List of philosophers (A–C)

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Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:

Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.

A

• Nicola Abbagnano (1901–1990)^[2]
• Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)^[4]
• Peter Abelard (1079–1142)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Miguel Abensour (1939–2017)
• Abhinavagupta (fl. c. 975–1025)^[4]
• Abner of Burgos (c. 1270 – c. 1347)^[5]
• Isaac ben Judah Abravanel (1437–1508)^[1][4]
• Judah ben Isaac Abravanel (1460?–1535?)^[1][4][5]
• Marilyn McCord Adams (1943–2017)^[3]
• Robert Adams (born 1937)^[3]
• Jane Addams (1860–1935)^[5]
• Joseph Addison (1672–1719)^[2]
• Adelard of Bath (12th century)^[1]
• Alfred Adler (1870–1937)^[2]
• Vladimir Adoratsky (1873–1945)^[2]
• Theodor Adorno (1903–1969)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Aenesidemus (1st century BC)^[2][4]
• Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839–1897)^[2][4]
• Rodolphus Agricola (1443–1485)^[4]
• Agrippa the Sceptic (1st/2nd century)^[2][4]
• Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535)^[2][4][5]
• Pierre d'Ailly (1350–1420)^[1][2][4]
• Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963)^[3][4]
• Ricardo Alarcón (1937–2022)
• Isaac Albalag (13th century)^[5]
• Hans Albert (1921–2023)
• Albert of Saxony (c. 1316–1390)^[1][2][4][5]
• Albertus Magnus (or Saint Albert the Great or Albert of Cologne), (1193?–1280)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Joseph Albo (1380–1444)^[2][3][4][5]
• Alcinous (2nd century)^[2][4]
• Alcmaeon of Croton (5th century BC)^[2][3][4][5]
• Virgil Aldrich (1903–1998)^[3]
• Yohanan ben Isaac Alemanno (1433–1504)^[2][4]
• Alexander of Aphrodisias (2nd century)^[1][2][4][5]
• Alexander of Hales (died 1245)^[1][2][4]
• Samuel Alexander (1859–1938)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)^[2][3][4][5]
• Antonio Aliotta (1881–1964)^[2]
• Archibald Alison (1757–1839)^[2][4]
• Abd al-Jabiri (1935—2010)^[2]
• Abdullah al-Qasemi (1907–1996)
• William Alston (1921–2009)^[1][2][3]
• Johannes Althusius (1557–1638)^[2]
• Louis Althusser (1918–1990)^[1][3][4][5]
• Robert Alyngton (died 1398)^[5]
• B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956)^[4]
• Ambrose (c. 340–397)^[1]
• Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Ibn Yusuf al-'Amiri (died 992)^[4]
• Ammonius Hermiae (5th century)^[4][5]
• Ammonius Saccas (3rd century)^[1]
• André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836)^[2]
• Anton Wilhelm Amo (1703–c. 1759)^[4]
• Anaxagoras (died 462 BC)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Anaxarchus (fl. 340 BC)^[4]
• Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC)^[1][2][3][4]
• Anaximenes of Miletus (6th century BC)^[1][2][3][4]
• Alan Ross Anderson (1925–1973)^[3]
• John Anderson (1893–1962)^[2][3][4][5]
• Perry Anderson (born 1938)
• Ando Shoeki (1703–1762)^[2]
• Stephen Pearl Andrews (1812–1886)^[2]
• Andronicus of Rhodes (c. 70 BC)^[1]
• Peter Annet (1693–1769)^[2]
• Anniceris (fl. 300 BC)^[1]
• G. E. M. Anscombe (1918–2001)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Anselm (1034–1109)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 130–68 BC)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Antiphon (480–403 BC)^[2][4]
• Antisthenes (c. 444–365)^[3][2][4]
• Karl-Otto Apel (1922–2017)^[2]
• Apuleius (c. 123–c. 180)^[4]
• Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Isaac ben Moses Arama (1420–1494)^[4]
• Arcesilaus (316–241 BC)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Archytas (428–347 BC)^[1][2][4][5]
• Roberto Ardigò (1828–1920)^[2]
• Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Aristippus of Cyrene (c. 435–366 BC)^[2][3][4]
• Aristo of Chios (fl. 250 BC)^[2][4]
• Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Arius (256–336)^[2]
• Mohammed Arkoun (1928–2010)^[2]
• Jacobus Arminius (1560–1609)^[1][2]
• David Malet Armstrong (1926–2014)^[1][2][3][4]
• Antoine Arnauld (1612–1694)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Matthew Arnold (1822–1888)^[2]
• Kenneth Arrow (1921–2017)^[3]
• Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus (1894–1975)^[4]
• Mary Astell (1666–1731)^[1][2][4][5]
• Athanasius of Alexandria (298–373)^[1]
• Pandurang Shastri Athavale (1920–2003)
• Gwenaëlle Aubry (born 1971)
• Augustine of Hippo (354–430)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Marcus Aurelius (121–180)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Peter Aureol (c. 1280–1322)^[2][4][5]
• Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950)^[3][4]
• John Austin (1790–1859)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• John Langshaw Austin (1911–1960)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Richard Avenarius (1843–1896)^[1][2][3][4]
• Averroes (or Ibn Rushd), (1126–1198)^[1][2][3][4]
• Avicenna (or Ibn Sina), (980–1037)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Kostas Axelos (1924–2010)
• Lyubov Axelrod (1868–1946)
• Alfred Jules Ayer (1910–1989)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

