Gülen movement

Gülen movement
Gülen hareketi
Also known as
Leaders
CountryTurkey, United States, Canada, Finland, Sweden, European Union
Headquartersİzmir, Turkey (1969–1999)
Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania, United States (1999–present)
Active regionsWorldwide
IdeologyGülenism
SizeFormerly 200,000 to 4 million,
presently unknown.
Designated as a terrorist group by GCC
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation OIC
 Turkey
Northern Cyprus
 Pakistan
Websitefgulen.com
gulenmovement.com

The Gülen movement (Turkish: Gülen hareketi), or Hizmet movement (Turkish: Hizmet hareketi), or Fethullah Gülen movement (Turkish: Fethullah Gülen hareketi), referred to by its participants as Hizmet ("service") or Cemaat ("community") and since 2016[1] by the Government of Turkey as FETÖ ("Fethullahist Terror Organization", Turkish: Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü), is an Islamist fraternal movement led by Fethullah Gülen, a Muslim scholar and preacher who has been living in the United States since 1999.[2][3] The movement is designated as a terrorist organization by Turkey,[4] Pakistan, Northern Cyprus,[5] and the Gulf Cooperation Council.[6] Owing to the outlawed status of the Gülen movement in Turkey, some observers refer to the movement's Turkish Muslim volunteers as effectively a sub-sect of Sunni Islam;[7][8][9] these volunteers generally hold their religious tenets as generically Turkish Sunni Islam.

A U.S.-based umbrella foundation which is affiliated with the movement is the Alliance for Shared Values. The movement has attracted supporters and drawn the attention of critics in Turkey, Central Asia, and other parts of the world. It is active in education and operates private schools and universities in over 180 countries. It has initiated forums for interfaith dialogue. It has substantial investments in media, finance, and for-profit health clinics.[10][11] Despite its teachings which are considered conservative in Turkey, some have praised the movement as a pacifist, modern-oriented version of Islam, and an alternative to more extreme schools of Islam such as Salafism.[12] But it has also been reported as having a "cultish hierarchy"[13] and as being a secretive Islamic sect.[14][15]

The Gülen movement is a former ally of the Turkish Justice and Development Party (AKP). When the AKP came to power in 2002 the two formed a tactical alliance against military tutelage and the Turkish secular elite, despite their differences.[16][17] It was through this alliance that the AKP accomplished an unprecedented feat in Turkish republican history by securing national electoral victories sufficient to form three consecutive majority governments in 2002, 2007, and 2011. The Gülen movement gained influence in the Turkish police force and the judiciary during its alliance with conservative President Erdoğan, which saw hundreds of Gülen supporters appointed to positions within the Turkish government.[18] Once the old establishment was defeated around 2010 to 2011 disagreements emerged between the AKP and the Gülen movement. The first breaking point was the so-called ″MIT crisis″ of February 2012; this was also interpreted as a power struggle between pro-Gülen police and judiciary and the AKP.[19][20][21] After the 2013 corruption investigations in Turkey into alleged corrupt practices of several bureaucrats, ministers, mayors, and family members of the ruling AKP of Turkey,[22][23] President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan blamed the movement for initiating[24] the investigations as a result of a break in previously friendly relations.[25] President Erdoğan said Gülen attempted to overthrow the Turkish government through a judicial coup by the use of corruption investigations and seized the group-owned newspaper (Zaman— one of the most circulated newspapers in Turkey before the seizure[26]) and several companies that have ties with the group.

