Karluk languages
| Karluk | |
|---|---|
| Qarluq, Southeastern Turkic, Turkestan Turkic | |
| Geographic distribution | Central Asia |
| Linguistic classification | Turkic
|
Early forms | |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | uygh1241 |
 Uzbek Uyghur Ili | |
The Karluk or Qarluq languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family that developed from the varieties once spoken by Karluks.[1]
Many Middle Turkic works were written in these languages. The language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate was known as Turki, Ferghani, Kashgari or Khaqani. The language of the Chagatai Khanate was the Chagatai language.
Karluk Turkic was once spoken in the Kara-Khanid Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Timurid Empire, Mughal Empire, Yarkent Khanate and the Uzbek-speaking Khanate of Bukhara, Emirate of Bukhara, Kokand Khanate, Khiva Khanate, Maimana Khanate.[2]
Classification
Languages
- Uzbek – spoken by the Uzbeks; approximately 44 million speakers [3]
- Uyghur – spoken by the Uyghurs; approximately 8–11 million speakers [4]
- Ili Turki – moribund language spoken by Ili Turkis, who are legally recognized as a subgroup of Uzbeks; 120 speakers and decreasing (1980)
- Chagatai – extinct language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia and remained the shared literary language there until the early 20th century.
- Karakhanid – literary language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate that is considered a standard form of Middle Turkic.[5]
- Khorezmian – literary language of the Golden Horde that is considered a preliminary stage of the Chagatai language.
| Proto-Turkic | Common Turkic | Karluk | Western | |
| Eastern | ||||
| Old |
|
Glottolog v.5.0 refers to the Karluk languages as "Turkestan Turkic" and classifies them as follows:[6]
| Turkestan |
| ||||||||||||
References
- ^ Austin, Peter (2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9.
- ^ McChesney, R. D. (14 July 2014). Waqf in Central Asia: Four Hundred Years in the History of a Muslim Shrine, 1480-1889. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6196-5.
- ^ Uzbek at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Uyghur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- ^ Glottlog 5.0 places this with Old Turkic.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Karluk languages". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.