Kabgayi

Kabgayi
Suburban View with Kabgayi Cathedral in Distance
Suburban View with Kabgayi Cathedral in Distance
Kabgayi is located in Rwanda
Kabgayi
Kabgayi
Location in Rwanda
Coordinates: 2°06′03″S 29°45′08″E / 2.100718°S 29.752243°E / -2.100718; 29.752243
Country Rwanda
ProvinceSouthern Province
DistrictMuhanga District
CityGitarama
Elevation
5,945 ft (1,812 m)

Kabgayi is just south of Gitarama in Muhanga District, Southern Province, Rwanda, 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Kigali. It was established as a Catholic Church mission in 1905. It became the center for the Roman Catholic Church in Rwanda and is the site of the oldest cathedral in the country and of Catholic seminaries, schools and a hospital. The church at first supported the Tutsi ruling elite, but later backed the Hutu majority. During the 1994 Rwandan genocide thousands of Tutsis who had taken refuge here were killed. Some survivors admire the courage of many priests who helped them during those difficult days, like Father Evergiste RUKEBESHA and many others.[citation needed] Later, some Hutus including three bishops and many priests were killed by the rebels RPF soldiers. A mass grave beside the hospital is marked by a memorial. Inside the Basilica are kept the bodies of the three bishops killed by FPR rebels. Two of them (Vincent Nsengiyumva, the Archbishop of Kigali and Joseph Ruzindana, Bishop of Byumba) were refused by the Rwandan government to be transferred in their own cathedrals.[citation needed]

Location

Kabgayi lies in the middle of Rwanda's central plateau at an elevation of about 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above sea level.[1] Located in Kamazuru Village of Gahogo Cell in Nyamabuye Sector, it is a 5 minutes’ drive from Muhanga City.[2] The community is just south of Gitarama, the second-largest city in Rwanda, and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Kigali, the capital. It has a mild and temperate climate. There are two rainy seasons.[3] Average annual rainfall is 1,000 to 1,100 millimetres (39 to 43 in). Estimated annual evapotranspiration is about 815 millimetres (32.1 in).[4] The soil is sandy and relatively infertile.[1] As of 2002 most of the people in the surrounding Kabgayi district were engaged in farming. Only a few of the wealthier households could afford to own cattle.[5]

Early history

The Kingdom of Rwanda before the European colonial powers arrived was ruled by a Tutsi elite of about 15% of the population over a Hutu peasant class of about 85%. Both are thought to have migrated from elsewhere at some time in the past, the Tutsis from the east and the Hutu from the north. The stereotype is that the Tutsis were tall and slim while the Hutus were shorter and sturdier. The Tutsis were cattle-owners with a warrior tradition and the Hutus were farmers. The two groups shared a common language, kinyarwanda.[6] Wealthy Hutus had married into the Tutsi ruling class, and many Tutsis were poor farmers with no cattle, but there were still social distinctions that set the Tutsis above the Hutus at the start of the colonial era.[7]

At first, the missions in Rwanda were under the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Victoria Nyanza, headed by John Joseph Hirth.[8] Kabgayi was founded as a mission post after the Germans, the colonial power, had received reluctant permission from the court of King Musinga of Rwanda in 1904.[9] The missionaries received Kabgayi hill in February 1905.[1] They obtained about 120 hectares (300 acres) of land.[10] They embarked on a massive building program, first of houses and then of church buildings, requiring porters, brick layers, cooks, gardeners and other workers.[11] Their demands for labor from the people of the region caused tension with the court. In response, the German authorities informed the missionaries that they must obtain permission from the Court for recruiting labor, and the colonial power would not assist them in this.[12]

