Italian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area

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Ethnicity in Toronto
Italian Canadians as percent of population by census subdivision

Toronto has a large Italian Canadian community, with 30.3 per cent of the ethnic Italians in Canada living in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) as of 2021.[1] Toronto is home to the fourth largest population of people of Italian descent after Buenos Aires, São Paulo and New York City, respectively. As of the Canada 2021 Census, there were 468,970 Italian Canadians located in the Greater Toronto Area, with 444,755 located within the Toronto CMA.[1][note 1]

Italian immigration to Toronto started as early as the mid 19th century. By 1860, over a dozen "Soldiers of fortune" and "men of letters" lived in Toronto. Italians arrived in Toronto in large numbers during the early 20th century, first settling in an area then known as The Ward, centred on University Avenue and College Street. By the 1920s, most Italians had moved west of Bathurst Street and the College-Clinton area had emerged as the city's major Little Italy. Italian immigration continued into the post-World War II era, where approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year between the early 1950s and the mid 1960s, many of the men working in the construction industry upon settling. In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery, removing one of the primary incentives for emigration.

As early as 1961, the presence of new immigrants had already started changing Little Italy. Since the 1970s, Italian immigrants from Little Italy moved northward to Corso Italia on St. Clair Avenue West. Later in the 1970s and 80s, Italian immigrants moved to northwestern parts of the city such as Maple Leaf, Pelmo Park-Humberlea and Humber Summit. Subsequent migration followed the pattern of moving further northwest, to suburbs of Toronto, in particular, the York communities of Woodbridge in Vaughan and Nobleton in King, and the Peel community of Bolton in Caledon.

History

Italian immigrants lay cobblestones on King Street in 1903

"Soldiers of fortune" and "men of letters" from Italy immigrated to Toronto prior to the 1850s. Toronto absorbed peddlers and craftspeople from northern Italy until the 1880s. By 1860, 17 Italians lived in Toronto. Additional tradespeople arrived by 1870. After the 1880s many came from northern Italy, with most being from Genoa. The occupations tended to be craftspeople, service tradespeople, and peddlers.[2] Italians arrived in Toronto in large numbers during the early 20th century. Italians first settled in an area then known as The Ward, centred on University Avenue and College Street.[2] By the 1920s, most Italians had moved west of Bathurst Street and the College-Clinton area had emerged as the city's major Little Italy.[2][3] They mainly immigrated to Toronto—increasing from 4,900 Italians in 1911, to 9,000 in 1921, constituting almost two per cent of Toronto's population.[3] Approximately 40,000 Italians came to Canada during the interwar period, predominantly from southern Italy where an economic depression and overpopulation had left many families in poverty.[4]

Italian immigration continued into the post-World War II era, where approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year between the early 1950s and the mid 1960s.[4] By the 1960s, more than 15,000 Italian men worked in Toronto's construction industry, representing one third of all construction workers in the city at that time.[4] 90 per cent of the Italians who immigrated to Canada after World War II remained in Canada, and decades after that period, the community still had fluency in the Italian language.[5] During the 1950s and 1960s, the Italian community shaped Canada's Italian culinary culture as Italian restaurants began to emerge, as well as storefront supermarkets that expanded over time, such as Longo's.[6] In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery, removing one of the primary incentives for emigration.[4]

As early as 1961, the presence of new immigrants had already started changing Little Italy.[7] That year, 15,000 Italians, 12,000 being immigrants, lived in Little Italy (35 per cent of the population), declining to 8,000 in 1971, and further to 3,600 in 1991 (13 per cent of the population).[7] Since the 1970s, Italian immigrants from Little Italy moved northward to Corso Italia on St. Clair Avenue West.[7] One of the largest celebrations on St. Clair Avenue West was when Italy won the 1982 FIFA World Cup, which involved an estimated 300,000 fans, shutting the street down for nearly 20 blocks between Caledonia Road and Oakwood Avenue.[8] In 1981, about 35,000 Italians lived in this area, however, by 1991, had dropped to 20,000.[7] Much of the Italian population subsequently moved to the northwestern part of the city, and by 2001 the North York communities of Maple Leaf,[9] Pelmo Park-Humberlea,[10] and Humber Summit[11] had the highest concentrations of Italian Canadians in the city, with 41.6 per cent, 40.4 per cent and 39.5 per cent respectively, but have been in decline since then.[12][13] Although the character of Toronto's two Italian enclaves (which later also included Palmerston-Little Italy and Corso Italia-Davenport) have several Italian restaurants and bakeries, the demographics of these neighbourhoods have changed drastically with a smaller Italian population than it had originally.