Since May 2016, the Gülen movement has been classified as a terrorist organization by Turkey under the assigned names Fethullahist Terrorist Organization (Turkish: Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü) (FETÖ) and Parallel State Structure (Turkish: Paralel Devlet Yapılanması) (PDY).[27] After the failed coup attempt in 2016, the government of Turkey blamed the group for the coup and authorities have arrested thousands of soldiers and judges.[28][29][30] Over ten thousand education staff were suspended and the licenses of over 20,000 teachers working at private institutions were revoked for stated affiliation to Gülen.[31][32] Fethullah Gülen condemned the coup and denied any involvement.[33][34]

Description and membership

The movement states that it is based on moral values and advocacy of universal access to education, civil society, tolerance and peace. The emphasis among participants is to perform "service" (also the meaning of the Turkish word "hizmet") as arising from individuals' personal commitments to righteous imperatives. Along with hizmet, the movement, which has no official name, is termed the Gülen movement or cemaat (the latter also used to describe participants in Sufi orders, meaning "congregation," "community," or "assembly.") The movement has been characterized as a "moderate blend of Islam".[35][36] Gülen and the Gülen movement are technology-friendly, work within current market and commerce structures, and are savvy users of modern communications and public relations.[37] In 2008, Gülen was described as "the modern face of the Sufi Ottoman tradition", who reassures his followers, including many members of "Turkey's aspirational middle class", that "they can combine the statist-nationalist beliefs of Atatürk’s republic with a traditional but flexible Islamic faith" and "Ottoman traditions that had been caricatured as theocratic by Atatürk and his 'Kemalist' heirs".[37]

In the early 2000s, the Gülen movement was seen as keeping a distance from established Islamic political parties.[38]

Sources state that the Gülen movement is vying to be recognized as the world's leading Muslim network, one that is more reasonable than many of its rivals.[39] The movement builds on the activities of Gülen, who has won praise from non-Muslim quarters for his advocacy of science, interfaith dialogue, and multi-party democracy. It has earned praise as "the world's most global movement".[40]

"It is impossible to calculate the size of the Gülen movement" since the movement is not a centralized or formal organization with membership rosters, but rather a set of numerous, loosely organized networks of people inspired by Gülen.[41] Estimates of the size of the movement vary, with one source stating that between 200,000 supporters and 4 million people are influenced by Gülen's ideas (1997 Tempo estimate),[42] and another stating that Gülen has "hundreds of thousands of supporters".[43] The membership of the movement consists primarily of students, teachers, businessmen, academics, journalists and other professionals.[11] Its members have founded schools, universities, an employers' association, charities, real estate trusts, student organizations, radio and television stations, and newspapers.[43]

The movement's structure has been described as a flexible organizational network.[44] Movement schools and businesses organize locally and link themselves into informal networks.[45] Akin to Turkey's Sufi tariqas (lay religious orders), banned in Turkey in 1925,[46] The movement skirted Kemalist Turkey's prohibitions against assembling in non-state sponsored religious meetings. (As a young man, future President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan belonged to the Naqshbandi tariqa, then technically banned in Turkey.[47])

Each local Gülen movement school and community has a person designated its "informal" (in the sense of not being Turkish state-sponsored) prayer leader (imam). In the Gülen movement, this individual is a layman who serves for a stint within this volunteer position. His identity is kept confidential, generally only purposely made known to those with close connections to those participating in decision-making and coordinating councils within the local group. Above a grouping of such "secret" (not-publicly-acknowledged) imams is another such volunteer leader. This relationship tree continues on up the ladder to the nation-level imam and to individuals who consult with Gülen himself.[48] (These individuals closest to Gülen, having degrees from theology schools, are offhandedly referred to within the movement as mullahs.[49]) Gülen's position, as described in the foregoing, is analogous to that of a shaykh (master) of a Sufi tariqa. Unlike with traditional tariqas, no-one makes pledges of any sort, upon joining the Gülen movement; one becomes a movement participant simply by working with others to promote and effect the movement's objectives of education and service.[50]

The Gülen movement works within the given structures of modern secular states; it encourages affiliated members to maximize the opportunities those countries afford rather than engaging in subversive activities.[51] In the words of the leader himself and the title of a cornerstone of his philosophy, Gülen promotes "an Ottoman Empire of the Mind".[52]