However, the mission soon became a power in the land. King Musinga, who was engaged in an internal power struggle, took care to maintain friendly relations with the missionaries, and in December 1906 told them he would like all his people to learn to pray.[13] The Tutsi notables also saw value in good relations with these powerful landowners. Their lengthy visits became a problem to the priests, who could not always give them the attention that courtesy demanded.[14] In July 1907 the fathers began to build a school in Kabgayi for the sons of Tutsi chiefs, whom they considered to be the natural leaders of the country.[15] The fathers sided with a Hutu peasant against his Tutsi overlord when the peasant was in the wrong according to the laws of the land, and again drew censure from the German authorities.[16] In general, though, the missionaries at Kabgayi followed a pro-Tutsi policy.[17]

The church became established in Rwanda. The missions in Burundi, which had been under the Apostolic Vicariate of Unyanyembe, were joined with those of Rwanda to form the Apostolic Vicariate of Kivu.[8] On 12 December 1912, Jean-Joseph Hirth was appointed the first Vicar Apostolic of Kivu.[18] The Minor Seminary of Saint Leon was founded at Kabgayi in 1913.[19] Some of the first students had already been taught at the Rubyia mission in Tanganyika, and could speak better Latin than the old European priests.[20] Hirth established his headquarters at Kabgayi and worked with the Rwandan seminarists there until his retirement in 1921.[8] In 1916, during World War I, the Belgians took over Rwanda and Burundi. They continued German policies, including support of the Tutsi ruling class.[21]

By 1921 there were thirty thousand Christians in the Apostolic Vicariate of Kivu.[8] Kabgayi became the seat of the Apostolic Vicariate of Ruanda when it was created in April 1922, separated from the Apostolic Vicariate of Urundi.[22] In 1928 Alexis Kagame entered the Kabgayi minor seminary. He was to become a major intellectual leader, author and expert on Rwandan traditions and culture.[23] In 1932 the first printing press in Rwanda was installed at Kabgayi. Kinyamateka, the first local journal, began to appear in 1933.[24] Communications gradually improved. In 1938 a track was opened that connected Kabgayi to Rubengera to the west.[25]

Post war

Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady at Kabgayi

The Belgian colonial mandate ended after World War II (1939–1944). In 1946 Rwanda and Burundi were made a trust territory by the United Nations, remaining under Belgian administration.[21] In 1952 Monsignor Aloys Bigirumwami, the first black Roman Catholic bishop in Belgian Africa, was consecrated at Kabgayi. He was later to be a voice in favor of reconciliation between Tutsi and Hutus.[26][27] In February 1952 the see was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Kabgayi.[22] In December 1954 the Kabgayi printing press issued the first number of Hobe, a magazine for children, with eight pages written in the kinyarwanda language.[28] In November 1959 the see was promoted to the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kabgayi.[22]

In a reversal of their support for the Tutsis, the Catholic church swung behind the Hutu nationalists. In his pastoral letter of 11 February 1959 the Bishop of Kabgayi, André Perraudin, wrote in part: "In our Rwanda, differences and social inequalities are to a large extent related to differences in race, in the sense that the wealth on the one hand and political and even judicial power on the other hand, are to a considerable extent in the hands of people of the same race."[29] These remarks implied that the Rwandan Catholic Church supported the claims of the Hutus.[30] They may have been perceived as a form of moral justification for the first massacres of Tutsis that followed in the region of Kabgayi later that year.[31] In 1959 the church printing press in Kabgayi was even used to produce pamphlets urging the Hutus to use violence against the Tutsis.[32]

On 1 November 1959 the Hutu sub-chief Dominique Mbonyumutwa was assaulted by a gang of Tutsi youths near the Kabgayi mission. He escaped, but rumors that he was dead spread quickly. The next day a group of Hutus attacked four Tutsi notables in the neighboring Ndiza chiefdom, and in the days that followed violence aimed at Tutsis spread throughout Rwanda.[33] During the four-year crisis that ensued, many Tutsis fled to neighboring countries.[34] The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), with its emphasis on assistance for the poor, contributed to growing support for the Hutus by the Catholic Church, although many of the Tutsis were equally poor.[35]

