Second Gonanda dynasty

Gonanda dynasty of Kashmir
(Gonanda dynasty II)
c. 25 CE–c. 625 CE
class=notpageimage|
Heartland of the Gonanda Dynasty around Srinagara, with neighbouring polities, circa 700 CE.[1]
Common languagesSanskrit
Religion
Hinduism
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraPre Classical India
• Established
c. 25 CE
• Disestablished
c. 625 CE
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kushan Empire
Kidarites
Alchon Huns
Karkota Dynasty

The Second Gonanda dynasty (or Restored Gonanda dynasty), was a Kashmiri Hindu dynasty. According to Kalhana, this dynasty ruled Kashmir just before the Karkotas.[2][3]

Sources

Literature

No contemporary literature exists.

The sole mentions are retrieved from the third book of Rajatarangini, an 11th-century work by Kalhana, which aimed to sketch an outline of Kashmir's history since ancient times, and did discuss the Karkota dynasty in depth.[4][5][a] Kalhana claimed to have depended on a variety of sources — earlier historical works, dynastic genealogies, inscriptions, coins and Puranas.[6]

Coinage

Several coins bearing names roughly consistent with the names of the Gonanda rulers — Śrī Meghamah (prob. king Meghavahana), Śrī Pravarasenah (King Pravarasena), Śrī Tuysīna (prob. King Tunjina), and Śrī Toramaņa (Toramana) — have been recently discovered.[7] These coins are quite rare, made of copper, silver, or debased gold, and generally follow Kushan and Kidarite designs.[7]

  • Coinage of Pravarasena, supposed founder of Srinagar. Obverse: Standing Shiva with two figures seated below. Name "Pravarasena". Reverse: goddess seated on a lion. Legend "Kidāra". Circa 6th-early 7th century CE.[7]
    Coinage of Pravarasena, supposed founder of Srinagar. Obverse: Standing Shiva with two figures seated below. Name "Pravarasena". Reverse: goddess seated on a lion. Legend "Kidāra". Circa 6th-early 7th century CE.[7]
  • Coin in the name of Sri Tujina. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.[7] Obverse: King in Kushan style, legend to left: "Sri Tu[jina]". Reverse: goddess on a lotus, legend to left: "Jaya", to right: "Kidara".[8]
    Coin in the name of Sri Tujina. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.[7] Obverse: King in Kushan style, legend to left: "Sri Tu[jina]". Reverse: goddess on a lotus, legend to left: "Jaya", to right: "Kidara".[8]
  • Coin in the name of Śrī Toramaņa (the Kashmir ruler named Toramana).[7]
    Coin in the name of Śrī Toramaņa (the Kashmir ruler named Toramana).[7]

They show on the obverse a standing Shiva figures, variously accompanied by animals or Gana attendants, with the name of the king in the Brahmi script.[7] On the reverse, the Goddess Ardoxsho or Sri Lakshmi appears seated, with a Kidara monogram to left, and Jaya in Brahmi to right.[7]

Accuracy

The third book of the Rajatarangini, the last Gonanda dynasty of Kashmir ruled for about 590 years, until the establishment of the Karkota dynasty.[9] However the chronology is widely deemed to be faulty and on cross-vetting with coins and inscriptions from outside Kashmir, the names of some of the Gonanda rulers are found to roughly correspond with the Alchon Huns, who ruled hundreds of years later than the time-frame assigned by Kalhana.[10][11] In Kalhana's narrative, names of some rulers are reshuffled and/or repeated multiple times across the first and third book, some stories are retrofitted and recycled, some reigns are impossibly long, and some rulers are telescoped into the past.[12]

Coinage of Meghavahana.
Obverse: Shiva Pashupati ("Lord of the Beasts"), making a mudra gesture with right hand and holding filleted trident; behind, a lioness or tiger. Trace of legend Meghana... in Brahmi.
Reverse: Goddess seated facing on lotus, holding lotus in both hand, Kidara monogram to left, Jaya in Brahmi to right.

Establishment

This dynasty was of Kashmiri origin, and around late 400 ce this dynasty was influenced by Kiderites and Alkhon Huns or Huna people,the Huna princes did marriages with members of this dynasty, that's how it was established.according to some theories their founder Meghavahana is a descendent of Great Kushan king Kanishka from maternal line and Huna king Toramana from Paternal line.

Rule

This sections gives a literal description of the content of the third book in Rajatarngini. Efforts by historians to probe into individual kings are mentioned.

Meghavahana

Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great-grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of Gandhara. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 34 years. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a Vaishnavite princess at a Swayamvara in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after San dhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist viharas and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as Sinhala Kingdom, forcing them to abandon animal slaughter.

Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II)

Son of Meghavahana. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 30 years.

Hiranya

Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[13] Kalhana assigns a regnal span of about 30 years.

Toramana

Son of Pravarasena I, Vice-king of Hiranya.[7] Kalhana assigns a regnal span of years.

Matrigupta

According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of Ujjayini defeated the Shakas, and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE).[14] The latter is identified with Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE.[15] Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 4 years and 9 months.