Detractors of the movement "have labeled Gülen community members as secretive missionaries, while those in the Movement and sympathetic observers class it as a civil society organization".[53]

Critics have complained that members of the Gülen movement are overly compliant with the directions from its leaders,[54] and Gülen's "movement is generally perceived by its critics as a religio-political cult".[55] The Guardian editorial board described the movement in 2013 as having "some of the characteristics of a cult or of an Islamic Opus Dei".[56]

Scholars such as Simon Robinson disagree with the characterization, writing that although "[t]here is no doubt that Gülen remains a charismatic leader and that members of the movement hold him in the highest respect", the movement "differs markedly from a cult in several ways", with Gülen stressing "the primacy of the scriptures" and "the imperative of service" and consistently avoiding "attempts to institutionalize power, to perceive him as the source of all truth, or to view him as taking responsibility for the movement".[57] Zeki Saritoprak says that the view of Gülen as "a cult leader or a man with ambitions" is mistaken, and contends that Gülen should be viewed in the context of a long line of Sufi masters who have long been a center of attention "for their admirers and followers, both historically and currently".[58]

Beginning in 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement's activities in the Netherlands in response to questions from Parliament. The first two investigations, performed by the AIVD, concluded that the movement did not form a breeding ground for radicalism and found no indications that the movement worked against integration or that it was involved in terrorism or religious radicalization. A further academic study sketched a portrait of a socially conservative, inwardly directed movement with an opaque organizational structure, but said that its members tend to be highly successful in society and thus form no threat to integration.[59]

Hizmet-affiliated foundations and businesses were estimated as worth $20-to-$50 billion in 2015.[60]

Socio-economic activities

Schools

The movement is active in education (kindergarten–university) as well in civic opportunities in other areas such as interfaith dialogue, humanitarian aid, media, finance, and health.[10] Most Gülen Movement schools are private. By 2017, it was estimated 1.2 million Turks had passed through Hizmet schools (including Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan's son in-law, Berat Albayrak);[61] and its educational footprint extends to over 160 countries. In 2009, it was estimated that members of the Gülen Movement ran schools around the world in which more than two million students were enrolled.[62] Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely; it appears there are about 300 Gülen Movement schools in Turkey and over 1,000 schools worldwide.[63][64]

Beyond the borders of Turkey, many Gülen schools can be found in countries with large populations of people of Turkish descent. Gülen schools in predominantly non-Turkish Muslim countries provide families with an alternative to madrasa education.

Gülen schools have received both criticism and praise.[65]

In June 2021, the Turkish-Kyrgyz educator and the head of the Sapat educational network in Kyrgyzstan, Orhan Inandi, went missing from the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek, leading to mass protests. Inandi, 53, had lived in Kyrgyzstan since 1995, and holds dual Turkish-Kyrgyz citizenship.[66] One month later, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said on July 5 that Turkish intelligence agents had abducted Inandi, accusing him of being “a top Central Asian leader” of the Gülen movement led by U.S.-based Turkish cleric Fethullah Gülen.[67] Kyrgyz officials have denied claims they colluded with Turkish intelligence to abduct a Turkish-Kyrgyz educator who disappeared from Bishkek.[66]

Charter schools in the United States

In 2011, it was estimated that over 120 charter schools in the United States in 25 states were operated by participants of the Gülen movement.[68][69] The largest numbers of such schools were in Texas (60 schools, Harmony schools, run by the Cosmos Foundation); Ohio (19 schools, known as Horizon Science Academies and operated by Concept Schools Inc.); and California (14 schools, operated by the Magnolia Foundation).[69] The Philadelphia Inquirer reported at the time that Gülen schools were one of the largest users of H1B visas, receiving approval for 684 such visas in 2009.[69] The Inquirer reported that the FBI, Labor Department, and Education Department were investigating whether some charter school employees employed via H1B visas misused funds by kicking back a portion of their salaries to movement groups.[69] The investigation had no tie to terrorism, and there was "no indication the American charter network has a religious agenda in the classroom".[69]

