Japanese people in France

Japanese people in France
Japan France
Total population
30,947[1]
Regions with significant populations
Paris[2]
Languages
Japanese, French[3]
Religion
Buddhism, Shinto[4]
Related ethnic groups
Japanese diaspora

Japanese people in France (French: Japonais en France, Japanese: 在フランス日本人 Zai Furansu Nihonjin) are French residents and citizens of Japanese ancestry, including both those who have settled in France permanently and those born in the country, along with a significant community of short-term expatriates who spend at most a few years in the country before moving on.[5]

History

Japanese settlement in France, in contrast to that in Brazil or in the United States, has always consisted of individual sojourners coming to the country for cultural or intellectual reasons rather than economic ones, with little collective mobilisation by the government. Indeed, Japanese leaders of the Meiji period saw France as a symbol of modern civilization, and endeavoured to prevent "men whose respectability and civility they doubted" from settling there.[5]

Before World War I

Grave of Nonaka Motoske (?-1867) in Père Lachaise Cemetery

The flow of individual Japanese expatriates to France began as early as the 1870s. For the most part, they came to France for a few years to experience the intellectual and cultural life there, and then return to Japan; their experiences in France are seen as a form of "cultural capital" which boosts their status back in their home country.[5]

Between the wars

The Japanese expatriate community of the inter-war period is portrayed in Riichi Yokomitsu's novel Ryoshu.[6] The arrival of Japanese expatriates continued at a trickle until the 1930s, when the onset of World War II brought it to a halt.[5]

After World War II

The post-war Japanese migrants to France largely continued to fit into the mold of highly educated individuals; they consisted of journalists, high officials, scholars, and professionals. 73.6% hold university degrees. The number of students, however, has decreased somewhat as compared to the years between World War I and World War II.[3]

Culture

Japanese expatriates in France largely possess mastery of the French language.[3]

There are several Buddhist temples in France which serve the Japanese community. Most are affiliated with the Zen branch of Mahayana Buddhism.[4]

Japanese in France generally "adapt to the French urban landscape", and for the most part avoid public expressions of ethnic identity which might emphasise their separateness from the French.[7] However, elements of Japanese culture have also been added to the French landscape, notably in Paris, where sushi bars and Japanese restaurants are commonly found.

Inter-ethnic relations

At the turn of the 20th century, the French idea of Japonisme initially played a large role in the French treatment of the Japanese expatriates in their midst: they were seen as representatives of an artistic but vacuous culture, exotic, self-absorbed, and non-political. However, Japan's increasing military aggression in Asia leading up to World War II shattered this image, and increased French suspicion of all Asians, including the Japanese.[8]

Japanese in France in the 1990s and 2000s are considered almost "invisible", in contrast to the far more controversial stream of migrants from North Africa.[2]

The French often feel hostility towards Japan as an economic competitor; however, this hostility does not show up in their treatment of Japanese residents of their country.[9] Yatabe's 2001 survey found that 42.5% of Japanese in France feel the French have a favourable attitude towards them, 31.7% indifferent, and only 25.8% feel they are met with hostility. 42.0% of the French people he surveyed feel favourably towards international marriage with Japanese people, 29.1% indifferent, and 24.3% opposed; the number of those opposed is more than double that regarding intermarriage with Americans or people of any European nation, but below that regarding intermarriage with people of any other non-Western country, and notably less than half the number opposed to intermarriage with Algerians.[10] In contrast, however, 52.4% of Japanese in France surveyed feel "unfavourable" or "highly unfavourable" towards the idea of intermarriage with French people.[11]

Aggregated communities

A little under half of the Japanese in France live in Paris, according to 1996 data from the Japanese embassy.[2] The Japanese in Paris live in a variety of areas, with the largest concentrations in the 15th and 16th arrondissements.[12] Unlike other communities of expatriates from Asia, such as the Chinese, social life for the Japanese tends to centre around their company, rather than their neighbourhood of residence. A number of Japanese businesses and restaurants are concentrated in the Opéra District; however, it is largely a commercial neighbourhood, and few Japanese actually live there. Increasingly, many of the restaurants in the area serving Japanese cuisine are run by immigrants from Cambodia, Thailand, or Vietnam, and target a French customer base.[13]

