List of earthquakes in Turkey

Map of earthquakes in Turkey, 1900–2023
Map of plate boundaries affecting Turkey

Turkey has had many earthquakes. This list includes any notable historical earthquakes that have epicenters within the current boundaries of Turkey, or which caused significant effects in this area. Overall, the population in major cities like Istanbul resides in structures that are a mix of vulnerable and earthquake resistant construction.

class=notpageimage|
Location of major earthquakes in Turkey with year of occurrence

Tectonic setting

Turkey is a seismically active area within the complex zone of collision between the Eurasian Plate and both the African and Arabian Plates. Much of the country lies on the Anatolian Plate, a small plate bounded by two major strike-slip fault zones, the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault. The western part of the country is also affected by the zone of extensional tectonics in the Aegean Sea caused by the southward migration of the Hellenic arc. The easternmost part of Turkey lies on the western end of the Zagros fold and thrust belt, which is dominated by thrust tectonics.

Seismic hazard

Seismic hazard in Turkey is highest along the plate boundaries, but there is a significant risk of damaging earthquakes almost anywhere in the country. Seismic maps that show risk have changed through time.[1]

Buildings

In earthquake-prone areas, all buildings built to 20th century standards may be dangerous,[2] but shortly after the 1999 İzmit earthquake, which killed over 17 thousand people, a new seismic code was brought into force to protect against earthquakes in Turkey.[3][4] Also following that earthquake a so-called earthquake tax was raised during the government of Bülent Ecevit.[5] Initially thought as a temporary tax, it became permanent.[3] In 2007 the seismic code was strengthened.[6][7] However, it is alleged that builders often ignored the rules due to corruption.[8] After the 2011 Van earthquakes Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said: "Municipalities, constructors and supervisors should now see that their negligence amounts to murder."[9] In 2018, a zoning law gave amnesties to some unlicensed buildings and some with unlicensed floors.[9]

Further resilience over the 2007 code was mandated in the 2018 Turkish Seismic Code, which took effect on 1 January 2019.[6][10] Improvements included design supervision and site specific hazard definitions,[11] and for new buildings in vulnerable regions required rebar in high quality concrete.[12] Beams and columns in those buildings must be in the right place to properly absorb shaking.[12] The code is said by foreign experts to be very modern and similar to US codes.[13] However, these 21st century building codes were not very well enforced.[2]

In a bid to shore up support going into the 2018 Turkish presidential election, the government offered amnesties for violations of the building code, allowing non-compliance to continue with the payment of a fee.[14] This poor enforcement of seismic codes was a contributing factor to the devastation of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes in which over 42,000 people died in Turkey.[4] There were high incidences of support column failure leading to pancake collapses, which complicated rescue efforts. Experts lamented the practice would turn cities into graveyards.[15] The 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes collapsed many older buildings and some recent ones:[16] the Environment and Urbanization Ministry is assessing the damage.[17]

Unreinforced masonry buildings are vulnerable.[18] Many older buildings in Istanbul are vulnerable to pancake collapses.[19] Retrofitting old buildings is possible but expensive.[19] Although over 3 million housing units nationwide were strengthened in the 2 decades before 2023, as of that year many apartment blocks do not meet 21st century standards.[16] Building with wood has been suggested.[20]

List of notable earthquakes

Historical earthquakes in Turkey (before 1920)

Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Deaths Mag. Comments Sources
17 CE n/a Philadelphia (Alaşehir) 38.21 28.31 n/a n/a see AD 17 Lydia earthquake
13 December 115 Antioch 36.1 36.1 260,000 7.5 Ms see 115 Antioch earthquake [21]
4 January 141 (or 142) Lycia, Caria, Dodecanese 36.7 28.0 n/a VIII Triggered a severe tsunami that caused inundation at Rhodes; see 141 Lycia earthquake [22]
21 December 262 South and west coasts of Anatolia 36.5 27.8 n/a IX Damaged many buildings at Ephesus and triggered a tsunami that hit coastal cities; see 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake [23]
26 January 447 Night Bithynia, Thrace, Byzantine Empire 41.008 28.978 Unknown IX Date uncertain, severely damaged the Theodosian walls in Constantinople see 447 Constantinople earthquake [24]
19 May 526 Antioch 250,000 VIII The city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000. see 526 Antioch earthquake [25]
15 August 554 Anatolia The earthquake severely damaged the city of Tralles (modern Aydın) and the island of Kos; See 554 Anatolia earthquake [26]
14 December 557 just before midnight Constantinople 40.9 28.7 n/a X (Intense) Constantinople was "almost completely razed to the ground" by the earthquake. see 557 Constantinople earthquake [27]
14 May 1269 Cilicia, Anatolia 37.5 35.5 60,000 ~7 see 1269 Cilicia earthquake –
10 September 1509 Constantinople 40.9 28.7 10,000 7.2 Mw see 1509 Constantinople earthquake –
May 1598 Amasya and Çorum 40.6 35.4 60,000 6.7 Ms  see 1598 Amasya–Çorum earthquake –
23 February 1653 Smyrna 38.2 28.2 2,500 7.5 see 1653 East Smyrna earthquake [28]
17 August 1668 Anatolia 40 36 8,000 8 see 1668 North Anatolia earthquake [29]
10 July 1688 11:45 Smyrna 38.4 26.9 16,000 7.0 Ms see 1688 Smyrna earthquake [30]
22 May 1766 05:10 Istanbul 40.8 29.0 4,000 7.1 Ms  see 1766 Istanbul earthquake [31]
5 August 1766 Dardanelles 40.6 27.0 5,000 7.4 Mw  see 1766 Marmara earthquake [32]
23 July 1784 Erzincan 39.5 40.2 5,000–>10,000 7.6 Ms  see 1784 Erzincan earthquake [33]
2 July 1840 Ağrı 39.6 44.1 10,000 7.4 Ms  May have triggered the last eruption of Mount Ararat. Casualties associated with a large landslide on the volcano.
see 1840 Ahora earthquake 		[34]
28 February 1855 01:00 Bursa 40.2 29.1 1,900 6.7 see 1855 Bursa earthquake [35]
2 June 1859 10:30 Erzurum 39.9 41.3 15,000 6.1 Ms see 1859 Erzurum earthquake [36]
12 May 1866 Bingöl 39.2 41.0 680+ 7.2 Ms see 1866 Bingöl earthquake
3 April 1872 – Hatay 36.4 36.4 1,800 7.2 Ms see 1872 Amik earthquake
– Afyonkarahisar 38.3 29.9 1,300 6.77 Mw  see 1875 Dinar earthquake
3 April 1881 11:30 Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı 38.25 26.25 7,866 7.3 Mw see 1881 Chios earthquake [37]
10 October 1883 13:30 Çeşme, Izmir, Ayvalık 38.3 26.2 53–120 7.3 Ms see 1883 Çeşme earthquake [38]
10 July 1894 12:24 Gulf of İzmit 40.73 29.25 1,300 7.0 see 1894 Istanbul earthquake [39]
20 September 1899 04:00 Büyük Menderes Graben 37.9 28.1 1,470 7.1 see 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake [40]