A 60 Minutes episode profiled Gülen movement-operated charter schools in the U.S. in May 2012.[70] The profile estimated that there were about 130 affiliated schools nationwide, with about 36 Harmony Schools in Texas, serving "mostly underprivileged students" and all emphasizing math and science.[70] The episode said that the schools generally received high marks for the quality of education, but also said that Gülen's reclusive nature "invites conspiracy theories that he's running Turkey from the Poconos and is bent on global Muslim domination" and that "[o]ne statement involves immigration fraud: that the schools are providing work visas for hundreds of Gülen followers from Turkey."[70]

Professor Joshua Hendrick of Loyola University Maryland, who studies the movement, said that Gülen himself "does not have a direct hand in operating" the charter schools,[71] and it was reported that Gülen has never visited the schools.[70] The Harmony Schools in Texas do not teach religion, and the charter network says that some 7.8% of its teachers are non-Americans.[71]

The Wall Street Journal reported in 2016 that around 150 U.S. charter schools were tied to the Gülen movement, "ranging from networks in Texas, Illinois and Florida to stand-alone academies in Maryland".[71] The Journal stated that like other charter schools "blacks and Hispanics in underserved neighborhoods" made up the majority of the student body, with common themes including "an emphasis on math and science education, Turkish language classes and sponsored trips to Turkey".[71] Hendrick said that in the upheaval following the 2016 Turkish coup attempt, proposed new charter schools and charters up for renewal "that are run by Turkish-Americans and are said to be connected with the cleric" could run into increased opposition, as the Turkish government has sought "to bring down Mr. Gülen through U.S. charter schools they claim are connected to him".[71]

Dialogue

Gülen and Pope John Paul II

The movement's avowal of interfaith dialogue grew out of Gülen's personal engagement in interfaith dialogue, largely inspired by the example of one of his influences, Said Nursi. Gülen has met with leaders of other religions, including Pope John Paul II, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron.[72] Gülen advocates cooperation between followers of different religions as well as those practicing different forms of Islam (such as Sunnism or Alevism).

Gülen's call for interfaith dialogue has influenced three generations of movement followers.[65]

Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the World that promote interfaith and intercultural dialogue activities. Among these are the Journalists and Writers Foundation in Istanbul, the Rumi Forum in Washington and the Indialogue Foundation in New Delhi.

Media

Movement participants have set up a number of media organizations to promote its core values such as love, tolerance, hope, dialogue, activism, mutual acceptance and respect. These media organs include TV stations (Samanyolu TV, Samanyolu Haber TV, Mehtap TV), (Ebru TV) (English), the newspapers Zaman, Today's Zaman (English), magazines and journals in Turkish like Aksiyon, Sızıntı,[73] Yeni Ümit, Çağlayan,[74] The Fountain Magazine (English),[75] Hira (Arabic), The International Cihan News Agency and the radio station Burç FM [tr].

Humanitarian aid

The movement runs charity and humanitarian aid organizations which are transnationally active. The leading one among them is the Istanbul-based Kimse Yok Mu Association (KYM). KYM organizes charity campaigns to help those in need in different parts of the world. Like any other activities of the Gülen-movement, KYM runs local projects responding to specific needs. KYM holds UN Ecosoc Special status.

Another charity organization Embrace Relief was established in New Jersey and is active in America, Asia and Africa.[76]

Professional associations

While being both praised and criticized for being market friendly, the Gülen movement has established various professional associations and business networks. Among them Istanbul based TUSKON is the major non-profit business confederation which aims to promote economic solutions as well as social and political ones. Another one called TUCSIAD is based in China, in addition to DTIK's Asia-Pacific Group which supports the Gülen movement outside of Turkey in China, hoping to influence Turkish politics from the outside.