Subsequent migration followed the pattern of moving further northwest, to suburbs of Toronto, in particular, the York communities of Woodbridge in Vaughan and Nobleton in King, and the Peel community of Bolton in Caledon.[12] By 2001, 79,835 Italian Canadians lived in Vaughan, accounting for 44.0 per cent of the population.[14] As the presence of new immigrants significantly bolstered the population, the concentration of Italian Canadians has steadily declined, with 85,030 Italian Canadians accounting for 26.5 per cent of the population in 2021.[15] In 2016, the community of Woodbridge within Vaughan was home to 55,960 of these Italian Canadians, accounting for 53.5 per cent of the population—the largest ever recorded of a Canadian community.[16] In 2021, the concentration of Italian Canadians in Woodbridge decreased to 46.7 per cent,[17] while the concentration increased slightly in the community of Nobleton in King (3,120; 47.6 per cent), 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Woodbrdige, as the community with the largest concentration of Italian Canadians.[18]

Demographics

Ethnicity

As of the 2021 census, 468,970 GTA residents stated they had Italian ancestry, comprising 7.1 percent of the area's population, marking a 8.3 percent decrease from the 511,680 population of the 2016 census.[1] The majority live in Toronto, with 167,460, (six percent of the population), while 145,695 live in York (12 percent of the population) — constituting for almost 70 percent of the GTA's population.