Education

Institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris
class=notpageimage|
Locations of day schools (nihonjin gakko and shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu) in France (grey dots represent closed schools)
Japanese people in France is located in France
Paris
Paris
Colmar
Colmar
Strasbourg
Strasbourg
Grenoble
Grenoble
Lille
Lille
Lyon
Lyon
Marseille
Marseille
Boulogne-Billancourt
Boulogne-Billancourt
Rennes
Rennes
Toulouse
Toulouse
Touraine
Touraine
Nice
Nice
class=notpageimage|
Locations of supplementary schools (hoshū jugyō kō) in Metropolitan France

Institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris, a Japanese international school serving elementary and junior high school levels,[14] is located in Montigny-le-Bretonneux.[15] In addition there were two now-defunct Japanese boarding high schools in France, including the Lycée Seijo in Alsace,[16] before its 2005 closure,[17] and the Lycée Konan near Tours,[16] before its 2013 closure.[18]

There are also part-time Japanese educational programmes in Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, and St. Germain en Laye in the Paris metropolitan area, as well as Bordeaux, Colmar, Grenoble, La Madeleine (near Lille), Labège (near Toulouse), Lyon, Meistratzheim, Marseille, St. Cyr sur Loire, Valbonne (near Nice), and Villeurbanne.[19]

  • École complémentaire japonaise de Bordeaux (ボルドー日本語補習授業校 Borudō Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō)[20]
  • École complémentaire pour l'enseignement japonais à Colmar (コルマール補習授業校 Korumāru Hoshū Jugyō Kō)
  • Japanese Supplementary School in Alsace (French: École complémentaire pour l'enseignement du japonais en Alsace (Strasbourg); German: Japanische Ergänzungsschule im Elsass (Straßburg); Japanese: アルザス補習授業校 Aruzasu Hoshū Jugyō Kō)[21][22]
    • Operated by Association Pour l'Enseignement du Japonais en Alsace (APEJA; アルザス日本語教育協会).[23]
  • École complémentaire des Japonais de Grenoble (グルノーブル補習授業校 Gurunōburu Hoshū Jugyō Kō) - Meylan[24]
  • École japonaise du Nord-Pas-de-Calais (ノール＝パ・ド・カレー日本人学校 Nōsu Pa do Karē Nihonjin Gakkō)[25] - La Madeleine[26] (near Lille)
  • Association pour le développement de la langue et de la culture japonaises (ADLCJ; リヨン補習授業校 Riyon Hoshū Jugyō Kō) Villeurbanne, Greater Lyon) - Formed in 1987[27]
  • École japonaise complémentaire de Marseille (マルセイユ日本語補習授業校 Maruseiyu Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō)[28]
  • École de langue japonaise de Paris (パリ日本語補習校 Pari Nihongo Hoshūkō)[29]
  • Association Éveil Japon (エベイユ学園 Ebeiyu Gakuen) - Boulogne-Billancourt, in the Paris Metropolitan Area[30]
  • École complémentaire japonaise de Rennes (レンヌ補習授業校 Rennu Hoshū Jugyō Kō)
  • École complémentaire japonaise de Toulouse (トゥールーズ補習授業校 Tūrūzu Hoshū Jugyō Kō)[31]
  • École complémentaire japonaise en Touraine (トゥレーヌ補習授業校 Tūrēnu Hoshū Jugyō Kō) - Holds classes for Japanese and Franco-Japanese students at Ecole élémentaire République in Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire. It was established in 1989.[32]
  • École complémentaire japonaise de la Côte d'Azur (コートダジュール補習授業校 Kōtodajūru Hoshū Jugyō Kō) - Valbonne[33] (near Nice)

Special collectivities of France:

