Syllidae
| Syllidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Syllis gracilis micrograph, showing the distinctive barrel-shaped proventricle | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Suborder: | Nereidiformia |
| Family: | Syllidae Grube 1850[1] |
| Synonyms | |
|
Levidoridae | |
Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms,[2] is a family of small to medium-sized polychaete worms. Syllids are distinguished from other polychaetes by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the proventricle.[3][4]
Syllid worms range in size from 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) to 14 centimetres (5.5 in). Most syllids are benthic organisms that transition to a pelagic epitoke for reproduction. They are found in all regions of the ocean, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea, and are especially abundant in shallow water.[3][5]
They are found in a range of habitats, moving actively on rock and sandy substrates, hiding in crevices and among seaweeds, and climbing on sponges, corals, hydrozoans, seagrasses and mangroves. They are generalist feeders.[6] A young Syllid was one of the first worms to be found with pollen from seagrass in its stomach, making it a possible pollinator.[7]
The proventricle, Syllid worm's most distinctive anatomical feature, allows the worm to feed by sucking due to its pumping action. It also plays a role in hormone production, and thus the worm's sexual development.[4] The proventricle is composed of strirated muscle cells with the longest known sacromeres among animals.[8] The proventricle is usually visible through the body wall.[9]
Syllis ramosa was the first polychaete discovered to have a branching body plan.[10] Later, two species of Ramisyllis were discovered to have a branching body plan.
Subfamilies
- Anoplosyllinae
- Autolytinae
- Eusyllinae
- Exogoninae
- Syllinae
- Syllis
- Syllis aciculigrossa (San Martín, 1990)
- Syllis adamantea (Treadwell, 1914)
- Syllis albae Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
- Syllis albanyensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1984)
- Syllis alosae San Martín, 1992
- Syllis alternata Moore, 1908
- Syllis amica Quatrefages, 1866
- Syllis amicarmillaris Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014
- Syllis anoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis antoniae Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012
- Syllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776)
- Syllis augeneri Haswell, 1920
- Syllis barbata San Martín, 1992
- Syllis bella Chamberlin, 1919
- Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy & Alquézar, 1982)
- Syllis benguellana Day, 1963
- Syllis boggemanni San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
- Syllis botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973)
- Syllis brasiliensis McIntosh, 1885
- Syllis breviarticulata Grube, 1857
- Syllis brevicirrata McIntosh, 1908
- Syllis brevicirris Hansen, 1882
- Syllis broomensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)
- Syllis caeca Monro, 1933
- Syllis castroviejoi Capa, San Martín & López, 2001
- Syllis cerina Grube, 1878
- Syllis cirrita Lee & Rho, 1994
- Syllis columbretensis (Campoy, 1982)
- Syllis compacta Gravier, 1900
- Syllis corallicola Verrill, 1900
- Syllis cornuta Rathke, 1843
- Syllis crassicirrata (Treadwell, 1925)
- Syllis cruzi Núñez & San Martín, 1991
- Syllis curticirris Monro, 1937
- Syllis danieli San Martín, 1992
- Syllis deleoni Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012
- Syllis edensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1989)
- Syllis elongata (Johnson, 1901)
- Syllis ergeni Çinar, 2005
- Syllis erikae (Hartmann-Schröder, 1981)
- Syllis fasciata Malmgren, 1867
- Syllis ferrani Alós & San Martín, 1987
- Syllis filidentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982)
- Syllis gerlachi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis gerundensis (Alós & Campoy, 1981)
- Syllis glandulata Nogueira & San Martín, 2002
- Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974)
- Syllis golfonovensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840
- Syllis guidae Nogueira & Yunda-Guarin, 2008
- Syllis heterochaeta Moore, 1909
- Syllis hyalina Grube, 1863
- Syllis hyllebergi (Licher, 1999)
- Syllis joaoi San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
- Syllis jorgei San Martín & López, 2000
- Syllis kabilica Ben-Eliahu, 1977
- Syllis karlae San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
- Syllis kas Lucas, Sikorski & San Martín, 2018
- Syllis komodoensis Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
- Syllis krohnii Ehlers, 1864
- Syllis lagunae Tovar-Hernández, Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2008
- Syllis latifrons Grube, 1857
- Syllis licheri Ravara, San Martín & Moreira, 2004
- Syllis limbata Grube, 1880
- Syllis longesegmentata Grube, 1857
- Syllis lunaris (Imajima, 1966)
- Syllis lutea (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis luteoides (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis macroceras Grube, 1857
- Syllis macrodentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
- Syllis magdalena Wesenberg-Lund, 1962