1900–1999

Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Deaths Mag. Comments Sources
29 April 1903 01:46 local time Malazgirt 39.14 42.65 600 6.7 Ms see 1903 Manzikert earthquake [41][42]
9 August 1912 03:29 local time Mürefte 40.75 27.2 216 7.3 MS see 1912 Mürefte earthquake [41][42]
4 October 1914 00:07 local time Burdur 37.82 30.27 2,344 6.9 MS see 1914 Burdur earthquake [41][42]
18 November 1919 00:54 local time Balıkesir 39.18 27.65 3,000 7.0 Mw  see 1919 Ayvalık earthquake [43]
13 September 1924 16:34 local time Horasan 40.0 42.1 60 6.8 see 1924 Pasinler earthquake [41][42]
22 October 1926 21:59 local time Kars 40.7 43.7 360 6.0 Ms see 1926 Kars earthquake [44]
31 March 1928 02:29 local time Smyrna 38.5 28.0 50 6.5 MS Possible M=6.2 foreshock previous day [41][42]
18 May 1929 08:37 local time Suşehri 40.2 37.9 64 6.1 see 1929 Suşehri earthquake [41][42]
7 May 1930 00:34 local time Hakkâri 38.1 44.7 2,514 7.2–7.5 Ms see 1930 Salmas earthquake [45]
4 January 1935 16:41 local time Erdek 40.4 27.5 5 6.4 Ms [41][42]
19 April 1938 12:59 local time Kırşehir 39.1 34.0 160 6.6 MS see 1938 Kırşehir earthquake [41][42]
22 September 1939 02:36 local time Dikili 39.1 26.8 60 6.6 MS [41][42]
27 December 1939 01:57 local time Erzincan 39.77 39.53 32,700 7.8 Mw see 1939 Erzincan earthquake [29]
15 November 1942 19:01 local time Bigadiç 39.2 28.2 16 6.1 MS [41][42]
20 December 1942 14:03 Erbaa 40.87 36.47 3,000 7.0 Ms see 1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake [46]
20 June 1943 17:32 local time Hendek 40.6 30.5 336 6.6 MS see 1943 Adapazarı–Hendek earthquake [41][42]
26 November 1943 22:20 Ladik 40.87 33.65 2,824–5,000 7.5 Mw see 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake
1 February 1944 03:25 Gerede 40.8 32.2 3,959 7.5 see 1944 Bolu–Gerede earthquake [46]
6 October 1944 04:34 local time Ayvalık 39.37 26.53 30 6.8 MS see 1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik earthquake
17 August 1949 Karlıova 39.54 40.57 450 6.8 see 1949 Karlıova earthquake [46]
13 August 1951 18:36 Kurşunlu 40.88 32.87 50 6.9 see 1951 Kurşunlu earthquake [46]
3 January 1952 08:03 local time Hasankale 39.9 41.7 41 5.8 see 1952 Hasankale earthquake
18 March 1953 21:06 local time Yenice 40.02 27.53 265 7.2 MS see 1953 Yenice–Gönen earthquake [41][42]
16 July 1955 09:07 local time Söke 37.55 27.05 23 6.8 MS [41][42]
22 February 1956 22:31 local time Eskişehir 39.89 30.49 1 6.4 Ms  [41]
25 April 1957 04:25 local time Fethiye 36.5 28.6 67 7.1 MS see 1957 Fethiye earthquakes [41][42]
26 May 1957 6:36 Abant 40.67 31.00 52 7.1 see 1957 Abant earthquake [46]
6 October 1964 16:31 local time Manyas 40.1 27.93 23 7.0 MS see 1964 Manyas earthquake [41][42]
19 August 1966 12:23 Varto 39.17 41.56 2,394 6.8 Mw see 1966 Varto earthquake [46]
22 July 1967 16:56 Mudurnu 40.67 30.69 89 7.2 see North Anatolian Fault [46]
3 September 1968 10:19 local time Bartın 41.79 32.31 29 6.5 MS see 1968 Bartın earthquake [41][42]
28 March 1969 03:48 local time Alaşehir 38.5 28.4 53 6.5 MS see 1969 Alaşehir earthquake [41][42]
28 March 1970 23:02 local time Gediz 39.2 29.5 1,086 7.2 MS see 1970 Gediz earthquake [41][42]
12 may 1971 08:25 local time Burdur 37.5 29.9 57 6.1 MS [47][48]
22 May 1971 16:44 Bingöl 38.83 40.52 755 6.9 Mw see 1971 Bingöl earthquake [49]
6 September 1975 12:20 local time Lice 38.5 40.7 2,311 6.6 MS see 1975 Lice earthquake [41][42]
24 November 1976 14:22 local time Muradiye 39.12 44.03 4,000 7.5 MS see 1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake [41][42]
25 March 1977 Palu 38.728 40.088 30 5.2 Mw  [50]
30 October 1983 07:12 local time Erzurum 40.33 42.19 1,342 6.9 MS see 1983 Erzurum earthquake [41][42]
13 March 1992 17.18 Erzincan 39.70 39.69 498 6.7 Mw see 1992 Erzincan earthquake [51]
1 October 1995 17:57 local time Dinar 38.06 30.13 90 6.1 MS see 1995 Dinar earthquake [41][42]
27 June 1998 16:55 local time Ceyhan 36.88 35.31 146 6.3 Mw see 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake [41][42]
17 August 1999 03:02 local time İzmit 40.77 30 17,127–18,373 7.6 Mw see 1999 Gölcük earthquake
12 November 1999 18:57 local time Düzce 40.75 31.16 894 7.2 Mw (PDE Monthly Listing); see 1999 Düzce earthquake USGS