  • École japonaise de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (ニューカレドニア日本語補習校 Nyū Karedonia Nihongo Hoshūkō) - Classes held at the Ecole Sacré-Cœur, Nouméa, operated by the Association Japonaise en Nouvelle-Calédonie (ニューカレドニア日本人会 Nyū Karedonia Nihonjinkai).[34]

In addition MEXT lists the Japanese section of the Lycée international de Saint-Germain-en-Laye in Saint-Germain-en-Laye in the Paris area;[35] and the Japanese section (リヨン・ジェルラン補習授業校 Riyon Jeruran Hoshū Jugyō Kō "Lyon Gerland Japanese Supplementary School") of the Cité Scolaire Internationale de Lyon in Lyon, as part-time Japanese schools.[19]

Notable individuals

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "フランス共和国基礎データ", 各国・地域情勢, Japan: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, May 2009, retrieved 2009-10-19
  2. ^ a b c Yatabe 2001, p. 31
  3. ^ a b c Yatabe 2001, p. 35
  4. ^ a b "Japanese Buddhist organisations in Japan", World Buddhist Directory, Buddha Dharma Education Association, 2006, retrieved 2009-03-09
  5. ^ a b c d Yatabe 2001, p. 30
  6. ^ Slaymaker 2003, p. 183
  7. ^ Yatabe 2001, p. 35-36
  8. ^ Slaymaker 2003, p. 187
  9. ^ Yatabe 2001, p. 34
  10. ^ Yatabe 2001, p. 32
  11. ^ Yatabe 2001, p. 33
  12. ^ Dubucs 2008, p. 5
  13. ^ Crampton, Thomas (1995-02-20), "French Are 'Foreign' in Opéra District : A Japanese Haven In Central Paris", International Herald Tribune, retrieved 2008-12-05
  14. ^ Look Japan, Volume 37, Issues 421-432. Look Japan, Limited, 1991. p. 42. "Last year at the Ecole Japonaise in Paris, 563 elementary through junior high school students spent most of the school day speaking their mother tongue, with three hours of classes in French. The Lycée Seijo, a branch of Tokyo's Seijo Gakuen, is one alternative to the Parisian public high schools; another, for Japanese students wishing to mix with their French peers, is Lycée Konan, a branch of Konan Gakuen of Kobe."
  15. ^ Home page. (Archive) Institut culturel franco-japonais. Retrieved on 2 January 2014. "7 rue Jean-Pierre Timbaud 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux FRANCE"
  16. ^ a b Conte-Helm, p. 85.
  17. ^ "Seijo Gakuen closes French campus." (archived from the original) The Japan Times. Sunday February 13, 2005. Retrieved on 2 January 2013.
  18. ^ Home page. (Archive) Lycée Konan. Retrieved on 2 January 2014.
  19. ^ a b "欧州の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）" (Archive). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Retrieved on May 10, 2014.
  20. ^ Home page Archived 2015-02-15 at the Wayback Machine. École complémentaire japonaise de Bordeaux. Retrieved on February 14, 2015.
  21. ^ "アルザス補習授業校（ストラスブール） | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
  22. ^ "アルザス補習授業校 （ストラスブール）". Retrieved 2016-09-02.
  23. ^ "English Home." Japanese Supplementary School in Alsace. Retrieved on January 14, 2018.
  24. ^ "École complémentaire des Japonais (日本語授業補習校)." L'Association franco-japonaise de Grenoble et de l'Isère (グルノーブル･イゼール日仏協会). Thursday October 11, 2007. Retrieved on 31 March 2015.
  25. ^ "学校案内 Archived 2013-06-30 at the Wayback Machine." École japonaise du Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Retrieved on February 14, 2015. "(【文部科学省認定在外教育施設としての名称】ノールパドゥカレー補習授業校)は「1901年7月協会法」のもと、[...]" Even though the school's official name says "日本人学校", it is actually a part-time school.
  26. ^ "Présentation Archived 2013-06-29 at the Wayback Machine." École japonaise du Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Retrieved on February 14, 2015.
  27. ^ Home page. Association pour le développement de la langue et de la culture japonaises. Retrieved on May 12, 2006.
  28. ^ "概要 Qui sommes-nous?" École japonaise complémentaire de Marseille. Retrieved on February 14, 2015.
  29. ^ "お問い合わせ." École de langue japonaise de Paris. Retrieved on February 14, 2015. " 在仏日本人会　AARJF Association amicale des ressortissants japonais en France 在仏日本人会ホームページ 住所：9 Av. Marceau 75116 Paris メトロ：ALMA MARCEAU(9番線)"
  30. ^ "エベイユ学園周辺の地図 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine." Association Eveil Japon. Retrieved on February 14, 2015.
  31. ^ Home page. Association franco-japonaise à Toulouse, école de japonais pour enfant. Retrieved on 31 March 2015.
  32. ^ "Mot de la Présidente." Association Pour l’Enseignement du Japonais en Touraine (APEJT). Retrieved on 11 January 2017.
  33. ^ Home. École complémentaire japonaise de la Côte d'Azur. 19 April 2010. Retrieved on 31 March 2015.
  34. ^ "ニューカレドニア日本語補習校(Ecole Japonaise de la Nouvelle-Calédonie)." Association Japonaise en Nouvelle-Calédonie (ニューカレドニア日本人会 Nyū Karedonia Nihonjinkai). Retrieved on January 14, 2017.
  35. ^ "Introduction." Lycée international Section japonaise. Retrieved on 31 March 2015.