Canadians of Italian ethnicity in the Greater Toronto Area by census division (1991–2006)
Census division Population (1991)[19] % of ethnic population (1991) Population (1996)[20][21] % of ethnic population (1996) Population (2001)[22] % of ethnic population (2001) Population (2006)[23] % of ethnic population (2006)
Toronto 212,665[note 2] 9.4% 203,220[note 3] 8.5% 185,230[note 4] 7.5% 180,660[note 5] 7.3%
York 86,755 17.2% 103,935 17.5% 126,740 17.4% 150,245 16.9%
Peel 67,585 9.2% 78,765 9.2% 85,020 8.6% 93,200 8.1%
Halton 17,440 5.6% 22,900 6.7% 26,345 7.1% 35,525 8.2%
Durham 16,610 4.1% 21,250 4.6% 25,235 5.0% 31,200 5.6%
Greater Toronto Area (total) 401,055 9.1% 430,070 9.3% 448,570 8.9% 490,830 8.9%
Toronto CMA[note 1] 387,655 10.1% 414,310 9.8% 429,380 9.2% 466,155 9.2%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity in the Greater Toronto Area by census division (2011–2021)
Census division Population (2011)[25] % of ethnic population (2011) Population (2016)[26] % of ethnic population (2016) Population (2021)[1] % of ethnic population (2021)
Toronto 177,065[note 6] 6.9% 182,495[note 7] 6.8% 167,460[note 8] 6.1%
York 159,950 15.6% 159,465 14.5% 145,695 12.5%
Peel 89,665 7.0% 88,110 6.4% 76,240 5.3%
Halton 40,495 8.2% 44,695 8.3% 43,970 7.5%
Durham 33,415 5.6% 36,915 5.8% 35,605 5.2%
Greater Toronto Area (total) 500,590 8.4% 511,680 8.1% 468,970 7.1%
Toronto CMA[note 1] 475,090 8.6% 484,360 8.3% 444,755 7.2%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity in the Greater Toronto Area by census subdivision (1991–2006)
Census subdivision Population (1991)[19] % of ethnic population (1991) Population (1996)[20] % of ethnic population (1996) Population (2001)[14] % of ethnic population (2001) Population (2006)[27] % of ethnic population (2006)
Vaughan 51,605 46.3% 60,125 45.4% 79,835 44.0% 91,325 38.4%
Mississauga 42,630 9.2% 47,365 8.7% 48,035 7.9% 49,025 7.4%
Brampton 20,610 8.8% 24,345 9.1% 25,775 8.0% 28,850 6.7%
Richmond Hill 12,705 15.9% 15,765 15.5% 16,360 12.4% 20,830 12.9%
Markham 11,395 7.4% 12,160 7.0% 11,830 5.7% 14,110 5.4%
Oshawa CMA 9,770[note 9] 4.1% 11,675[note 10] 4.4% 13,990[note 11] 4.8% 18,225[note 12] 5.6%
Oakville 7,775 6.8% 10,615 8.3% 12,280 8.6% 15,195 9.2%
Burlington 6,325 4.9% 7,715 5.6% 9,520 6.4% 11,430 7.0%
Caledon 4,345 12.4% 7,055 17.7% 11,215 22.3% 15,330 27.0%
Pickering 3,615 5.3% 4,970 6.3% 5,820 6.7% 6,100 7.0%
King 3,320 18.3% 3,880 21.3% 4,175 22.6% 5,105 26.3%
Newmarket 2,505 5.5% 4,250 7.4% 5,825 9.0% 6,705 9.1%
Ajax 2,380 4.2% 3,370 5.2% 3,990 5.4% 4,805 5.4%
Milton 2,085 6.5% 2,470 7.7% 2,355 7.6% 4,730 8.9%
