan
Born1857
Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan
Died7 April 1914 (aged 56–57)
Lahore, Punjab, British India[1]
Burial1914
Peshawar, British India
IssueSardar Abdul Qadir Khan El-Effendi

Sardar Akram Khan

Sardar Abdul Samad Khan
Names
Mohammad Ayub Khan
DynastyBarakzai dynasty
FatherSher Ali Khan
MotherMomand

Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan (Pashto: غازي محمد ايوب خان ; Dari: غازی محمد ایوب خان) (1857 – 7 April 1914) also known as The Victor of Maiwand or The Afghan Prince Charlie was, for a while, the governor of Herat Province in the Emirate of Afghanistan. He was Emir of Afghanistan from 12 October, 1879 to 31 May, 1880.[2][3] He also led the Afghan troops during the Second Anglo-Afghan War and defeated the British Indian Army at the Battle of Maiwand. Following his defeat at the Battle of Kandahar, Ayub Khan was deposed and exiled to British India. However, Ayub Khan fled to Persia (now Iran). After negotiations in 1888 with Sir Mortimer Durand, the ambassador at Tehran, Ayub Khan became a pensioner of the British Raj and traveled to British India in 1888, where he lived until his death in 1914 in Lahore, Punjab.[1] He was buried in Peshawar and had eleven wives, fifteen sons, and ten daughters.[4] Two of his grandsons, Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi and Sardar Muhammad Ismail Khan, served as brigadiers in the Pakistan Army.[5][6][7][8]

In Afghanistan, he is remembered as the "National Hero of Afghanistan."[4]

Early life

Khan was born into a Pashtun family. His father was Sher Ali Khan and his mother was the daughter of an influential Mohmand chief of Lalpura, Saadat Khan.[9] His brother was Mohammad Yaqub Khan.[10]

Second Anglo-Afghan war

During the second Anglo-Afghan war, Afghans under the command of Ayub Khan clashed with Anglo-Indian troops at Maiwand on 27 July 1880 and emerged victorious.[5] The Afghan victory at Maiwand was strategically significant for Afghanistan as it saved the country from getting dismembered by Britain, and saved Qandahar from a permanent British occupation. The defeat at Maiwand also compelled the British to withdraw from Qandahar. After the battle, the Afghans buried the dead Anglo-Indian soldiers and erected a monument in their honor and memory.[5]

Ayub Khan later went on to besiege the better equipped British forces at Kandahar but did not succeed. On 1 September, 1880, he was defeated and routed by forces led by General Frederick Roberts at the Battle of Kandahar, which saw the end of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.[9]

After second Anglo-Afghan war

A year later, Ayub again tried to take Kandahar, this time from Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, but again failed.

"Ayub Khan had an opportunity of realizing his strength as an independent ruler in Afghanistan. Certain tribes in Kushk district having revolted, he desired to send a force from Herat to punish them; but when he asked his men to march, they refused, because he had not paid them for a long time."
From The Twillingate Sun, Thursday, 3 February 1881.

He escaped to Persia (now Iran). After negotiations in 1888 with Sir Mortimer Durand, the ambassador at Tehran, Ayub Khan became a pensioner of the British Raj. A political officer, William Evans-Gordon, took charge of him on his arrival in India and escorted him with his entourage from Karachi to Rawalpindi.[11] He lived in India until his death in 1914.

Death

He died in Lahore in 1914[1] and is buried in Peshawar near the shrine of Sheikh Habib at Durrani graveyard in Peshawar, Pakistan.[4]

Legacy

In Afghanistan, he is remembered as the "National Hero of Afghanistan." He had eleven wives, fifteen sons, and ten daughters.[4] Several of his descendants have served in various capacities in Pakistan. Two of his grandsons, Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi and Sardar Muhammad Ismail Khan, served with the rank of Brigadier in the Pakistan Army.[5]

Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi

Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi was a grandson of Ayub Khan.[12][6] He was the son of Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qadir Khan el-Effendi (born in Iraq, 1888 and died in 1976), the first son of Ayub Khan.[7] He completed his education at Rashtriya Indian Military College in Dehra Dun, British India and was commissioned as second lieutenant on 15 July, 1939 in the British Indian Army. He fought in World War II and was initially posted in North Africa. El-Effendi was captured when his 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (PAVO) was overrun by German Afrika Korps, but managed to escape and rejoin his regiment.[6] Later, he fought in the Burma Campaign.[8] Following the independence of Pakistan, Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi opted to join Pakistan and served as a Brigadier in Pakistan Army.[8]

After retiring from the military, he became a polo player and organised Pakistani polo for over twenty years, with leading teams invited to play from abroad.[6] He died in August 1983 in Lahore, and had two sons.[citation needed] One of his sons, Sardar Azmarai Javaid Hissam el-Effendi, was a professional polo player. He also coached the Pakistani polo team from 2003 to 2007 and was awarded Tamgha-e-Imtiaz in 1996 by the government of Pakistan.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b c Dupree, Louis (2014). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press. p. 418. ISBN 978-1400858910.
  2. ^ Hamid. "Afghanistan Monarchs". afghanistantourism.net. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
  3. ^ Wahid Momand. "Leaders". Afghanland.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
  4. ^ a b c d various. "Cities". The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
  5. ^ a b c d Arwin Rahi. The legacy of Sardar Mohammad Ayub Khan – The Victor of Maiwand. Express Tribune. 15 July 2021. Archived version
  6. ^ a b c d "When the Pakistan Army Polo Team went to India in 1955". The Friday Times. 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. The unmistakable figure next to Sher Ali is Brigadier Sardar H.M. el-Effendi. He was of Afghan ancestry, the grandson of Sardar Ayub Khan, who defeated the British at the Battle of Maiwand in 1880, during the second Anglo-Afghan war
  7. ^ a b M. Y. Effendi (2007). Punjab Cavalry Evolution, Role, Organisation, and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry (Frontier Force) 1849-1974. Oxford University Press Pakistan. p. 66. ISBN 9780195472035.
  8. ^ a b c "Prisoners of Aversa". The Friday Times. 19 February 2019.
  9. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  10. ^ Conflict in Afghanistan:A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 35.
  11. ^ Skelton & Bulloch 1912, p. 395.
  12. ^ "Sahabzada Yaqub-Khan Of Pakistan (1920–2016)". Criterion Quarterly. 7 September 2016. Lieutenant Sardar Hissamuddin Mahmud El-Effendi, a scion of the Afghan royal family, was assigned to the 11th PAVO Cavalry.
Sources
  • Skelton, Constance Oliver; Bulloch, John Malcolm (1912). Gordons under Arms: A Biographical Muster Roll of Officers named Gordon in the Navies and Armies of Britain, Europe, America and in the Jacobite Risings. Aberdeen University Studies No. 59. Aberdeen: Printed for the University.
Attribution

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ayub Khan" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Barakzai dynasty
Emir of Afghanistan
12 October 1879 – 31 May 1880 		Succeeded by
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