References

  • Conte-Helm, Marie. The Japanese and Europe: Economic and Cultural Encounters (Bloomsbury Academic Collections). A&C Black, December 17, 2013. ISBN 1780939809, 9781780939803.
  • Dubucs, Hadrien (March 2008), "Les pratiques spatiales des migrants japonais dans l'agglomération parisienne, reflets et facteurs d'identités en reconstruction" (PDF), 8ème colloque du groupe "Mobilité Spatiale, Fluidité Sociale", Rennes: Association Internationale des Sociologues de Langue Française, retrieved 2008-12-05
  • Slaymaker, Doug (2003), ""Yokumitsu Riichi and the longing for home in the Japanese imagination of France"", in Lawson, Stephanie (ed.), Europe and the Asia-Pacific: Culture, Identity and Representations of Region, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-29724-0
  • Yatabe, Kazuhiko (2001), ""Objects, City and Wandering: The Invisibility of the Japanese in France"", in Befu, Harumi; Guichard-Anguis, Sylvie (eds.), Globalizing Japan: Ethnography of the Japanese Presence in Asia, Europe, and America, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-28566-7

Further reading

  • Iwazaki, Kumiko (October 2001), "在外日本人のアイデンティティの構造 : 在仏日本人調査結果の分析 (The formation of Japanese identity overseas: Analysis of research results on Japanese people in France)", 日本教育社会学会大会発表要旨集録 (53)
  • Oonishi, Mamoru (April 1984), "在仏日本人の自殺例について: 第38回日本心身医学会関東地方会演題抄録 (About suicides of Japanese people in France: A record of a talk given at the 38th Kanto Regional Conference of the Japanese Association Psychosomatic Medicine)", Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 24 (2), ISSN 0385-0307
  • Watanabe, Shunzo; Koizumi, Akira; Moriyama, Nariakira; Uemoto, Masaharu; Inamura, Hiroshi (March 1984), "在仏日本人の適応現象について: 階層別による検討 (Mal-Adjustment Phenomena of Japanese in France)", Hirosaki Medical Journal, 36 (1), ISSN 0439-1721
  • Yatabe, Kazuhiko (December 1994), "Auto-image et hétéro-image: représentations du Français et du Japonais chez les migrants nippons en France", Mots: Les Langages du Politique, 41 (41): 129–152, doi:10.3406/mots.1994.1928, ISSN 1960-6001, retrieved 2008-12-05
  • Yatabe, Kazuhiko (1995), "Les Japonais en France", in Sabouret, F. (ed.), L'état du Japon, Paris: La Découverte, ISBN 978-2-7071-2509-5

External links

  • (in French) Embassy of Japan
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