Aurora 1,915 6.5% 3,605 10.3% 4,030 10.1% 5,455 11.6%
Whitchurch-Stouffville 1,320 7.2% 1,440 7.3% 1,500 6.9% 2,880 12.0%
Halton Hills 1,255 3.4% 2,095 4.9% 2,195 4.6% 4,165 7.5%
Georgina 1,075 3.6% 1,610 4.6% 2,105 5.4% 2,200 5.3%
East Gwillimbury 875 4.8% 1,090 5.5% 1,085 5.4% 1,605 7.8%
Uxbridge 405 2.9% 525 3.3% 660 3.8% 1,100 5.8%
Scugog 360 2.0% 510 2.7% 630 3.2% 675 3.2%
Brock 70 0.6% 300 2.6% 155 1.3% 300 2.6%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity in the Greater Toronto Area by census subdivision (2011–2021)
Census subdivision Population (2011)[28] % of ethnic population (2011) Population (2016)[15] % of ethnic population (2016) Population (2021)[1] % of ethnic population (2021)
Vaughan 94,970 33.2% 94,725[note 13] 31.1% 85,030[note 14] 26.5%
Mississauga 46,101 6.5% 44,840 6.3% 38,075 5.3%
Brampton 27,780 5.3% 25,185 4.3% 20,535 3.2%
Richmond Hill 21,570 11.7% 19,210 9.9% 16,125 8.0%
Oshawa CMA 20,265[note 15] 5.8% 22,870[note 16] 6.1% 22,745[note 17] 5.5%
Oakville 16,970 9.4% 16,900 8.8% 15,315 7.2%
Caledon 15,875 26.9% 18,095[note 18] 27.3% 17,630[note 19] 23.2%
Markham 13,130 4.4% 12,060 3.7% 9,515 2.8%
Burlington 12,755 7.4% 14,235 7.9% 15,545 8.5%
Newmarket 7,880 10.0% 8,045 9.7% 7,405 8.6%
Aurora 6,795 13.0% 6,835 12.5% 6,315 10.3%
Milton 6,530 7.8% 8,345 7.7% 7,620 5.8%
King 6,340 32.1% 8,405[note 20] 34.5% 9,555[note 21] 35.1%
Pickering 6,065 6.9% 5,940 6.5% 5,570 5.7%
Ajax 5,405 5.0% 5,390 4.5% 4,320 3.4%
Whitchurch-Stouffville 4,680 12.6% 5,325 11.7% 5,005 10.1%
Halton Hills 4,245 7.3% 5,215 8.7% 5,490 8.8%
Georgina 2,880 6.7% 2,815 6.3% 3,465 7.4%
East Gwillimbury 1,695 7.7% 2,045 8.7% 3,270 9.6%
Uxbridge 845 4.1% 1,205 5.7% 1,620 7.6%
Scugog 620 2.9% 1,035 4.9% 915 4.3%
Brock 215 1.9% 470 4.1% 425 3.5%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity in the Greater Toronto Area by federal electoral districts (greater than 10,000) (2016–2021)
Riding Population (2016)[15] % of ethnic population (2016) Population (2021)[1] % of ethnic population (2021)
Vaughan—Woodbridge 55,960 53.5% 49,660 46.7%
King—Vaughan 40,955 31.2% 39,040 26.5%
Dufferin—Caledon 22,020 17.3% 22,110 15.6%
Etobicoke Centre 17,545 15.1% 16,515 14.1%
York South—Weston 14,710 12.8% 12,680 11.0%
Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill 14,160 12.4% 11,740 10.0%
York Centre 13,880 13.4% 12,610 11.8%
Humber River—Black Creek 13,800 12.8% 11,335 10.2%
Oakville North—Burlington 12,260 9.6% 12,205 8.3%
Newmarket—Aurora 11,955 10.3% 11,120 8.9%
Davenport 11,875 11.1% N/A N/A
Etobicoke—Lakeshore 11,545 9.1% 12,230 8.7%
Mississauga—Lakeshore 10,565 9.1% N/A N/A
York—Simcoe 10,085 9.9% 13,000 10.6%