Criticism

Fethullah Gülen's and the Gülen movement's views and practices have been discussed in international conferences. In October 2007, in London a conference was sponsored by the University of Birmingham, the Dialogue Society, the Irish School of Ecumenics, Leeds Metropolitan University, the London Middle East Institute, the Middle East Institute and the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.[77] Niagara Foundation of Chicago, together with several academic institutions, organized "The Gülen Movement: Paradigms, Projects and Aspirations" conference, which was held at University of Chicago on 11–13 November 2010.[78]

In 2017, German magazine Der Spiegel called the movement a "secretive and dangerous cult" while calling Gülen a suspicious individual. Saying, "the movement calls itself a tolerant service movement, while those who have left the movement call it a secretive Islamist organization with Fethullah Gülen as its leader". The article said pupils attending the "cults" schools in Germany were under immense pressure from their abi's (tutors) who were telling them which books to read, which movies to watch, which friends to meet and whether to see their families or not. While the abi's were keeping a protocol of all those staying in the cult's dormitories.[79]

Der Spiegel also criticized the movement regarding its activities towards freedom of the press. Despite Gülen emphasizing how much he cares of the freedom of the press in interviews, the movement launched a campaign towards the newspaper in 2012, after an article was written regarding the "cult", in which about 2000 readers wrote letters of complaint to the press council, all of which were alike each other, and which were all rejected. Der Spiegel said the movement distorted events, threatened those who spoke against it, and accused Der Spiegel of having ties to the Turkish mafia. While Gareth Jenkins of The Sunday Times said, despite portraying itself as a peaceful educational movement, the Gülen organization never hesitates using anti-democratic and anti-liberal methods.[79]

The Süddeutsche Zeitung quoted a German lawyer calling the organization "more powerful than the Illuminati" and "not transparent as opposed to the claims", and reported that the organization tried to reorganize in Swabia region of Germany.[80]

Bombing of Şemdinli Bookstore, 2005

On November 9, 2005, a bookstore was bombed in Şemdinli. The Prosecutor of the case, Ferhat Sarıkaya, prepared a criminal indictment in which Turkey's Commander of Land Forces Yaşar Büyükanıt was accused of forming a gang and plotting the bombing. A decade later, prosecutor Sarıkaya confessed that he was ordered by Gülenists to include General Yaşar Büyükanıt into the criminal indictment, in order to prevent his promotion in the army (Chief of General Staff) and to ease the grip on Gülenist structures within the army.[81]

The defendants Ali Kaya and Özcan İldeniz and the confessor Veysel Ateş are acquitted of this bombing after 18 years on December 20, 2021.[82]

Assassination of Hrant Dink, 2007

Allegations have been made about the role of the Gülen movement in the assassination of journalist Hrant Dink in Istanbul. Hakan Bakırcıoglu, one of Hrant Dink's lawyers, said in an interview with Deutsche Welle that the underaged perpetrator, Ogün Samast, had help from third parties, including people connected to the Istanbul and Trabzon police forces.[83]

Four prosecutors in the trial have been dismissed from their posts due to their ties with the movement, and for failing to make progress with the case. Furthermore, police commissioners Ramazan Akyürek and Ali Fuat Yılmazer were accused of not sharing their foreknowledge of the attack with the prosecutors, gendarmarie, or the intelligence services despite being briefed of a planned assassination several times.[84]

Ergenekon trials, Sledgehammer trial, 2008

According to investigative journalist Nedim Şener, the Gülen movement used the assassination of Hrant Dink, the assassination of priest Andrea Santoro, the Zirve Publishing House murders as well as other events, to create an atmosphere and illusion of a clandestine Kemalist ultra-nationalist organization holding responsible for these misdeeds.[85] With the start of the Ergenekon trials, this alleged organization was called "Ergenekon terrorist organization". The Gülenist media, in particular Taraf, Zaman and Samanyolu Haber TV, were instrumental in shaping the public opinion during these operations. In these court cases, military officials, parliamentarians and journalists were accused of plotting a violent coup to oust the government. It later turned out that these cases were based on fabricated evidence, and that most such fabrications were produced by the Gülenists in the police.[86] In 2011, Nedim Şener was included to the Ergenekon trials for being member of Ergenekon and subsequently was arrested and held in pre-trial detention.[87]