2000–present

Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Deaths Mag. Comments Sources
3 February 2002 07:11 Afyon 38.573 31.271 44 6.5 Mw (HRV); see 2002 Afyon earthquake [52]
27 January 2003 05:26 Pülümür 39.46 39.79 1 6.1 Mw (HRV, USGS) USGS
1 May 2003 00:27 Bingöl 39.01 40.46 177 6.4 Mw (HRV, USGS); see 2003 Bingöl earthquake [53]
2 July 2004 01:30 Ağrı 39.71 44.02 18 5.1 Mw (HRV); see 2004 Doğubayazıt earthquake [54]
8 March 2010 02:32 Elazığ 38.79 40.03 41 6.1 Mw (HRV); see 2010 Elazığ earthquake [55]
19 May 2011 23:15 Kütahya 39.14 29.07 2 5.8 Mw (HRV); see 2011 Kütahya earthquake [56]
23 October 2011 13:41 Van 38.63 43.49 604 7.2 Mw (HRV); see 2011 Van earthquakes [57]
9 November 2011 19:23 Van 38.42 43.22 40 5.6 Mw (HRV): see 2011 Van earthquakes [58]
02014-05-2424 May 2014 12:25 local time Imbros 40.31 25.45 0 6.9 Mw (HRV); see 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake [59]
21 July 2017 01:31 local time Bodrum 36.92 27.41 2 (in the Greek island of Kos) 6.6 Mw (HRV); see 2017 Aegean Sea earthquake [60]
02019-09-2626 September 2019 13:59 local time Marmara Region 40.89 28.17 1 5.7 Mw (HRV); see 2019 Istanbul earthquake [61]
02019-09-2624 January 2020 20:55 local time Elazığ, Malatya 38.390 39.081 41 6.7 Mw (HRV); see 2020 Elazığ earthquake [62]
02019-09-2623 February 2020 08:53 local time Iran–Turkey border 38.3943 44.3405 10 5.8 Mw (HRV); see 2020 Iran–Turkey earthquakes [63]
19:00 local time 38.3943 44.3405 6.0 Mw [64]
14 June 2020 16:24 local time Bingöl 39.42 40.67 1 5.9 Mw see 2020 Bingöl earthquake [65]
30 October 2020 14:51 local time Aegean Sea 37.918 26.790 117 7.0 Mw  see 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake [66]
23 November 2022 04:08 local time Düzce 40.847 30.967 2 6.1 Mw  see 2022 Düzce earthquake [67]
6 February 2023 04:17 local time Kahramanmaraş 37.112 37.119 62,013 (53,537 in Turkey, 8,476 in Syria) 7.8 Mw  see 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes [68]

[69]

13:24 local time 38.036 37.229 7.5-7.7 Mw  [70]

[71]

20 February 2023 20:04 local time Defne 36.1133 36.082 11 (6 in Turkey, 5 in Syria) 6.3 Mw  [72]
27 February 2023 12:04 local time Yeşilyurt 38.2535 38.2932 2 5.2 Mw  [73]