Post-independence

Colonial-Era buildings at Kabgayi Hospital

On 28 January 1961 the National Rwandan Congress declared independence.[36] The declaration by the Hutu-dominated movement was made in Gitarama, just north of Kabgayi.[37] The country officially became independent of Belgium on 1 July 1962.[38] The first President of the country, Grégoire Kayibanda, had been educated at the Kabgayi seminary, as had many of the other Hutu leaders.[35] Kayibanda was the secretary of Archbishop Perraudin at Kabgayi.[39] In 1973 there was a mass murder of Josephite priests in Kabgayi. Both Archbishop Perraudin and President Kayibanda were said to be present, but refused to intervene.[40]

In April 1976 Kabgayi become the seat of the Diocese of Kabgayi after other sees were separated from it.[22] Pope John Paul II visited Kagbayi in September 1990. He spoke out against the gap between the poor peasants of Rwanda and the elite in the cities, and called for equal access to government services and to credit for rural people.[41] The church worked with the government. Vincent Nsengiyumva, the Archbishop of Kigali, became a member of the Hutu MRND ruling party's central committee.[42][43] A few church leaders objected to excessive Hutu domination. In 1991 the Bishop of Kabgayi, Thaddée Nsengiyumva, issued a pastoral letter that deeply criticized the widespread use of political assassination and lack of interest in reconciliation between the ethnic groups.[44]

Hutu extremists seized power in April 1994 and embarked on a systematic program to kill Tutsis and moderate Hutus.[34] Tutsi refugees from the massacres began to arrive in Kabgayi in mid-April, where they lived in crowded conditions with little food or water, many suffering from malaria or dysentery. Each day, soldiers and militiamen picked out young men to be killed.[45] By the end of May there were about 38,000 refugees in Kabgayi.[46] Kabgayi at this time has been called a "death camp", with the refugees helpless against rape and killings by the militia.[47]

The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), which had been formed by Tutsi exiles in Uganda, fought back and began to gain control of the country.[34] A group of Rwandan bishops appealed to Pope John Paul II asking him to have the Kabgayi religious center made a neutral zone, and the Pope passed on this appeal to the United Nations. The bishops said the Hutu-led army was still providing protection, but if the army were forced to retreat from RPC forces advancing on Kabgayi, they could not protect the refugees from the Hutu militias. U.N. observers dispatched to Kabgayi saw no signs of a massacre, but reported that the refugees were being intimidated.[46]

Genocide memorial where 6,000 are buried in a mass grave beside the hospital[48]

The appeal was too late. The government troops and the Interahamwe Hutu paramilitaries perpetuated mass killings before fleeing from the RPF, which took control of Kabgayi on 2 June 1994.[49] Early reports by clergymen said that relatively few people had died – perhaps 1,500 out of 30,000.[50] However, a February 2009 report by eighteen Gacaca court judges said that at least 64,000 refugees had been killed. Many of the victims were buried alive. Red Cross workers and local clergy were reportedly complicit in the killing.[48][51][a]

After the RPF took control, on 5 June 1994 Archbishop Vincent Nsengiyumva, Bishops Thaddée Nsengiyumva and Joseph Ruzindana, and ten other priests were killed at Gakurazo, just south of Kabgayi.[55][56] The killers were reportedly Tutsi soldiers who were guarding them. The RPF said the soldiers thought the priests had been involved in the earlier killings of Tutsis. The Pope deplored the murders.[57] The priest and journalist André Sibomana said that the RPF later killed "hundreds" of peasants at Kabgayi on 19 June 1994.[27]

Following the massacres of 1994, the Kabgayi and Byumba dioceses, helped by Catholic Relief Services and then by the U.S. Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration, began to organize gatherings to help youth understand what had happened, why and how to prevent such events being repeated.[58] The programs were open to all. 30% of the youths in the three Kabgayi test camps were not Roman Catholics.[59]