Redesigning of Turkish political landscape

Members of the Gülen movement inside the intelligence agency were accused of reshaping Turkish politics to a more "workable form" by leaking secretly filmed sex tapes and corruption tapes of both government members and opposition members, with the resignation of main opposition leader Deniz Baykal in 2010 as one of the most notable example. Politicians with no recorded scandalous behavior are believed to be killed like the Great Union Party leader Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu, who died in a helicopter crash in 2009.[88]

Assassination of Andrei Karlov

Turkish officials declared the Gülen movement to be responsible for the assassination of Russian ambassador Andrei Karlov, while Russian officials accused the shooter of aiming to damage Russia–Turkey relations[89][90] that had been normalizing since the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.[91][92][93][94] Gulen described the killing as a “heinous act of terror” that pointed to a deterioration of security in Turkey.[95]

Collaboration with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)

Since 2013 Gülen movement has been accused by the Turkish Government of collaborating with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[96] In 2014 the movement reportedly conducted several meetings with the PKK, in parts of Northern Iraq under PKK control.[97] In 2015, Turkish Government said the movement had leaked the identity of 329 Turkish Gendermarie informants to the PKK. Who were then executed by the PKK.[98]

On 15 April 2016, during the Kurdish–Turkish conflict Gülen movement member Brigadier General Ali Osman Gürcan deliberately sent 17 soldiers to a house that was packed with IEDs according to the testimony of his companions. Which led to the death of a police officer and wounding of eight soldiers. The house was marked on a map with the code 'P368' for IED's, which Gürcan erased from the map. Leading to a brawl that led to his companions calling him a "traitor".[99] Gürcan later participated in 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt under the Peace at Home Council. He was arrested after the coups failure and charged with life imprisonment.[100]

Designation as a terrorist group

Gülen movement is deemed a designated terrorist group by the following countries and international organizations:

Northern Cyprus, recognised only by Turkey and considered by the international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus, also designated the Gülen movement as a terrorist organization in July 2016.

In 2017, according to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and to the British Parliament's Foreign Affairs Select Committee there was no "evidence to justify the designation of the Gülenists as a terrorist organisation by the UK".[103] The same year, Gilles de Kerchove, EU Counter-terrorism Coordinator, said that the European Union didn't see the Gülen movement as a terrorist organisation and that the EU would need "substantive" evidence to change its stance.[104] In 2018, in a conference with Turkish President Erdogan, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said that Germany needed more evidence to classify the Gülen movement as a terrorist organization.[105]

Political involvement

According to academic researcher Svante E. Cornell, director of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, "With only slight exaggeration, the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) as well as the government it has led could be termed a coalition of religious orders."[106] "[...T]he Gülen movement stayed away from electoral politics, focusing instead on increasing its presence in the state bureaucracy. The Hizmet movement’s stated success in this regard would initially make it Erdoğan’s main partner, but also his eventual nemesis."[107]

2002–2013 collaboration with the AKP

From 2002 to 2013, the Gülen movement comprehensively collaborated with the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in obtaining political power in Turkey.[108]

Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement's possible involvement in the ongoing Ergenekon investigation,[109] which critics have characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.[110] In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, including Ahmet Şık, who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" (The Imam's Army),[111] which states that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şık was taken into police custody, he shouted, "Whoever touches it [the movement] gets burned!".[112] Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şık has also been charged with being part of the stated Ergenekon plot, despite being an investigator of the plot before his arrest.[113]

