List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites
| History of South Asia |
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The Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a major early civilisation, existing from 3300-1300 BCE. It covered much of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, as well as possessing at least one trading colony in northeast Afghanistan.[1] Over 1400 Indus Valley civilisation sites have been discovered,[2] of which 925 sites are in India and 475 in Pakistan.[3] Only 40 sites on the Indus valley had been discovered in the pre-Partition era[4] by archaeologists. The most widely-known Indus Valley sites are Mohenjo-daro and Harappa; Mohenjo-Daro is located in modern-day Sindh, while Harappa is in Pakistani Punjab.[5] in British India, around 1,100 (80%) sites are located on the plains between the rivers Ganges and Indus.[3] The oldest known site of the Indus Valley Civilization, Bhirrana,[6] and the largest site, Rakhigarhi,[7] are located in the Indian state of Haryana. More than 90% of the inscribed objects and seals that were discovered were found at ancient urban centres along the Indus river in Pakistan, mainly in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.[8][9] More than 50 IVC burial sites have been found, including at Rakhigarhi (first site with genetic testing), Sanauli, Farmana, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Mehrgarh, Harappa, Chanhudaro, and Mohenjo-daro.[10]
List of Indus Valley sites discovered
 | This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2016) |
| Site | District | Province/state | Country | Image | Excavations/findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alamgirpur | Meerut District | Uttar Pradesh | India | Impression of cloth on trough | |
| Allahdino | Karachi district | Sindh | Pakistan | Floor tiles of a house have been discovered at this site[11] | |
| Amri, Sindh | Dadu District | Sindh | Pakistan | Remains of rhinoceros | |
| Babar Kot | Saurashtra, Rajula | Gujarat | India | A stone fortification wall,[12] plant remains of millets & gram.[12][13] | |
| Balu, Haryana | Kaithal | Haryana | India | Earliest evidence of garlic.[14] Several plant remains were found here include various types of barley, wheat, rice, horse gram, green gram, various types of a pea, sesamum, melon, watermelon, grapes, dates, garlic, etc. (Saraswat and Pokharia - 2001-2)[12] which is comparable to a nearby IVC site Kunal, Haryana revealed remains of rice (probably wild). | |
| Banawali | Fatehabad District | Haryana | India | Barley, terracotta figure of plough | |
| Bargaon | Saharanpur District[15] | Uttar Pradesh | India | ||
| Baror | Sri Ganganagar district | Rajasthan | India | Human skeleton, ornaments, 5 meter long and 3 meter clay oven, a pitcher filled with 8000 pearls[16] | |
| Bet Dwarka | Devbhoomi Dwarka district | Gujarat | India | Late Harappan seal, inscribed jar, the mould of coppersmith, a copper fishhook[17][18] | |
| Bhagatrav | Bharuch District | Gujarat | India | ||
| Bhirrana | Fatehabad District | Haryana | India | Graffiti of a dancing girl on pottery, which resembles a dancing girl statue found at Mohenjo-Daro | |
| Chanhudaro | Nawabshah District | Sindh | Pakistan | Bead making factory, use of lipstick,[19] only Indus site without a citadel | |
| Chapuwala | Cholistan | Punjab | Pakistan | unexcavated 9.6 hectares[20] | |
| Daimabad | Ahmadnagar District | Maharashtra | India | 
|
A sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it; and three other bronze sculptures.[21] Southernmost IVC site in India, Late Harappan Phase |
| Desalpur in Nakhtrana Taluka, | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | Massive stone fortification, Harappan pottery, three script bearing seals; one of steatite, one of copper and one of terracotta.[22] | |
| Dholavira | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | .jpg/1280px-DHOLAVIRA_SITE_(24).jpg)
|
Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human, Water harvesting and number of reservoirs, use of rocks for constructions, wooden "signboard" with Indus characters found in a gatehouse |
| Farmana | Rohtak District | Haryana | India | Largest burial site of IVC, with 65 burials,found in India | |
| Ganweriwala | Punjab | Pakistan | Equidistant from both Harappa and Mohenjodaro, it is near a dry bed of the former Ghaggar River. It is a site of almost the same size as Mahenjodaro. It may have been the third major center in the IVC as it is near to the copper-rich mines in Rajasthan. | ||
| Gola Dhoro | kutch district | Gujarat | India | Production of shell bangles, semi-precious beads, etc. | |
| Harappa | Sahiwal District | Punjab | Pakistan | 
|
