Maunga Kākaramea

Maunga Kākaramea (Rainbow Mountain)
Maunga Kākaramea (Rainbow Mountain)
Highest point
Elevation	743 m (2,438 ft)
Coordinates	38°19′09″S 176°22′42″E / 38.31917°S 176.37833°E / -38.31917; 176.37833
Geography
	Maunga Kākaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Waikato, New Zealand
Geology
Mountain type	Stratovolcano
Last eruption	Hydrothermal about 1315 CE, as dacite about 180,000 years ago
Climbing
Easiest route	Mt Kakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Summit Track
Access	State Highway 5

Maunga Kākaramea (also known officially as Rainbow Mountain)^[1] is a 743 metres (2,438 ft)^[4] high dacite volcano located between Rotorua and Taupō in the North Island Volcanic Plateau. It has multiple steaming features and a picturesque crater lake reached by a short walk from the nearest road and has a nearby geothermal area.

Geography

Maunga Kākaramea (meaning mountain of coloured earth, sometime called Maungakakaramea and also known in colloquial English as Mount Kakaramea - but do not confuse with Kakaramea another mountain) is located at the western borders of the Okataina Volcanic Centre. To the north west is the still active Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley and closer to the south west the Maungakaramea hot springs. To the west across the Hakereteke stream (European settlement name Kerosene Creek) valley is the slightly higher peak of Maungaongaonga at 825 metres (2,707 ft).^[4]

Geology

Map of surface volcanics centred on Maunga Kākaramea ( Rainbow mountain ) with its predominant dacite coloured purple. The dacite to the west is Maungaongaonga. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcano name/wikilink and ages before present. Key for the volcanics that are shown with panning is: basalt (shades of brown/orange), monogenetic basalts,

undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in Northland Allochthon,

arc basalts, arc ring basalts,

dacite,

andesite (shades of red), basaltic andesite,

rhyolite, (ignimbrite is lighter shades of violet),

and plutonic. White shading is selected caldera features.

Much of the ground has been altered by steam action, which is most marked on the southern slopes of the mountain, extending almost to the summit. The steam has created fumarole clays of decomposed rhyolite.^[5] The six craters on the mountain are likely of hydrothermal origin.^[6] There have been quite large hydrothermal eruptions from areas of the mountain and nearby. This erupted material overlie the 232 CE Hatepe eruption pumice resulting in estimated eruption ages of about 1300 CE.^[7] Sulphur deposits and natural petroleum seeps occur in the area.^[6]^[2] The bare northern slopes are adjacent to the Ngapouri-Rotomahana Fault which is a splay of the Paeroa Fault at the eastern margin of the Taupō Rift of the Taupō Volcanic Zone. These slope's steam activity was much more marked following the last Tarawera eruption than at present. The hot water spring activity is all to the south of the fault line.^[6] Accordingly just to the north we have an area that is displacing at a rate of 7.2 ± 0.4 mm/yr explaining the areas complex geology.^[8]^[9]

Tourism

Its emerald coloured crater lake is a short but steep walk for the fit from a car park off State Highway 5 and contrasts with ochre coloured cliffs. The flora is somewhat stunted both because of the continued geothermal activity but also as it is a regrowth area affected by the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera.

View of Maunga Kākaramea from Rainbow Mountain Scenic Reserve
Coloured cliffs of Maunga Kākaramea
Close up of coloured cliffs of Maunga Kākaramea
View of lake in Rainbow Mountain Scenic Reserve
Crater lake Maunga Kākaramea

References

^ a b "LINZ: Maunga Kākaramea (or Rainbow Mountain)". 2023.
^ a b Rainbow Mountain Thermal Area, Waiotapu (Wai-O-Tapu), Rotorua District, Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand
^ Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, Ian.A.; Begg, John; Alloway, Brent V.; Rowland, Julie; Lee, Julie; Capote, Ramon (2022-07-01). "Volcano-tectonic interactions at the southern margin of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 427: 107552. Bibcode:2022JVGR..42707552B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107552. hdl:2292/59681. S2CID 248111450.
^ a b "NZTopoMap:Maunga Kākaramea".
^ Hutton, F.W. (1887). "The Eruption of Mount Tarawera". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 43 (1–4): 178–189. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1887.043.01-04.16. S2CID 128945495.
^ a b c Lloyd, E.F. (1958). "The hot springs and hydrothermal eruptions of Waiotapu: Maungaongaonga Fumarolic Area". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 2: 141–176. doi:10.1080/00288306.1959.10431319.
^ Cross, D. (1963). "Soils and geology of some hydrothermal eruptions in the Waiotapu district". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 6 (1): 70–87. Bibcode:1963NZJGG...6...70C. doi:10.1080/00288306.1963.10420090.
^ Villamor, Pilar; Berryman, Kelvin (2001). "A late Quaternary extension rate in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, derived from fault slip data". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 44 (2): 243–269. Bibcode:2001NZJGG..44..243V. doi:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514937. S2CID 129679959.
^ Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, I.A.; Dissen, Russ; Begg, John; Lee, Julie (2008-06-01). "Late Pleistocene surface rupture history of the Paeroa Fault, Taupo Rift, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 51 (2): 135–158. Bibcode:2008NZJGG..51..135B. doi:10.1080/00288300809509855. S2CID 128400528.

External links

"Crater Lake in Rainbow Mountain Scenic Reserve".

[regName-1] "LINZ: Maunga Kākaramea (or Rainbow Mountain)". 2023.

[ThermalLoc-2] Rainbow Mountain Thermal Area, Waiotapu (Wai-O-Tapu), Rotorua District, Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand

[Berryman2022-3] Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, Ian.A.; Begg, John; Alloway, Brent V.; Rowland, Julie; Lee, Julie; Capote, Ramon (2022-07-01). "Volcano-tectonic interactions at the southern margin of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 427: 107552. Bibcode:2022JVGR..42707552B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107552. hdl:2292/59681. S2CID 248111450.

[NZTop-4] "NZTopoMap:Maunga Kākaramea".

[5] Hutton, F.W. (1887). "The Eruption of Mount Tarawera". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 43 (1–4): 178–189. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1887.043.01-04.16. S2CID 128945495.

[MaungaongaongaFumarolic-6] Lloyd, E.F. (1958). "The hot springs and hydrothermal eruptions of Waiotapu: Maungaongaonga Fumarolic Area". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 2: 141–176. doi:10.1080/00288306.1959.10431319.

[7] Cross, D. (1963). "Soils and geology of some hydrothermal eruptions in the Waiotapu district". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 6 (1): 70–87. Bibcode:1963NZJGG...6...70C. doi:10.1080/00288306.1963.10420090.

[Berryman2001-8] Villamor, Pilar; Berryman, Kelvin (2001). "A late Quaternary extension rate in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, derived from fault slip data". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 44 (2): 243–269. Bibcode:2001NZJGG..44..243V. doi:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514937. S2CID 129679959.

[Berryman2007-9] Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, I.A.; Dissen, Russ; Begg, John; Lee, Julie (2008-06-01). "Late Pleistocene surface rupture history of the Paeroa Fault, Taupo Rift, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 51 (2): 135–158. Bibcode:2008NZJGG..51..135B. doi:10.1080/00288300809509855. S2CID 128400528.