- Syllis magnapalpa (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
- Syllis marceloi San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
- Syllis marugani Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2006
- Syllis maryae San Martín, 1992
- Syllis mauretanica (Licher, 1999)
- Syllis mayeri Musco & Giangrande, 2005
- Syllis mercedesae Lucas, San Martín & Parapar, 2012
- Syllis mexicana (Rioja, 1960)
- Syllis microoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
- Syllis monilaris Savigny in Lamarck, 1818
- Syllis mytilorum Studer, 1889
- Syllis nigra Augener, 1925
- Syllis nigrescens Grube, 1878
- Syllis nigricirris Grube, 1863
- Syllis nigriscens Grube, 1878
- Syllis nigropunctata Haswell, 1886
- Syllis notocera Ehlers, 1905
- Syllis nuchalis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis obscura Grube, 1857
- Syllis onkylochaeta Hartmann-Schröder, 1991
- Syllis ortizi San Martín, 1992
- Syllis parapari San Martín & López, 2000
- Syllis parturiens Haswell, 1920
- Syllis pectinans Haswell, 1920
- Syllis picta (Kinberg, 1866)
- Syllis pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919)
- Syllis pilosa Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008
- Syllis pontxioi San Martín & López, 2000
- Syllis profunda Cognetti, 1955
- Syllis prolifera Krohn, 1852
- Syllis prolixa Ehlers, 1901
- Syllis pseudoarmillaris Nogueira & San Martín, 2002
- Syllis pulvinata (Langerhans, 1881)
- Syllis quadrifasciata Fischli, 1900
- Syllis quaternaria Moore, 1906
- Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879
- Syllis riojai (San Martín, 1990)
- Syllis robertianae McIntosh, 1885
- Syllis rosea (Langerhans, 1879)
- Syllis rubicunda Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008
- Syllis rudolphi Delle Chiaje, 1841
- Syllis schulzi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis sclerolaema Ehlers, 1901
- Syllis setoensis (Imajima, 1966)
- Syllis sol San Martín, 2004
- Syllis stenura Blanchard in Gay, 1849
- Syllis tamarae Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
- Syllis tiedemanni Delle Chiaje, 1841
- Syllis torquata Marion & Bobretzky, 1875
- Syllis tripantu Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
- Syllis truncata Haswell, 1920
- Syllis tyrrhena (Licher & Kuper, 1998)
- Syllis umbricolor Grube, 1878
- Syllis unzima Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014
- Syllis valida Grube, 1857
- Syllis variegata Grube, 1860
- Syllis villenai Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
- Syllis violacea Grube, 1870
- Syllis vittata Grube, 1840
- Syllis vivipara Krohn, 1869
- Syllis warrnamboolensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1987)
- Syllis westheidei San Martín, 1984
- Syllis yallingupensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
- Syllis ypsiloides Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
- Ramisyllis
- Ramisyllis multicaudata Glasby, Schroeder & Aguado, 2012
- Ramisyllis kingghidorahi M. Teresa Aguado, et al. 2022
- Syllis
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Syllidae.
- ^ Gil, J., Musco, L. (2015). Read G, Fauchald K (eds.). "Syllidae Grube, 1850". World Polychaeta database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
- ^ "Necklace-worms -- KnowBC - the leading source of BC information". www.knowbc.com. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
- ^ a b Fukuda, Marcelo V. "Syllidae". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
- ^ a b Lamb, Andy; Hanby, Bernard P. (2005). Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. Canada: Harbour Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 1-55017-361-8.
- ^ San Martín, Guillermo; Worsfold, Tim M. (2015). "Guide and keys for the identification of Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from the British Isles (reported and expected species)". ZooKeys (488): 1–29. doi:10.3897/zookeys.488.9061. PMC 4389122. PMID 25878521.
- ^ Sigvaldadottir, Elin; Mackie, Andrew S.Y.; Helgason, Gudmundur V.; Reish, Donald J.; Svavarsson, Jorundur; Steingrimsson, Sigmar A.; Gudmundsson, Gudmundur (2013). Advances in Polychaete Research. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 288. ISBN 978-94-017-0655-1.
- ^ van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Villamil, Nora; Márquez-Guzmán, Judith; Wong, Ricardo; Monroy-Velázquez, L. Verónica; Solis-Weiss, Vivianne (29 September 2016). "Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 12980. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712980V. doi:10.1038/ncomms12980. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5056424. PMID 27680661. S2CID 1903911.
- ^ Weidhase, Michael; Beckers, Patrick; Bleidorn, Christoph; Aguado, M. Teresa (2016-10-04). "On the role of the proventricle region in reproduction and regeneration in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida: Syllidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 196. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0770-5. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5050598. PMID 27716025.
- ^ "Syllidae : Brief Summary". eol.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
- ^ Marshall, Michael (2 March 2012). "Zoologger: the worm that looks like a tree". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
