House of Suren
House of Suren | |
---|---|
Country | Sakastan |
Current head | None, extinct |
Members | Surena, Gregory the Illuminator, Chihor-Vishnasp, Mehr Narseh |
Estate(s) | Sakastan |
Cadet branches | Gondopharids |
House of Suren or Surenas[1][2] (Parthian: šš ššš SurÄn, Middle Persian: š®š„š«š©š) is one of two[c] Parthian noble families explicitly mentioned by name in sources dateable to the Arsacid period.[3]
History
The head of Suren family had the privilege to crown the first Parthian king in the 3rd century BC, which founded a tradition that was continued by his descendants.[4][3][a] Following the 3rd century AD defeat of the Arsacids and the subsequent rise of the Sassanids, the Surenas then switched sides and began to serve the Persians,[5][6] at whose court they were identified as one of the so-called "Parthian clans." The last attested scion of the family was a military commander active in northern China during the 9th century.[7]
It is probable[5] that the Surenas were landowners in Sakastan, that is, in the region between Arachosia and Drangiana in present-day southeast Iran and Southern Afghanistan. The Surenas appear to have governed Sistan (which derives its name from 'Sakastan' and was once a much larger region than the present day province) as their personal fiefdom.[5]
"Ernst Herzfeld maintained that the dynasty of [the Indo-Parthian emperor] Gondophares represented the House of Suren."[8] Other notable members of the family include the 1st century BC cavalry commander Surena, Gregory the Illuminator,[9][10][11] and Chihor-Vishnasp, a 6th-century AD governor of Armenia who attempted to establish Zoroastrianism in that country.[12]
Mehr Narseh, the minister of four Sasanian kings, was from the House of Suren.[13]
References
- ^ Bivar 1983, p.Ā 41.
- ^ Herzfeld 1929, p.Ā 70.
- ^ a b Lukonin 1983, p.Ā 704.
- ^ Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, Sarah Stewart (2007). THE AGE OF THE PARTHIANS. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p.Ā 4. ISBNĀ 978-1-84511-406-0.
- ^ a b c Lendering 2006.
- ^ Frye 1983, p.Ā 130.
- ^ Perikanian 1983, p.Ā 683.
- ^ Bivar 2003 cf. Bivar 1983, p.Ā 51.
- ^ Terian, Patriotism And Piety In Armenian Christianity: The Early Panegyrics On Saint Gregory, p.Ā 106
- ^ Lang, David Marshall (1980). Armenia, cradle of civilization. Allen & Unwin. p.Ā 155. ISBNĀ 9780049560093.
- ^ Russell, James R. (2004). Armenian and Iranian Studies. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University. p.Ā 358. ISBNĀ 9780935411195.
- ^ Frye 1983, p.Ā 159.
- ^ Pourshariati 2008, p.Ā 60
Bibliography
- Bivar, A. D. H. (1983), "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol.Ā 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp.Ā 21ā100
- Bivar, A. D. H. (2003), "Gondophares", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol.Ā 11, Costa Mesa: Mazda
- Frye, R. N. (1983), "The Political History of Iran under the Sassanians", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol.Ā 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp.Ā 116ā181
- Herzfeld, Ernst Emil, ed. (1929), "Das Haus SÅ«rÄn von Sakastan-->", ArchƦologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, vol.Ā I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, pp.Ā 70ā80
- Justi, Ferdinand (1895), "SÅ«rÄn", Iranisches Namenbuch, Leipzig/Marburg: Elwert, pp.Ā 316ā317.
- Lang, David M. (1983), "Iran, Armenia and Georgia", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol.Ā 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp.Ā 505ā537
- Lendering, Jona (2006), Surena, Amsterdam: livius.org
- Lukonin, V. G. (1983), "Political, Social and Administrative Institutions", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol.Ā 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp.Ā 681ā747
- Plutarch, "Marcus Crassus", in Langhorne, John; Langhorne, William, eds. (1934), Plutarch's Lives, London: J. Crissy
- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBNĀ 978-1-84511-645-3.
- Rawlinson, George (1901), The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, vol.Ā 6, London: Dodd, Mead & Company
- Perikanian, A. (1983), "Iranian Society and Law", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol.Ā 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp.Ā 627ā681
- Schippmann, K. (1987), "Arsacid ii: The Arsacid Dynasty", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol.Ā 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp.Ā 525ā536