See also

References

  1. ^ Akkar, Sinan; Eroğlu Azak, Tuba; Can, Tolga; Çeken, U.; Demircioglu, Mine; Duman, Tamer; Erdik, M.; Ergintav, Semih; Kadirioğlu, Filiz; Kalafat, Doğan; Kale, Özkan (13 July 2018). "Evolution of seismic hazard maps in Turkey". Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 16 (8): 3197–3228. Bibcode:2018BuEE...16.3197A. doi:10.1007/s10518-018-0349-1. S2CID 116119039.
  2. ^ a b "In Turkey and Syria, outdated building methods all but assured disaster from a quake". NPR.
  3. ^ a b Baysan, Lauren Said-Moorhouse,Isil Sariyuce,Zeena Saifi,Reyhan (8 February 2023). "Emotions run high in Turkey amid questions over state response to deadly quake". CNN. Retrieved 11 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b "Turkey's earthquakes show the deadly extent of construction scams". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  5. ^ "Turkey quakes to cost nation $6.2 billion - Minister - Türkiye | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Turkey: New building code for earthquake resilience". www.preventionweb.net. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  7. ^ "2007 Turkish Earthquake Code" (PDF).
  8. ^ "What made the earthquake in Turkey and Syria so deadly?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  9. ^ a b Beaumont, Peter (7 February 2023). "Turkey earthquake death toll prompts questions over building standards". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  10. ^ "International-Workshop-on-Advanced-Materials-and-Innovative-Systems-in-Structural-Engineering-Seismic-Practices-New-Improvements-in-the-2018-Turkish-Seismic-Code".
  11. ^ Sucuoğlu, Haluk. "New Improvements in the 2019 Building Earthquake Code of Turkey".
  12. ^ a b "Turkey earthquake: Anger at building standards grows". BBC News. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  13. ^ Pettersson, Lauren Said-Moorhouse,Christian Edwards,Krystina Shveda,Henrik (7 February 2023). "The earthquake in Turkey is one of the deadliest this century. Here's why". CNN. Retrieved 9 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Turkey's lax policing of building codes known before quake". AP NEWS. 10 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  15. ^ "Turkey earthquake failures leave Erdogan looking vulnerable". BBC News. 11 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  16. ^ a b "The earthquakes in Turkey and Syria have shaken both countries". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  17. ^ "Turkey earthquake: Anger at building standards grows". BBC News. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  18. ^ "Practices of Brick Masonry Construction in Turkey and their Seismic Behaviors during Earthquakes".
  19. ^ a b "Earthquake in Turkey a warning for Istanbul, which faces much larger death toll if quake strikes".
  20. ^ "Hollanda'ya depreme dayanıklı konut yapmayı öğreten Türkiye neden bu kadar fazla yıkım yaşıyor?". BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). 10 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  21. ^ National Geophysical Data Center. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  22. ^ "Comments for the tsunami event". Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  23. ^ "Turkey: S Coasts; Libya: Comments for the Earthquake Event". Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  24. ^ Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Mariotti, D.; Comastri, A.; Tarabusi, G.; Sgatoni, G.; Valensise, G. "Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500)". INGV-SGA. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  25. ^ Procopius, II.14.6; sources based on John of Ephesus
  26. ^ Antonopoulos, J. (1980). "Data from investigation on seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 500 to 1000 A.D. Part 2". Annals of Geophysics. 33 (1): 164–178. doi:10.4401/ag-4702. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  27. ^ Agathias; Frendo, Joseph D. (1975), The histories, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-003357-1, archived from the original on 6 February 2023, retrieved 25 October 2016
  28. ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1653 Earthquake". Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  29. ^ a b "Historic Worldwide Earthquakes". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  30. ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1688 Earthquake". Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  31. ^ N. N. Ambraseys; J. A. Jackson (June 2000). "Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500". Geophysical Journal International. 141 (3): F1–F6. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.141F...1A. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x.
  32. ^ Parsons, T. (2004). "Recalculated probability of M ≥ 7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 109 (B5). Bibcode:2004JGRB..109.5304P. doi:10.1029/2003JB002667.
  33. ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Jackson, J.A. (1998). "Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region". Geophysical Journal International. 133 (2): 390–406. Bibcode:1998GeoJI.133..390A. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00508.x.
  34. ^ Haroutiunian, R. A. (2005). "Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Арарат 2 июля 1840 года" [Catastrophic eruption of volcano Ararat on 2 july, 1840]]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia: Earth Sciences (in Russian). 58 (1): 27–35. ISSN 0515-961X. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  35. ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1855 Earthquake". Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  36. ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1859 Earthquake". Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  37. ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1881 Earthquake". Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  38. ^ NCEI. "Comments for the 1883 earthquake". Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  39. ^ Ambraseys, N. (January 2001). "The earthquake of 10 July 1894 in the Gulf of Izmit (Turkey) and its relation to the earthquake of 17 August 1999". Journal of Seismology. 5 (1): 117–128. Bibcode:2001JSeis...5..117A. doi:10.1023/A:1009871605267. ISSN 1573-157X. S2CID 128657125.