B

• Ba Jin (1904–2005)^[2]
• Franz Xaver von Baader (1765–1841)^[2]
• Charles Babbage (1791–1871)^[1]
• Gaston Bachelard (1884–1962)^[1][2][3][4]
• Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815–1887)^[2]
• Hans-Georg Backhaus (born 1929)^[2]
• Francis Bacon (1561–1626)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Roger Bacon (1214–1294)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Alain Badiou (born 1937) ^[1]
• Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (1080–1165)^[4]
• Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231)^[5]
• Sergio Bagú (1911–2002)
• Annette Baier (1929–2012)^[3]
• Kurt Baier (1917–2010)^[3]
• James Black Baillie (1873–1940)^[2]
• Alexander Bain (1818–1903)^[1][3]
• Karl Friedrich Bahrdt (1741–1792)^[2]
• Lynne Rudder Baker (1944–2017)^[2]
• Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975)^[1][2][3][4]
• Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876)^[1][2][3][4]
• Arthur Balfour (1848–1930)^[2]
• John Balguy (1686–1748)^[2]
• Étienne Balibar (born 1942)
• Domingo Báñez (1528–1604)^[1][2][4]
• Antonio Banfi (1886–1957)^[2]
• Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi (1070–1136)^[4]
• Jonathan Barnes (born 1942)^[3]
• Brian Barry (1936–2009)^[3]
• Karl Barth (1886–1968)^[2][3][4]
• Roland Barthes (1915–1980)^[1][2][4]
• Bartolus de Saxoferrato (1313–1357)^[4]
• Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724–1790)^[2]
• Basilides (c. 117–138)^[1]
• Georges Bataille (1897–1962)^[1][2][4]
• Charles Batteux (1713–1780)^[2]
• Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007) ^[2][4][5]
• Bruno Bauer (1809–1882)^[2][3][4][5]
• David Baumgardt (1890–1963)^[4]
• Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–1762)^[1][2][4]
• Pierre Bayle (1647–1706)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Monroe Beardsley (1915–1985)^[2]
• James Beattie (1735–1803)^[1][2][4]
• Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria (1738–1794)^[1][2]
• Jakob Sigismund Beck (1761–1840)^[2][4]
• Vissarion Belinsky (1811–1848)^[2][4]
• Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621)^[2]
• Nuel Belnap (born 1930)^[3]
• Gustave Belot (1859–1929)
• Aaron Ben-Ze'ev (born 1949)
• David Benatar (born 1966)
• Dirk Benedict (born 1945)
• Friedrich Eduard Beneke (1798–1854)^[1][2]
• Walter Benjamin (1892–1940)^[2][3][4][5]
• Gottfried Benn (1886–1956)^[2]
• Jonathan Bennett (born 1930)^[2][3]
• Daniel Bensaïd (1946–2010)
• Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Richard Bentley (1662–1742)^[4]
• Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948)^[1][2][3][4]
• Gustav Bergmann (1906–1987)^[1][2][3]
• Henri Bergson (1859–1941)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• George Berkeley (1685–1753)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Claude Bernard (1813–1878)^[2]
• Bernard of Chartres (died 1130)^[1][2]
• Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153)^[1][2][4]
• Bernard Silvestris (or Bernard of Tours), (1147–1178)^[2][4]
• François Bernier (1620–1688)^[4]
• Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932)^[4]
• Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901–1972)^[2]
• Bessarion (1403–1472)^[5]
• Bhartrhari (5th century)^[4]
• Gabriel Biel (1425–1495)^[2][4]
• Georg Bernhard Bilfinger (1693–1750)^[2]
• Alfred Binet (1857–1911)^[2]
• Ludwig Binswanger (1881–1966)^[2]
• Max Black (1909–1988)^[2][3]
• Simon Blackburn (born 1944)^[3]
• William Blackstone (1723–1780)^[4]
• Hugh Blair (1718–1800)^[4]
• William Blake (1757–1827)^[2]
• Maurice Blanchot (1907–2003)^[2][4]
• Louis Auguste Blanqui (1805–1881)
• Brand Blanshard (1892–1987)^[2][3]
• Blasius of Parma (or Biagio Pelacani da Parma), (1345–1416)^[4]
