Matsya (tribe)

Matsya kingdom
Macchā
c. 1400 BCEc. 350 BCE
Matsya Kingdom and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period.
Matsya Kingdom and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period.
CapitalVirāṭanagara
Common languagesPrakrits
Religion
Historical Vedic religion[1]
Demonym(s)Mātsyeya
GovernmentMonarchy
Raja 
Historical eraIron Age
• Established
c. 1400 BCE
• Disestablished
c. 350 BCE
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Indus Valley civilisation
Magadha
Today part ofIndia

Matsya (Pali: Macchā) was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of central South Asia whose existence is attested during the Iron Age. The members of the Matsya tribe were called the Mātsyeyas and were organised into a kingdom called the Matsya kingdom.[1]

Etymology

Macchā in Pāli and Matsya in Sanskrit mean "fish".[2][3][4]

Location

The kingdom of the Mātsyeyas covered an extensive territory, with the Sarasvatī river and the forests skirting it as its western border, and its southern boundaries being the hills near the Chambal River. The neighbours of the Matsya state were Kuru in the north, and Sūrasena in the east.[1][5]

The capital of Matsya was Virāṭanagara, which corresponds to the modern-day Bairāṭ.[1][5]

History

The Matsya tribe was first mentioned in the Ṛgveda, where they appear as one of the opponents of Sudās during the Battle of the Ten Kings.[1]

According to the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, the Mātsyeya king Dhvasan Dvaitavana performed an aśvamedha sacrifice near the Sarasvatī river. A forest on the banks of the Sarasvatī and a lake were both named after the king Dvaitavana.[1]

Vedic texts such as the Gopatha Brāhmaṇa mention the Mātsyeyas along with the Śālva tribe, and the Kauśītaki Upaniṣad connects them with the Kuru-Pañcālas. Later Puranic texts such as the Mahābhārata connects them with the Trigartas and the Caidyas, and the Manu-Saṃhitā lists the countries of the Mātsyeyas, the Śūrasenakas, the Pañcālas, and of Kuru-kṣetra, as forming the Brahmarṣi-deśa (the holy enclave of the brāhmaṇa sages).[1]

The later history of Matsya is not known, although the Buddhist Aṅguttara Nikāya included it among the sixteen Mahājanapadas ("great realms"), which were the most powerful states of South Asia immediately before the birth of the Buddha.[5] The Matsya state in the Mahājanapada period archaeologically corresponds to the Northern Black Polished Ware archaeological culture which in the western part of the Gaṅgā-Yamunā Doab region succeeded the earlier Painted Grey Ware culture, and is associated with the Kuru, Pañcāla, Matsya, Surasena and Vatsa Mahājanapadas.[6]

Unlike other states of central South Asia who abandoned the kingdom form for a gaṇasaṅgha (aristocratic oligarchic republic) mode of government during the late Iron Age, Matsya maintained a monarchical system.[5]

Matsya was eventually conquered by the empire of Magadha. The region roughly corresponds to the Mewat region which was ruled by the Khanzada Rajputs. [5]

Legacy

After the Indian independence in 1947, the princely states of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Alwar and Karauli were temporarily put together from 1947 to 1949 as the ″United States of Matsya″, and later in March 1949 after these princely states signed the Instrument of Accession they were merged with the present state of Rajasthan.[7]

The Matsya Festival is held in Alwar every year in the last week of November to celebrate culture and adventure.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Raychaudhuri 1953, p. 66-68.
  2. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford, England, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. p. 776.
  3. ^ Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890). The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 735. ISBN 978-8-120-81568-1.
  4. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996). Entry “mátsya-”. In: Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] Volume II. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1996. pp. 297-298. (In German)
  5. ^ a b c d e Raychaudhuri 1953, p. 137-138.
  6. ^ Bhan, Suraj (1 December 2006). "North Indian Protohistory and Vedic Aryans". Ancient Asia. 1: 173. doi:10.5334/aa.06115. ISSN 2042-5937.
  7. ^ NWR tourist places
  8. ^ Times Travel Editor (November 2018). "All about Alwar Matsya Festival". Times of India. Alwar, Rajasthan, India. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help).

Sources

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