Granaries, coffin burial, lot of artifacts, important Indus Valley civilisation town, the first town which is excavated and studied in detail |
| Hisar mound inside Firoz Shah Palace | Hisar District | Haryana | India | Unexcavated site | |
| Hulas | Saharanpur District | Uttar Pradesh | India | ||
| Juni Kuran | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | fortified citadel, lower town, public gathering area[23] | |
| Jognakhera | Kurukshetra | Haryana | India | Copper smelting furnaces with copper slag and pot shards[24] | |
| Kaj | Gir Somnath District | Gujarat | India | Ceramic artifacts, including bowls. Ancient port.[25][26] | |
| Kanjetar | Gir Somnath District | Gujarat | India | Single phase Harapppan site.[25][26] | |
| Kalibangan | Hanumangarh District | Rajasthan | India | Baked/burnt bangles, fire altars,[citation needed] small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery, bones of camel | |
| Karanpura near Bhadra city | Hanumangarh district | Rajasthan | India | 
|
Skeleton of child, terracotta like pottery, bangles, seals similar to other Harappan sites [27] |
| Khirasara | Kutch district | Gujarat | India | Ware House, Industrial area, gold, copper, semi-precious stone, shell objects, and weight hoards | |
| Kerala-no-dhoro or Padri | Saurashtra | Gujarat | India | Salt production centre, by evaporating sea water[28] | |
| Kot Bala (also, Balakot) | Lasbela District | Balochistan | Pakistan | Earliest evidence of furnace, seaport | |
| Kot Diji | Khairpur District | Sindh | Pakistan | ||
| Kotada Bhadli | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | Fortification bastion few houses foundations[29] | |
| Kunal, Haryana | Fatehabad District | Haryana | India | Earliest Pre-Harappan site, Copper smelting.[30] | |
| Kuntasi | Rajkot District | Gujarat | India | Small port | |
| Lakhan-jo-daro | Sukkur District | Sindh | Pakistan | major unexcavated site (greater than 300 hectares) | |
| Larkana | Larkana District | Sindh | Pakistan | ||
| Loteshwar | Patan District | Gujarat | India | Ancient archaeological site[31] | |
| Lothal | Ahmedabad District | Gujarat | India | 
|
Bead making factory, dockyard, button seal, fire altars, painted jar, earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC) |
| Manda, Jammu | Jammu District | Jammu & Kashmir | India | northernmost Harappan site in Himalayan foothills[32] | |
| Malwan | Surat District | Gujarat | India | Southernmost Harappan site in India[33] | |
| Mandi | Muzaffarnagar district | Uttar Pradesh | India | ||
| Mehrgarh | Kachi District | Balochistan | Pakistan | Earliest agricultural community (7000-5000 BC) | |
| Mitathal | Bhiwani District | Haryana | India | ||
| Mohenjo-Daro | Larkana District | Sindh | Pakistan | 
|
Great Bath (the biggest bath ghat), Great granary, Bronze dancing girl, Bearded man, terracotta toys, Bull seal, Pashupati seal, three cylindrical seals of the Mesopotamian type, a piece of woven cloth |
| Nageshwar | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | Shell working site[34] | |
| Navinal | Kutch district | Gujarat | India | [35] | |
| Nausharo near Dadhar | Kachi District | Balochistan | Pakistan | ||
| Ongar | Hyderabad | Sindh | Pakistan | ||
| Pabumath | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc.; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc.[36] | |
| Pathani Damb | Makran | Balochistan | Pakistan | At 100 hectares, this has the potential to be another city[37] | |
| Pir Shah Jurio | Karachi | Sindh | Pakistan | ||
| Pirak | Sibi | Balochistan | Pakistan | ||
| Rakhigarhi | Hisar District | Haryana | India | Terrecotta wheels, toys, figurines, pottery. Large site, partially excavated. | |
| Rangpur | Ahmedabad District | Gujarat | India | Seaport | |
| Rehman Dheri | Dera Ismail Khan | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Pakistan | ||
| Rojdi | Rajkot District | Gujarat | India | ||
| Rupar | Rupnagar District | Punjab | India | ||
| Sanauli[38] | Baghpat District | Uttar Pradesh | India | Burial site with 125 burials found, copper antenna sword with a hilt and first time chariots were discovered. | |
| Sheri Khan Tarakai | Bannu District | Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | Pakistan | pottery, lithic artifact | |
| Shikarpur, Gujarat[39] | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | Food habit details of Harappans | |
| Shortugai | Darqad District | Takhar Province | Afghanistan | ||
| Siswal | Hisar (district) | Haryana | India | ||
| Sokhta Koh | Makran | Balochistan | Pakistan | Pottery | |
| Sothi near Baraut | Bagpat district | Uttar Pradesh | India | ||
| Surkotada | Kutch District | Gujarat | India | Bones of a horse (only site) | |
| Sutkagan Dor | Makran | Balochistan | Pakistan | Bangles of clay, Westernmost known site of IVC[40] | |