• Ernst Bloch (1885–1977)^[1][2][3][4]
• Ned Block (born 1942)^[3]
• Maurice Blondel (1861–1949)^[1][2]
• Charles Blount (1654–1693)^[2]
• Norberto Bobbio (1909–2004)^[3][4]
• Jean Bodin (1530–1596)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (AD 480–524/525)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Boetius of Dacia (c. 1240–c. 1280)^[2][4][5]
• Leonardo Boff (born 1938)
• Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928)^[3][4]
• Grace Lee Boggs (1915–2015)
• Jakob Böhme (1575–1624)^[1][2][4]
• David Bohm (1917–1992)^[2]
• Niels Bohr (1885–1962)^[2][3][4]
• Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux (1636–1711)^[2]
• Samuel Bold (1649–1737)^[4]
• Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678–1751)^[2]
• Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)^[1][2][3]
• Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald (1754–1840)^[2]
• Francesco Bonatelli (1830–1911)^[2]
• Bonaventure (1221–1274)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945)^[2][4]
• Charles Bonnet (1720–1793)^[2][4]
• George Boole (1815–1864)^[2][3][4][5]
• Amadeo Bordiga (1889–1970)
• Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Rudjer Boscovich (1711–1787)^[1][2]
• Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002)^[4]
• Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704)^[2]
• Christopher Jacob Boström (1797–1866)^[2]
• Henri de Boulainvilliers (1658–1722)^[2]
• Emile Boutroux (1845–1921)^[4]
• Oets Kolk Bouwsma (1898–1978)^[1]
• Borden Parker Bowne (1847–1910)^[2][4]
• Robert Boyle (1627–1691)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• F. H. Bradley (1846–1924)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290–1349)^[2][4]
• Richard-Bevan Braithwaite (1900–1990)^[2][3]
• Richard B. Brandt (1910–1997)^[1][2][3]
• Franz Brentano (1838–1917)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961)^[2][3][4]
• Edgar S. Brightman (1884–1953)^[2][3]
• Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755–1826)^[3]
• Richard Brinkley (fl. 1350–1373)^[4]
• Radulphus Brito (c. 1270–c. 1320)^[4][5]
• C. D. Broad (1887–1971)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• David H.M. Brooks (1950–1996)
• Thom Brooks (born 1973)
• Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer (1881–1966)^[1][2][3][5]
• Thomas Brown (1778–1820)^[2][4]
• Peter Browne (1666–1735)^[4]
• Orestes Brownson (1803–1876)^[2][3]
• Emil Brunner (1889–1966)^[2][4]
• Giordano Bruno (1548–1600)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Leon Brunschvicg (1869–1944)^[1][2][3][4]
• James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce (1838–1922)^[4]
• Martin Buber (1878–1965)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Justus Buchler (1914–1991)^[3]
• Ludwig Büchner (1824–1899)^[4]
• Henry Thomas Buckle (1821–1862)^[2]
• Malcolm Budd (born 1941)^[3]
• Johann Franz Buddeus (1667–1729)^[2]
• Buddhaghosa (5th century)^[1]
• Claude Buffier (1661–1737)^[4]
• Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707–1788)^[2][4]
• Nikolai Bukharin (1888–1938)
• Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov (1871–1944)^[2][4]
• Edward Bullough (1880–1934)^[2]
• Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976)^[2][3][4]
• Mario Bunge (1919–2020)
• Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897)^[2][3]
• Tyler Burge (born 1946)^[3]
• Jean Buridan (1300–1358)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Edmund Burke (1729–1797)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Walter Burley (c. 1275–c. 1345)^[1][2][4][5]
• Myles Frederic Burnyeat (1939–2019)^[3]
• Richard Burthogge (1638–1704)^[2][4]
• Joseph Butler (1692–1752)^[1][2][3][4]
• Judith Butler (born 1956)
• Samuel Butler (1835–1902)^[2][3]