  40. ^ Kumsar, Halil; Aydan, Ömer; Şimşek, Celal; D’Andria, Francesco (2016). "Historical earthquakes that damaged Hierapolis and Laodikeia antique cities and their implications for earthquake potential of Denizli basin in western Turkey" (PDF). Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 75 (2): 519–536. Bibcode:2016BuEGE..75..519K. doi:10.1007/s10064-015-0791-0. S2CID 128049511. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC). "List of big earthquakes 1900–2004" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "IISEENET (Information Network of Earthquake disaster Prevention Technologies) – Search Page". Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
  43. ^ ISC (2022), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1904–2018), Version 9.1, International Seismological Centre, doi:10.31905/D808B825
  44. ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1926 Earthquake". Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  45. ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1930 Earthquake". Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g "Toksoz, M.N., Shakal, A.F. & Michael, A.J. 1979. Space-Time Migration of Earthquakes Along the North Anatolian Fault Zone and Seismic Gaps. Pageophys, 117, 1258–1270". doi:10.1007/BF00876218. S2CID 186224522. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  47. ^ "USGS event page". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  48. ^ Taymaz, Tuncay; Price, Simon (1 February 1992). "The 1971 May 12 Burdur earthquake sequence, SW Turkey: a synthesis of seismological and geological observations". Geophysical Journal International. 108 (2): 589–603. Bibcode:1992GeoJI.108..589T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1992.tb04638.x. ISSN 0956-540X. S2CID 131244868.
  49. ^ USGS list of earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900 Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ "International Seismological Centre Online Event Bibliography". ISC: On-Line Bulletin. International Seismological Centre. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  51. ^ "Bernard, P., Gariel, J-C. & Dorbath L. 1997. Fault location and rupture kinematics of the magnitude 6.8, 1992 Erzincan earthquake, Turkey, from strong ground motion and regional records. Bulletin Seismological Society of America, 87, 1230–1243". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
  52. ^ USGS. "Significant Earthquakes of the World 2002". Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  53. ^ USGS. "Significant Earthquakes of the World 2003". Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  54. ^ "M 5.1 – eastern Turkey". USGS.com. United States Geological Survey. 1 July 2004. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  55. ^ USGS. "Magnitude 6.1 – eastern Turkey". Archived from the original on 11 March 2010.
  56. ^ USGS. "Magnitude 5.8 – WESTERN TURKEY". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  57. ^ USGS. "Magnitude 7.2 – EASTERN TURKEY". Archived from the original on 24 October 2011.
  58. ^ "M 5.6 – eastern Turkey". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  59. ^ 24 MAYIS 2014 GÖKÇEADA AÇIKLARI – EGE DENİZİ DEPREMİ Archived 22 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Kandilli Observatory (Retrieved 2 January 2018)
  60. ^ USGS. "Magnitude 6.6 – WESTERN TURKEY". Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  61. ^ "Istanbul earthquake: Magnitude 5.8 quake hits Turkey". independent.co.uk. 26 September 2019. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  62. ^ "Rescue efforts under way after deadly quake rattles east Turkey". Aljazeera. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  63. ^ "M 5.8 – 25km SE of Saray, Turkey". earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  64. ^ "M 6.0 – 25km SE of Saray, Turkey". earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  65. ^ "M 5.9 – 14 km E of Yedisu, Turkey". US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  66. ^ "M 7.0 – 15 km NNE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece". US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  67. ^ National Earthquake Information Center (23 November 2022). "M 6.1 – 16 km W of Düzce, Turkey". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  68. ^ National Earthquake Information Center (6 February 2023). "M 7.8 – Central Turkey". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  69. ^ "Son Depremler". Archived from the original on 6 February 2023.
  70. ^ "Latest Earthquakes". earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  71. ^ Pettersson, Lauren Said-Moorhouse,Christian Edwards,Krystina Shveda,Henrik (7 February 2023). "The earthquake in Turkey is one of the deadliest this century. Here's why". CNN. CNN. Retrieved 8 February 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  72. ^ Bilginsoy, Zeynep; Fraser, Suzan (21 February 2023). "New quake brings fresh losses to residents of Turkey, Syria". AP News. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  73. ^ "2 dead, 140 injured after 5.6 earthquake rocks Türkiye's Malatya". Daily Sabah. 27 February 2023. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.

Further reading

  • Bikçe, Murat (2016). "A database for fatalities and damages due to the earthquakes in Turkey (1900–2014)". Natural Hazards. 83 (3): 1359–1418. Bibcode:2016NatHa..83.1359B. doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2397-7. ISSN 0921-030X. S2CID 133563941.

External links

  • 1:25,000 scale fault maps (click the square to see a map if there are faults)
  • Seismic Risk Map (requires logon with Turkish ID)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey&oldid=1220011510"