| Tigrana | Bhiwani district | Haryana | India | Houses, pottery, terracotta, seals with script, semi-precious stones, evidence of crop cultivation and anima; domestication.[41] | |
| Vejalka | Botad district | Gujarat | India | pottery |
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Context of IVC sites and cultures
Wider context of the IVC includes the following:
- Meluhha
- List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization
- Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation
- Pottery in the Indian subcontinent
- Bara culture, subtype of Late-Harappan Phase
- Cemetery H culture (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into Painted Grey Ware culture of Vedic period
- Black and red ware, belonging to neolithic and Early-Harappan phases
- Sothi-Siswal culture, subtype of Early-Harappan Phase
See also
- Timeline of Pakistani history
- Timeline of Indian history
- List of archaeological sites by country
- List of archaeological sites by continent and age
- World Heritage Sites by country
References
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- ^ McIntosh 2008, p. 39.
- ^ a b Malik, Dr Malti (2016). History of India. New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-7335-498-4.
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- ^ "Indus River Valley civilizations (Article)".
- ^ "Excavation Bhirrana". Excavation Branch-I Nagpur. Archaeological Survey of India.
- ^ Subramanian, T. S. (27 March 2014). "Rakhigarhi, the biggest Harappan site". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ Iravatham Mahadevan, 1977, The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables, pp. 6-7
- ^ Upinder Singh, 2008, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, p. 169
- ^ Astha Dibyopama, Yong Jun Kim, Chang Seok Oh, Dong Hoon Shin , Vasant Shinde, 2015,[1], Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-9.
- ^ Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 1930. ISBN 978-1-259-06323-7.
kalibangan tiles.
- ^ a b c Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 222. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
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- ^ Gaur, A. S. (25 February 2004). "A unique Late Bronze Age copper fish-hook from Bet Dwarka Island, Gujarat, west coast of India: Evidence on the advance fishing technology in ancient India" (PDF). Current Science. 86 (4). IISc: 512–514. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
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- ^ Gaur, A. S.; K. H. Vora; Sundaresh; R. Manimurali; S. Jayakumar (2013). "Was the Rann of Kachchh navigable during the Harappan times (Mid-Holocene)? An archaeological perspective" – via ResearchGate.
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- ^ a b Farooqui, Anjum; Gaur, A.S.; Prasad, Vandana (2013). "Climate, vegetation and ecology during Harappan period: excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj, mid-Saurashtra coast, Gujarat". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (6). Elsevier BV: 2631–2647. Bibcode:2013JArSc..40.2631F. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.005. ISSN 0305-4403.
- ^ a b Gaur, A.S.; Sundaresh; Abhayan, G.S.; Joglekar, P.P. "Excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj on the Saurashtra Coast, Gujarat". AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
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- ^ McIntosh 2008, p. 221.
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- ^ India Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archaeological Survey of India.Page 19.
- ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 137. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
- ^ "Nageswara: a Mature Harappan Shell Working Site on the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat". www.harappa.com. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ Joglekar, Pramod; Gopan, Aswathy; Chase, Brad; Ajithprasad, P; Patel, Ambika; Rawat, Yadubirsingh; Gadekar, Charusmita; Sharma, Bhanu; Kumar, Ajit; Uesugi, Akinori; Gs, Abhayan; Sukumaran, Prabhin; Rajesh, S.V. (2016). "Fish Otoliths from Navinal, Kachchh, Gujarat: Identification of Taxa and Its Implications". Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology. 4: 218–227 – via ResearchGate.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Possehl, Gregory L. (2003). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary perspective ([3rd printing]. ed.). New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-81-7829-291-5.
- ^ भिवानी में मिले हड़प्पा काल के साक्ष्य, तिगड़ाना में होती थी खेती, शोध में हुए कई खुलासे, देखें तस्वीरें, Dainik Jargan, 29 Sept 2021.
Bibliography
- McIntosh, Jane R. (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2.