C

• Pierre Jean George Cabanis (1757–1808)^[2][4]
• Amílcar Cabral (1924–1973)^[4]
• Edward Caird (1835–1908)^[1][2]
• Dorion Cairns (1901–1973)^[2]
• Thomas Cajetan (1469–1534)^[1][3][4]
• Calcidius (4th century)^[4]
• Mario Calderoni (1879–1914)^[2]
• Callicles (late 5th century BC)^[4][5]
• John Calvin (1509–1564)^[1][2][4]
• Jacques Camatte (born 1935)
• Tommaso Campanella (1568–1639)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• George Campbell (1719–1796)^[4]
• Norman Robert Campbell (1880–1949)^[1][2][4]
• Albert Camus (1913–1960)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Georges Canguilhem (1904–1995)^[1]
• Georg Cantor (1845–1918)^[1][2][3][4]
• Ángel Cappelletti (1927–1995)
• Johannes Capreolus (1380–1444)^[2][4]
• Claudia Card (1940–2015)^[2]
• Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576)^[4][5]
• Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881)^[1][2][4]
• Gershom Carmichael (c. 1672 – 1729)^[4]
• Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Carneades (c. 214 – 129 BC)^[2][3][4][5]
• Edward Carpenter (1844–1929)
• Lewis Carroll (1832–1898)^[1][2][3][4]
• Nancy Cartwright (born 1943)^[2][3]
• Carl Gustav Carus (1789–1869)^[2]
• Paul Carus (1852–1919)^[2]
• Antonio Caso (1883–1946)^[2]
• Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Hector-Neri Castañeda (1924–1991)^[1]
• Cornelius Castoriadis (1922–1997)
• Carlo Cattaneo (1801–1869)^[2][4]
• Christopher Caudwell (1907–1937)
• Jean Cavaillès (1903–1944)
• Stanley Cavell (1926–2018)^[1][2][3][4]
• Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673)^[1][2][4][5]
• Celsus of Alexandria (2nd century)^[1][2][4]
• Michel de Certeau (1925–1986)^[4]
• Pyotr Chaadaev (1794–1856)^[2][4]
• Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927)^[2]
• Chanakya (or Kautilya) (321–296 BC)^[4]
• Chang Hsueh-ch'eng (or Zhang Xuecheng) (1738–1801)^[1]
• Chang Tsai (or Zhang Zai), (1020–1077)^[4]
• William Ellery Channing (1780–1842)^[2]
• Walter Charleton (1619–1707)^[4]
• Pierre Charron (1541–1603)^[1][2][4]
• José Chasin (1937–1998)
• François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848)^[2]
• Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (1918–1993)
• Walter Chatton (1290–1343)^[2][4][5]
• Ch'en Hsien-chang (1428–1500)^[1]
• Cheng Hao (or Ch'eng Ming-Tao) (1032–1085)^[1][2][4]
• Cheng Hsuan (or Zheng Xuan) (127–200)^[4]
• Cheng Yi (or Ch'eng Yi Chu'an) (1033–1107)^[1][2][4]
• Nikolai Chernyshevsky (1828–1889)^[2][4]
• Chia Yi (or Jia Yi or Chia I) (201–169 BC)^[1][4]
• Chiao Hung (1540–1620)^[1]
• Boris Chicherin (1828–1904)^[2]
• Ch'ien Mu (1895–1990)^[1]
• Chih Tun (or Zhi Dun) (314–366)^[4]
• William Chillingworth (1602–1644)^[4]
• Roderick Chisholm (1916–1999)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Noam Chomsky (born 1928)^[1][2][3][4]
• Tasan Chông Yagyong (1762–1836)^[4]