Language and immigration

As of 2021, of the 468,970 Italians in the GTA, 89,380 are Italian born immigrants,[34] with 128,420 claiming Italian as their mother tongue.[35]

Italian mother tongue speakers in the Greater Toronto Area by census division (1991–2006)
Census division Population (1991)[36] % of non-official language
mother tongue speakers (1991) 		Population (1996)[37] % of non-official language
mother tongue speakers (1996) 		Population (2001)[38] % of non-official language
mother tongue speakers (2001) 		Population (2006)[39] % of non-official language
mother tongue speakers (2006)
Toronto 115,660 15.4% 114,095 11.5% 99,230 9.0% 85,055 7.3%
York 40,915 32.7% 49,040 25.5% 57,535 20.9% 60,800 15.6%
Peel 26,875 14.9% 31,465 11.4% 30,995 8.4% 30,920 6.1%
Halton 4,600 12.5% 5,835 12.5% 6,050 11.0% 7,120 8.8%
Durham 4,685 12.8% 6,110 12.8% 6,385 11.9% 6,825 9.7%
Greater Toronto Area (total) 192,735 17.7% 206,545 14.7% 200,195 12.2% 190,720 9.5%
Toronto CMA 218,120[40] 17.3% 202,440[40] 13.3% 195,960[41] 10.8% N/A N/A
Italian mother tongue speakers in the Greater Toronto Area by census division (2011–2021)
Census division Population (2011)[42] % of non-official language
mother tongue speakers (2011) 		Population (2016)[43] % of non-official language
mother tongue speakers (2016) 		Population (2021)[35] % of non-official language
mother tongue speakers (2021)
Toronto 71,725 6.2% 62,640 5.3% 50,995 4.4%
York 58,305 12.6% 54,685 10.3% 46,270 8.3%
Peel 27,015 4.7% 24,420 3.9% 19,795 3.0%
Halton 7,215 6.9% 7,060 5.2% 6,150 3.7%
Durham 6,265 8.2% 6,140 6.2% 5,210 4.2%
Greater Toronto Area (total) 183,200 7.7% 154,945 6.2% 128,420 4.8%
Toronto CMA 166,415 7.2% 151,415 6.0% 125,895 4.8%
Italian immigrant population in the Greater Toronto Area by census division (2011–2021)
Census division Population (2011)[25] % of immigrants (2011) Population (2016)[44] % of immigrants (2016) Population (2021)[34] % of immigrants (2021)
Toronto 53,485 4.3% 45,515 3.6% 37,705 2.9%
York 38,100 8.2% 36,040 7.0% 31,305 5.6%
Peel 17,780 2.7% 16,575 2.3% 13,525 1.8%
Durham 3,955 2.6% 3,860 2.6% 3,295 1.8%
Halton 3,780 2.9% 3,785 2.4% 3,550 1.8%
Greater Toronto Area (total) 117,100 4.5% 105,775 3.8% 89,380 3.0%
Toronto CMA[note 22] 115,060 4.5% 103,620 3.8% 87,875 3.1%