Institutions

Kabgayi today remains home to the Cathedral Basilica of The Immaculate Conception (Beatae Immaculatae Virginis), a spacious redbrick building erected in 1923.[48] The consecration ceremony in April 1923 was attended by many colonial administrators and by King Musinga, drawing a large crowd of local people.[60] The Belgian colonial rulers also made Kabgayi the location of a hospital and training schools for midwives, printers, carpenters and blacksmith and other trades. There is a small museum with an exhibit of artifacts from different periods.[48] Kabgayi is also the location of the National Inter-diocesan Major Seminary of Kabgayi (The cycle of Philosophy), [61] St. André Pastoral Center,[62] St. Joseph School[63] and St. Elizabeth Nurse and Midwives College.[64] As of 2013 the Kabgayi District Hospital was suffering from staff shortages, resulting in large queues of patients.[65]

Gallery

  • Altar Backdrop – Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady at Kabgayi
    Altar Backdrop – Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady at Kabgayi
  • Catholic Statuary at Kabgayi Cathedral
    Catholic Statuary at Kabgayi Cathedral
  • Sign with Colonial-Era Building – Kabgayi Hospital
    Sign with Colonial-Era Building – Kabgayi Hospital
  • Chapel on Hospital Grounds – Kabgayi Hospital
    Chapel on Hospital Grounds – Kabgayi Hospital
  • Street Scene near Kabgayi Cathedral
    Street Scene near Kabgayi Cathedral
  • Burnt-out schoolroom at Kabgayi Hospital
    Burnt-out schoolroom at Kabgayi Hospital
  • Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady at Kabgayi
    Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady at Kabgayi
  • Mosaic Design of Christ with Sashes – Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady at Kabgayi
    Mosaic Design of Christ with Sashes – Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady at Kabgayi

References

Notes

  1. ^ Follow-up trials were held of individuals alleged to have been involved.[52][53] The Gacaca trials were officially ended on 16 June 2012.[54]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Linden & Linden 1977, p. 69.
  2. ^ National Land Authority, Republic of Rwanda. "Muhanga District Land Use Plan 2021-2050". lands.rw.
  3. ^ U.S. Department of State 2011, p. 251.
  4. ^ Lewis & Berry 2012, p. 256.
  5. ^ Preker & Carrin 2004, p. 255.
  6. ^ Adekunle 2007, p. 4-5.
  7. ^ Mamdani 2001, p. 74.
  8. ^ a b c d Shorter 2011, p. 79.
  9. ^ des Forges 2011, p. 55.
  10. ^ des Forges 2011, p. 63.
  11. ^ Linden & Linden 1977, p. 59.
  12. ^ des Forges 2011, p. 78.
  13. ^ des Forges 2011, p. 80.
  14. ^ des Forges 2011, p. 81.
  15. ^ Mamdani 2001, p. 89.
  16. ^ des Forges 2011, p. 91.
  17. ^ Linden & Linden 1977, p. 109.
  18. ^ Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bukavu.
  19. ^ Histoire de l'école – Saint Léon.
  20. ^ Linden & Linden 1977, p. 112.
  21. ^ a b Olson & Shadle 1991, p. 530.
  22. ^ a b c d Diocese of Kabgayi Rwanda.
  23. ^ Bujo & Muya 2006, p. 43.
  24. ^ Quaghebeur & Kalengayi 2008, p. 94.
  25. ^ de Lame 2005, p. 72.
  26. ^ Redekop & Gasana 2007, p. 126.
  27. ^ a b Meierhenrich 2010.
  28. ^ Quaghebeur & Kalengayi 2008, p. 96.
  29. ^ Overdulve 1997, p. 121ff.
  30. ^ Lefebvre & Ferhadjian 2007, p. 134.
  31. ^ Morel 2010, p. 1214.
  32. ^ Scherrer 2002, p. 75.
  33. ^ Newbury 1988, p. 194.
  34. ^ a b c The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath, p. 245.
  35. ^ a b Sanneh 2010, p. 108.
  36. ^ Blaustein, Sigler & Beede 1977, p. 593.
  37. ^ Lemarchand 1977, p. 87.
  38. ^ de Lame 2005, p. 59.
  39. ^ Guillebaud 2002, p. 141.
  40. ^ Scherrer 2002, p. 14.
  41. ^ RWANDA : Rural Poor Need Aid, Pontiff Says.
  42. ^ Melvern 2000, p. 20.
  43. ^ Redekop & Gasana 2007, p. 129.
  44. ^ Peterson 2001, p. 274.
  45. ^ Orr 1994.
  46. ^ a b Lewis 1994a.
  47. ^ Jones 2013, p. 258.
  48. ^ a b c d Briggs & Booth 2010, p. 120.
  49. ^ Melvern 2000, p. 206.
  50. ^ Peterson 2001, p. 279.
  51. ^ Sabiiti 2009.
  52. ^ Gacaca Court Adjourns Trial...
  53. ^ Sabiiti 2009b.
  54. ^ Gacaca ends leaving Rwandans divided.
  55. ^ Desouter 2007, p. 90.
  56. ^ Sibomana & Guilbert 2008, p. 103.
  57. ^ Lewis 1994.
  58. ^ Catholic Relief Services 2004, p. 33.
  59. ^ Catholic Relief Services 2004, p. 36.
  60. ^ des Forges 2011, p. 188-189.
  61. ^ News from Countries and Dioceses.
  62. ^ Centre Saint Andre.
  63. ^ Tabaro 2013.
  64. ^ Capacity Project Finalizes...
  65. ^ Lack of Personnel alarms at Kabgayi Hospital.