In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from the Gülen movement newspaper Today's Zaman, said Ahmet Şık was not being an investigative journalist conducting "independent research", but was hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself".[114]

According to Gareth H. Jenkins, a Senior Fellow of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Joint Center at Johns Hopkins University:

From the outset, the pro-AKP media, particularly the newspapers and television channels run by the Gülen Movement such as Zaman, Today's Zaman and Samanyolu TV, have vigorously supported the Ergenekon investigation. This has included the illegal publication of "evidence" collected by the investigators before it has been presented in court, misrepresentations and distortions of the content of the indictments and smear campaigns against both the accused and anyone who questions the conduct of the investigations. There have long been allegations that not only the media coverage but also the Ergenekon investigation itself is being run by Gülen's supporters. In August 2010, Hanefi Avcı, a right-wing police chief who had once been sympathetic to the Gülen Movement, published a book in which he alleged that a network of Gülen's supporters in the police were manipulating judicial processes and fixing internal appointments and promotions. On September 28, 2010, two days before he was due to give a press conference to present documentary evidence to support his allegations, Avcı was arrested and charged with membership of an extremist leftist organization. On March 14, 2011, Avcı was also formally charged with being a member of the alleged Ergenekon gang.[109]

The Gülen movement has also been implicated in what the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) – and after 2013 also President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan – have said were illegal court decisions against members of the Turkish military, including many during the Ergenekon investigation.[115]

2013 AKP corruption scandal

On 17 December 2013, an investigation into stated corrupt practices by several bureaucrats, ministers, mayors, and family members of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) of Turkey was uncovered, resulting in widespread protests and calls for the resignation of the government led by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[22][23] Due to the high level of political influence by the Gülen movement in Turkey, it is rumored to be facilitated by the movement's influence on the Turkish police force and the judiciary,[24] the investigation was said to be a result of a break in previously friendly relations between the Islamist-rooted government and the movement.[25]

President Erdoğan and the AKP (the ruling party of Turkey) have targeted the movement since December 2013. Immediately after the corruption statements, the government subjugated the judiciary, media and civil society which were critical of the government's authoritarian trend in recent years.[116][117][118] After the corruption statements surfaced, Erdogan labelled it as a "civilian coup" against his government. Since then, Erdogan has shuffled, dismissed or jailed hundreds of police officers, judges, prosecutors and journalists in the name of fighting against a "Parallel State" within the Turkish state.

Crackdown against the Gülen movement from 2014

On 14 December 2014, Turkish police arrested more than two dozen senior journalists and media executives connected with the Gülen movement on various charges.

A statement by the US State Department cautioned Turkey not to violate its "own democratic foundations" while drawing attention to raids against media outlets "openly critical of the current Turkish government".[119][120]

EU Foreign Affairs chief Federica Mogherini and EU Enlargement Commissioner Johannes Hahn said that the arrests went "against European values" and "are incompatible with the freedom of media, which is a core principle of democracy".[121]

On 20 January 2015, Turkish police launched raids in Ankara and three other cities, detaining some 20 people suspected of illegally eavesdropping on President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and other senior officials. The suspects are linked to Turkey's telecommunications authority and to its scientific and technological research center TUBITAK. Local media said the move was aimed at the "parallel structure" — the term Erdogan uses to refer to Gülen's supporters in the judiciary, police and other institutions.[122]

The Turkish government took over the Gülenist Zaman Daily, on 4 March 2016. Turkish police entered the Zaman's headquarters by force and fired tear gas at the protesting journalists and civilians. Hundreds of protestors were injured.[123][124] In his efforts to eradicate the movement within the country the Turkish National Security Council has identified the movement as the "Gülenist Terror Organisation" ("Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü", FETÖ).[125] The government has also been targeting individuals and businessmen who have supported the movement's organizations and activities.