• Chou Tun-Yi (or Zhou Dunyi or Chou Lien-Hsi or Zhou Lianxi) (1017–1073)^[1][4]
• Christine de Pizan (c. 1365 – c. 1430)^[4]
• Chrysippus (279–207 BC)^[3][2][4]
• Thomas Chubb (1679–1747)^[2]
• Alonzo Church (1903–1995)^[1][2][3][4]
• Patricia Churchland (born 1943)^[1]
• Paul Churchland (born 1942)^[1][3]
• Leon Chwistek (1884–1944)^[2]
• Cicero (106 – 43 BC)^[1][2][3][4]
• August Cieszkowski (1814–1894)^[4]
• Emil Cioran (1911–1995)
• Hélène Cixous (born 1937)^[2][4]
• Clarembald of Arras (1110–1187)^[4]
• Samuel Clarke (1675–1729)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Johannes Clauberg (1622–1665)^[2][4]
• Cleanthes (301–232 BC)^[2][4]
• Clement of Alexandria (2nd–3rd century)^[1][2][4]
• Catherine Clément (born 1939)^[1][2][4]
• Cleomedes (2nd century)^[4]
• William Kingdon Clifford (1845–1879)^[1][2][3]
• Catherine Trotter Cockburn (1679–1749)^[1][2][4][5]
• Lorraine Code (born 1937)^[2]
• G.A. Cohen (1941–2009)^[3]
• Hermann Cohen (1842–1918)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• L. Jonathan Cohen (1923–2006)^[3]
• Morris Raphael Cohen (1880–1947)^[2]
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834)^[2][3][4]
• John Colet (1466–1519)^[2]
• Lucio Colletti (1924–2001)^[3]
• Arthur Collier (1680–1732)^[1][2][4]
• R. G. Collingwood (1889–1943)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Anthony Collins (1676–1729)^[2][3][4][5]
• John Comenius (1592–1670)^[2][3][4]
• Auguste Comte (1798–1857)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1715–1780)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794)^[1][2][4]
• Confucius (551 – 479 BC)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Benjamin Constant (1767–1830)^[1][3][4]
• Lady Anne Finch Conway (1631–1679)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Anna J. Cooper (1858–1964)^[5]
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543)^[2][3][4][5]
• Henry Corbin (1903–1978)^[2]
• Geraud de Cordemoy (1626–1684)^[1][2][4][5]
• Moses ben Jacob Cordovero (1522–1570)^[2]
• Maurice Cornforth (1909–1980)
• Carlos Cossio (1903–1987)
• Newton da Costa (born 1929)
• Uriel da Costa (1585–1640)^[2]
• Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801–1877)^[1][2][4]
• Victor Cousin (1792–1867)^[1][2][4]
• Louis Couturat (1868–1914)^[1][2][3]
• Crates of Thebes (c. 365 – c. 285 BC)
• William Crathorn (14th century)^[4][5]
• Cratylus (c. 400 BC)^[2][3][4]
• James Edwin Creighton (1861–1924)^[2]
• Hasdai Crescas (c. 1340–1410)^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• Benedetto Croce (1866–1952)^[1][2][3][4]
• Alexander Crummell (1819–1898)^[5]
• Christian August Crusius (1715–1775)^[1][2][4]
• Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688)^[2][3][4]
• Nathaniel Culverwel (1619–1651)^[2][4]
• Richard Cumberland (1631?–1718)^[1][2][4]
• Cyrano de Bergerac (1619–1655)^[2]
• Heinrich Czolbe (1819–1873)^[1]

Notes