Media

Italian newspapers, television, and radio have existed throughout Toronto's history.[5] Son to Italian immigrants, Johnny Lombardi was born in The Ward in 1915, and went on to found one of the first multilingual radio stations in Canada, CHIN in 1966, in Palmerston-Little Italy.[48][49]

Notable residents

The Italian Walk of Fame acknowledges ethnic Italians. It is located in Little Italy.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Unlike the Greater Toronto Area, the Toronto CMA does not include the Halton municipality of Burlington, and some Durham municipalities, those being Scugog and Brock, as well as those within the Oshawa CMA (Oshawa, Whitby, and Clarington). It does, however, include some municipalities outside the Greater Toronto Area, those being the Dufferin County municipalities of Mono and Orangeville, and the Simcoe County municipalities of Bradford West Gwillimbury and New Tecumseth. The Greater Toronto Area, comprises the whole of the Regional Municipality of York, Regional Municipality of Durham, Regional Municipality of Halton, Regional Municipality of Peel and the City of Toronto.
  2. ^ Includes pre-amalgamated Metropolitan Toronto: North York (83,710, 14.9% of total population), Old Toronto (38,960, 6.1% of total population), Etobicoke (36,660, 11.8% of total population), Scarborough (26,160, 5.0% of total population), York (22,795, 16.3% of total population), East York (4,380, 4.3% of total population)
  3. ^ Includes pre-amalgamated Metropolitan Toronto: North York (79,745, 13.5% of total population), Old Toronto (37,295, 5.7% of total population), Etobicoke (35,660, 10.9% of total population), Scarborough (25,045, 4.5% of total population), York (20,365, 13.9% of total population), East York (5,115, 4.7% of total population)
  4. ^ Includes post-amalgamated Metropolitan Toronto. The top concentrations of Italian Canadians in Toronto neighbourhoods: Maple Leaf (41.6%), Pelmo Park-Humberlea (40.4%), Humber Summit (39.5%), Yorkdale-Glen Park (39.3%), Rustic (31.8%), Corso Italia-Davenport (30.2%), Downsview (28.7%), Humber Heights-Westmount (23.8%), Willowridge-Martingrove-Richview (22.8%), Glenfield-Jane Heights (22.1%), Caledonia–Fairbank (20.5%), Thistletown–Beaumond Heights (20.0%), Humbermede (19.9%), York University Heights (18.8%), Briar Hill–Belgravia (18.2%), Keelesdale-Eglinton West (17.9%), Brookhaven-Amesbury (17.2%), Beechborough–Greenbrook (16.5%), Alderwood (14.8%), Kingsview Village (14.5%), Palmerston-Little Italy (14.3%), Elms–Old Rexdale (14.3%), Weston–Pelham Park (13.0%), Humber Valley Village (13.0%), Bathurst Manor (13.0%), Danforth (13.0%), Princess–Rosethorn, Oakwood Village (12.5%), (12.1%), Wychwood (11.7%) Clanton Park (11.5%), Rexdale–Kipling (11.0%), Eringate-Centennial-West Deane (10.6%), Weston (10.3%), Pleasant View (10.0%)[24]
  5. ^ The top concentrations of Italian Canadians in Toronto neighbourhoods: Maple Leaf (44.8%), Humber Summit (34.5%), Pelmo Park-Humberlea (34.2%), Yorkdale-Glen Park (33.6%), Rustic (31.1%), Downsview (30.6%), Corso Italia-Davenport (27.6%), Willowridge-Martingrove-Richview (20.4%), Humber Heights-Westmount (20.4%), Glenfield-Jane Heights (18.5%), Oakwood Village (16.8%), York University Heights (16.7%), Caledonia–Fairbank (16.4%), Thistletown–Beaumond Heights (16.2%), Palmerston-Little Italy (15.5%), Keelesdale-Eglinton West (15.4%), Humber Valley Village (15.0%), Clanton Park (14.9%), Briar Hill–Belgravia (14.8%), Humbermede (14.4%), Brookhaven-Amesbury (14.2%), Weston–Pelham Park (14.0%), Princess–Rosethorn (13.9%), Kingsview Village (13.3%), Elms–Old Rexdale (13.6%), Beechborough–Greenbrook (13.5%), Alderwood (12.8%), Danforth (12.4%), Eringate-Centennial-West Deane (11.8%), Weston (11.5%), Wychwood (11.1%)[24]
  6. ^ The top concentrations of Italian Canadians in Toronto neighbourhoods: Maple Leaf (34.8%), Pelmo Park-Humberlea (34.0%), Humber Summit (30.2%), Yorkdale-Glen Park (28.2%), Downsview (26.3%), Rustic (24.3%), Humber Heights-Westmount (23.2%), Corso Italia-Davenport (19.9%), Willowridge-Martingrove-Richview (19.2%), Oakwood Village (15.6%), Humber Valley Village (15.2%), York University Heights (14.6%), Glenfield-Jane Heights (14.6%), Princess–Rosethorn (14.4%), Kingsview Village (13.8%), Brookhaven-Amesbury (13.4%), Beechborough–Greenbrook (13.3%), Elms–Old Rexdale (12.9%), Thistletown–Beaumond Heights (12.1%), Clanton Park (12.0%), Kingsway South (11.7%), Caledonia–Fairbank (11.4%), Humbermede (11.3%), Palmerston-Little Italy (11.2%), Rexdale–Kipling (11.2%), Briar Hill–Belgravia (11.0%), Bathurst Manor (10.3%)[24]