Sources

  • Adekunle, Julius (2007). Culture and Customs of Rwanda. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33177-0. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Blaustein, A. P. Samest; Sigler, Jay Adrian; Beede, Benjamin R. (1977). Independence documents of the world. 2. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-0-379-00795-4. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Briggs, Philip; Booth, Janice (2010-03-16). Rwanda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-84162-306-1. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  • Bujo, Bénézet; Muya, Juvénal Ilunga (2006). African Theology in the 21st Century: The Contribution of the Pioneers. Paulines Publications Africa. ISBN 978-9966-081-57-5. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • "Capacity Project Finalizes Strategic Plans for Nursing and Midwifery Schools in Rwanda". IntraHealth. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • Catholic Relief Services (2004). The CRS Justice Lens Case Studies. Catholic Relief Services. GGKEY:5KGBJSZE2DX. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • "Centre Saint Andre". Kigali Connect. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • de Lame, Danielle (2005). A Hill Among a Thousand: Transformations And Ruptures in Rural Rwanda. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-299-21560-6. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • des Forges, Alison (2011-05-17). Defeat Is the Only Bad News: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-28143-4. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  • Desouter, Serge (May 2007). Rwanda le procès du FPR: Mise au point historique. Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-16303-4. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • "Diocese of Kabgayi Rwanda". GCatholic.org. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  • "Histoire de l'école". Petit Séminaire Saint Léon de Kabgayi. 2012-07-17. Archived from the original on 2013-03-04. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  • "Gacaca Court Adjourns Trial of Catholic Priest to Next Week". Hirondelle News Agency. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • "Gacaca ends leaving Rwandans divided". Umuvugizi. June 21, 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • Guillebaud, Meg (2002). Rwanda: The Land God Forgot? : Revival, Genocide and Hope. Monarch Books. ISBN 978-1-85424-576-2. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Jones, Adam (2013-01-11). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-25980-9. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • "Lack of Personnel alarms at Kabgayi Hospital". Ubuz Mabwacu. 10 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • Lefebvre, Barbara; Ferhadjian, Sophie (2007). Comprendre les génocides du 20e siècle: comparer-enseigner. Rosny-sous-Bois: Editions Bréal. ISBN 978-2-7495-2141-1. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • Lemarchand, René (1977). African Kingships in Perspective: Political Change and Modernization in Monarchial Settings. Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-3027-4. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Lewis, Paul (1 June 1994a). "Vatican Asks U.N. for 'Safe Area' in Rwanda". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Lewis, Paul (June 12, 1994). "June 5–10: New Atrocities in Africa; Three Bishops and 10 Priests Are Slaughtered in Rwanda As Tribal Killings Go On". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  • Lewis, L. A.; Berry, L. (2012-07-26). African Environments and Resources. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-88095-7. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Linden, Ian; Linden, Jan (1977). Church and Revolution in Rwanda. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-0671-5. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  • Mamdani, Mahmood (2001). When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-691-10280-1. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Meierhenrich, Jens (2010). "Through a Glass Darkly". Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  • Melvern, Linda (2000). A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. Zed Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-85649-831-9. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bukavu". GCatholic.org. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  • Morel, Jacques (June 2010). La France Au Coeur du Génocide des Tutsi. MOREL Jacques. p. 1214. ISBN 978-2-84405-242-1. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • Newbury, Catharine (1988). The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860–1960. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06256-5. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • "News from Countries and Dioceses". BICAM-CEBAM. September 2007. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1991). Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-313-26257-9. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • Orr, David (10 June 1994). "Life stirs in Rwandan charnel-house: In Kabgayi, David Orr witnesses a saga of survival amid the immense army of the dead". The Independent. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Overdulve, C. M. (1997). "Lettre Pastorale de Monseigneur Perraudin, Vicaire Apostolique de Kabgayi, pour le Carême de 1959, le 11 février 1959". Rwanda: Un peuple avec une histoire. Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-7384-5292-4. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • Peterson, Scott (2001-08-08). Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda. Routledge. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-203-90290-5. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Preker, Alexander S.; Carrin, Guy (2004). Health Financing for Poor People: Resource Mobilization and Risk Sharing. World Bank Publications. ISBN 978-0-8213-5525-1. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Quaghebeur, Marc; Kalengayi, Bibiane Tshibola (2008-01-01). Aspects de la culture à l'époque coloniale en Afrique centrale. L'Harmattan. p. 94. ISBN 978-2-296-04967-3. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Redekop, Vern Neufeld; Gasana, Oscar (2007). "Implication of Religious Leaders in Mimetic Structures of Violence: The Case of Rwanda" (PDF). Journal of Religion & Society. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • "RWANDA : Rural Poor Need Aid, Pontiff Says". Los Angeles Times. September 9, 1990. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Sabiiti, Daniel (February 12, 2009). "Over 60,000 people were killed at Kabgayi – Report". New Times. Archived from the original on April 18, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • Sabiiti, Daniel (11 September 2009b). "Another muhanga pastor appears before Gacaca". New Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • Sanneh, Lamin Ousman (2010). A New Day: Essays on World Christianity in Honor of Lamin Sanneh. Peter Lang. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-4331-0456-5. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Scherrer, Christian P. (2002). Genocide and Crisis in Central Africa: Conflict Roots, Mass Violence, and Regional War. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97224-0. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
  • Shorter, Aylward (2011-12-01). Les Pères Blancs au temps de la conquête coloniale: Histoire des Missionnaires d'Afrique (1892-1914). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-0575-4. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  • Sibomana, André; Guilbert, Laure (2008). Gardons espoir pour le Rwanda: suivi de enquête sur la mort d'André Sibomana, par Hervé Deguine. Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-04164-6. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  • Tabaro, Jean de la Croix (20 February 2013). "Faith-Based Schools Top Senior Six". The New Times. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • "The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath" (PDF). UNHCR. 1 January 2000. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  • U.S. Department of State (2011). Background Notes: Central Africa, April, 2011. InfoStrategist.com. ISBN 978-1-59243-127-4. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabgayi&oldid=1186116619"