Pravarasena II

Historical evidence suggests that a king named Pravarasena ruled Kashmir in the 6th century CE.[13] According to Kalhana, Pravarasena subdued many other kings, in lands as far as Saurashtra. He restored the rule of Vikramaditya's son Pratapshila (alias Shiladitya), who had been expelled from Ujjain by his enemies. Pratapshila agreed to be a vassal of Pravarasena after initial resistance. He founded a city called Pravarapura, which is identified by later historians as the modern city of Srinagar on the basis topographical details.[16] Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 60 years.

Yudhisthira II

Son of Pravarasena II. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 39 years and 8 months.

Narendraditya I

Son of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 13 years.

Ranaditya I (Tungina III)

Younger brother of Narendraditya. His queen Ranarambha was an incarnation of Bhramaravasini. The Chola king Ratisena had found her among the waves, during an ocean worship ritual. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 300 years.

Vikramaditya

Son of Ranaditya. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 42 years.

Baladitya

Younger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. Baladitya (apparently) had no male heir but a daughter Anaṅgalekhā and did not wish his territory to be annexed by in-laws.[17][9] To avert such a possibility he married her to Durlabhavardhana, a low-caste employee having no royal lineage.[9] However, after Baladitya's death, Durlabhavardhana ascended to the throne with help from a minister, and claimed descent from the mythical Naga king Karkotaka, establishing the Karkota Dynasty.[18][19][20][21][9]

This view is accepted by Witzel.[22] Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 36 years and 8 months.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ At least three other Rajataranginis were composed in medieval Kashmir. They are since-lost.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (f). ISBN 0226742210.
  2. ^ S.R. Bakshi (1997), Kashmir: History and People,p.63
  3. ^ Nagendra Kr Singh (2000), Buddhism in Kashmir, p.115
  4. ^ Siudmak, John (1 January 2013). 1. Historical and Cultural Background of Kashmir Up to 1003 AD. Brill. pp. 11, 16–19, 251, 262. ISBN 978-90-04-24832-8.
  5. ^ Zutshi, Chitralekha (2019). "Kashmir as Sacred Space". Kashmir. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Especially Blessed Landscape/Peripheral Kingdom.
  6. ^ Witzel, Michael (1990). "On Indian Historical Writing: The role of the Vamsavalis". 南アジア研究. 2. Japanese Association for South Asian Studies: 10–11, 30. doi:10.11384/jjasas1989.1990.1.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Cribb, Joe (2016). "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly". Numismatic Digest. 40.
  8. ^ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (PDF). p. 6.
  9. ^ a b c d Stein, Marc Aurel (1900). Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir. Westminster: Archibald Constable. pp. 86–97, 136, 142 (Introduction), 120–185 (The Rajatarangini of Kalahana: Fourth Book).
  10. ^ Siudmak, John (5 April 2013). The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences. ISBN 978-9004248328.
  11. ^ Cribb, Joe (2016). "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly". Numismatic Digest. 40. Numismatic Society of Bombay: 98.
  12. ^ Dezső, Csaba (2020). "X.1.3: The Kashmir Secular Tradition". In Balogh, Daniel (ed.). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Groningen: Barkhuis. pp. 296–308. ISBN 9789493194014.
  13. ^ a b Stein 1979, pp. 65.
  14. ^ D. C. Sircar (1969). Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 111. ISBN 978-8121503488. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016.
  15. ^ Stein 1979, pp. 66.
  16. ^ Stein 1989, pp. 439–441.
  17. ^ Rangachari, Devika (1 April 2002). "Kalhana's Rājataranginī: A Gender Perspective1". The Medieval History Journal. 5 (1): 46, 48. doi:10.1177/097194580200500103. ISSN 0971-9458. S2CID 144377502.
  18. ^ SEN, TANSEN (2004). "Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitā-Ditya's Ascendancy over the Southern Hindukush Region". Journal of Asian History. 38 (2): 141–162. ISSN 0021-910X. JSTOR 41933381.
  19. ^ Zutshi, Chitralekha (2019). "Kashmir as Sacred Space". Kashmir. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Aryavarta.
  20. ^ Pal, Sayantani (2016), "Karkota dynasty of Kashmir", The Encyclopedia of Empire, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–2, doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe049, ISBN 978-1-118-45507-4, retrieved 18 March 2021
  21. ^ Witzel, Michael (September 1991). "THE BRAHMINS OF KASHMIR" (PDF). pp. 24–28.
  22. ^ Witzel, Michael (2016). "Kashmiri Brahmins under the Karkota, Utpala and Lohara Dynasties, 625-1101 CE". In Franco, Eli; Ratié, Isabelle (eds.). Around Abhinavagupta: Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century. Leipziger Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte Süd- und Zentralasiens. Münster, Germany. pp. 609–643. ISBN 978-3-643-90697-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Works cited

  • Stein, Marc Aurel (1979) [1900]. "Chronological and Dynastic Tables of Kalhana's Record of Kasmir Kings". Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir. Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass.
  • Stein, Marc Aurel (1989). Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0370-1.
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