  7. ^ The top concentrations of Italian Canadians in Toronto neighbourhoods: Maple Leaf (35.2%), Yorkdale-Glen Park (27.4%), Pelmo Park-Humberlea (26.6%), Humber Summit (24.0%), Rustic (22.6%), Downsview (23.4%), Humber Heights-Westmount (21.0%), Corso Italia-Davenport (20.7%), Willowridge-Martingrove-Richview (19.3%), Princess–Rosethorn (17.7%), Humber Valley Village (16.7%), Oakwood Village (14.8%), Glenfield-Jane Heights (14.1%), Caledonia–Fairbank (12.8%), York University Heights (12.5%), Kingsview Village (12.4%), Brookhaven-Amesbury (12.2%), Danforth (12.0%), Palmerston-Little Italy (11.7%), Briar Hill–Belgravia (11.6%), Kingsway South (11.6%), Eringate-Centennial-West Deane (11.5%), Thistletown–Beaumond Heights (11.3%), Bathurst Manor (11.2%), Rexdale–Kipling (10.8%), Clanton Park (10.4%), Humbermede (10.4%), Stonegate–Queensway (10.4%), Weston–Pelham Park (10.1%)[24]
  8. ^ The top concentrations of Italian Canadians in Toronto neighbourhoods: Maple Leaf (30.3%), Yorkdale-Glen Park (23.0%), Downsview (22.3%), Pelmo Park-Humberlea (22.1%), Humber Summit (21.5%), Rustic (21.4%), Humber Heights-Westmount (19.9%), Willowridge-Martingrove-Richview (18.7%), Princess–Rosethorn (17.1%), Corso Italia-Davenport (16.7%), Humber Valley Village (16.6%), Oakdale-Beverley Heights (15.8%), Glenfield-Jane Heights (12.6%), Glenfield-Jane Heights (12.6%), Kingsway South (12.2%), Thistletown–Beaumond Heights (11.8%), Palmerston-Little Italy (11.7%), Alderwood (11.6%), Kingsview Village (10.7%), Oakwood Village (10.7%), Runnymede–Bloor West Village (10.5%), Danforth (10.3%), Eringate-Centennial-West Deane (10.0%), Islington (10.0%)[24]
  9. ^ Includes Oshawa (5,060, 3.9% of total population), Whitby (2,960, 4.8% of total population), and Clarington (1,750, 3.5% of total population).
  10. ^ Includes Oshawa (5,335, 4.0% of total population), Whitby (4,175, 5.7% of total population), and Clarington (2,165, 3.6% of total population).
  11. ^ Includes Oshawa (6,050, 4.3% of total population), Whitby (5,350, 6.2% of total population), and Clarington (2,590, 3.8% of total population).
  12. ^ Includes Oshawa (6,850, 4.9% of total population), Whitby (7,515, 6.8% of total population), and Clarington (3,850, 5.0% of total population).
  13. ^ A location to note within Vaughan, is the community of Woodbridge, which has the single largest concentration of Italian Canadians in Canada (55,960, 53.5% of total population).[16]
  14. ^ A location to note within Vaughan, is the community of Woodbridge (49,660, 46.7% of total population).[17]
  15. ^ Includes Whitby (9,405, 7.5% of total population), Oshawa (7,400, 5.0% of total population), and Clarington (3,825, 4.6% of total population).
  16. ^ Includes Whitby (9,385, 7.4% of total population), Oshawa (8,705, 5.5% of total population), and Clarington (4,775, 5.2% of total population).
  17. ^ Includes Whitby (8,790, 6.4% of total population), Oshawa (8,635, 5.0% of total population), and Clarington (5,320, 5.3% of total population).
  18. ^ A location to note within Caledon, is the population centre of Bolton (11,900, 45.5% of total population).[29]
  19. ^ A location to note within Caledon, is the population centre of Bolton (11,480; 43.4% of total population).[30]
  20. ^ Two locations to note within King, is the population centre of Nobleton (2,170, 46.8% of total population)[31] and the population centre of Schomberg (1,085; 39.5%).[32]
  21. ^ Two locations to note within King, is the population centre of Nobleton, which has the single largest concentration of Italian Canadians in Canada (3,120; 47.6% of total population)[18] and the population centre of Schomberg (810; 31.2%).[33]
  22. ^ 159,225 (12.9%) in 1986;[45] 154,670 (10.5%) in 1991;[45] 146,515 (8.3%) in 1996;[45] 138,995 (6.8%) in 2001;[46] 130,685 (5.6%) in 2006[47]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Statistics Canada. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Zucchi, p. 36.
  3. ^ a b Sturino, Franc (1990). Forging the chain: a case study of Italian migration to North America, 2000-1930. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario. p. 168. ISBN 0-919045-45-6.
  4. ^ a b c d "History - Pier 21". www.pier21.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
  5. ^ a b Stanger-Ross, p. 30.
  6. ^ "Canada's Italian culinary culture". themedium.ca. March 8, 2020. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Jordan Stanger-Ross (2010). Staying Italian: Urban Change and Ethnic Life in Postwar Toronto and Philadelphia (Historical Studies of Urban America). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226770765.
  8. ^ "Historicist: Taking It to the Streets". torontoist.com. June 21, 2014.
  9. ^ "2001 Neighborhood Profile Maple Leaf" (PDF). City of Toronto. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  10. ^ "2001 Neighborhood Profile Pelmo Park-Humberlea" (PDF). City of Toronto. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
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Further reading

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