Purge of movement in Turkey after July 2016

In reaction to the 15 July 2016 coup attempt, led by a military faction operating outside the chain of command, the Turkish government quickly stated the coup's leader to be Gülen. In following days and weeks, a massive crackdown affected all entities affiliated to the Gülen movements, from individuals to businesses, newspapers to schools and universities.[126]

Following the assassination of Andrey Karlov, the Turkish government was reportedly investigating the assassin's links to the "Gülenist Terrorist Organisation" (FETÖ); in a speech, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that the perpetrator was a member of FETÖ.[127][128]

Prosecutions; extraditions to Turkey; political asylums granted

Since the 2016 coup attempt, authorities arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens and closed more than 1,500 nongovernmental organizations, primarily for alleged ties to the Gülen movement.[129]

In 2018, approximately 25,000 Turkish asylum requests were filed by alleged Gülenists in the European Union (a rise of 50% from 2017), with Germany's share 10,000 and Greece's about 5,000.[130] Within the U.S., according to news reports, a number of Gülenists successfully receiving political asylum status are resettled in New Jersey.[131]

In 2019 it was reported that Interpol had denied Turkey's appeals of the agency's rejections of Turkey's red notice requests regarding 464 fugitives, citing Interpol's legal definition of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt as not terrorism but a failed military putsch.[132]

As of 2020, Turkey had successfully pressured a number of countries, especially those in Africa and the former Soviet Union, to extradite over 80 alleged Gülenists to Turkey.[133][134]

Some of the Gulenists were also kidnapped abroad -allegedly- by MİT (Turkish Intelligence Service) and brought to Turkey. Turkish officials claimed that Turkey was involved in more than 100 international Gulenist abductions. Turkish former Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu confirmed that 104 Gülenists from 21 countries were abducted and brought back to Turkey.[135] Former Deputy Foreign Minister Yavuz Selim Kiran stated that this happened to more than 100 Gülenists.[136] 68 of these abductions are publicly known. The number of abductions and the countries are: Azerbaijan (8),[137][138] Bahrain (1), Bulgaria (1), Gabon (3),[139] Indonesia (1), Kazahkstan (2), Kenya (1),[140] Kosovo (6),[141] Kyrgistan (1),[142] Lebanon (1), Malaysia (11), Moldova (7),[143] Myanmar (1), Pakistan (4), Saudi Arabia (16), Sudan (1), Ukraine (3).[144]

Among Turkish citizens within Turkey convicted for alleged memberships in the Gülen movement are Turkey's honorary president of Amnesty International, Taner Kilic, and Amnesty's Turkish branch, Idil Eser, in July 2020.[145]

Timeline

  • 1941 – Fethullah Gülen was born in the village of Korucuk in the Pasinler district of Erzurum, Turkey.
  • 1950s – Gülen's first meeting with people from the Nur Movement[146]
  • 1960 – death of Said Nursî[147]
  • 1979 – Science journal Sızıntı begins publication[148]
  • 1982 – First "Gülen school" opens.[149]
  • 1986 – Zaman, a daily newspaper in Turkey,[150] begins publication, later becoming one of Turkey's top selling newspapers
  • 1993 – A television channel opened in Turkey, Samanyolu TV.
  • 1994 – The (Turkish) Journalists and Writers Foundation (Gazeteciler ve Yazarlar Vakfi) established, with Gülen as honorary president[151]
  • 1998 – Gülen meets with Pope John Paul II in the Vatican[152][153]
  • 1999 – Gülen went to the United States because of the accusations in Turkey and many lawsuits filed against him and his health problems. Gülen currently resides in Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania.[22]
  • 2004 – Establishment of Niagara Foundation[154]
  • 2004 – Establishment of Kimse Yok Mu (Is Anybody There?), a charitable organization;[155] 2010, receives "special" NGO status with United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.[156]
  • 2005 – Establishment of TUSKON (Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists)[157]
  • 2007 – A news channel was opened in Turkey, Samanyolu Haber TV.
  • 2012 – Journalists and Writers Foundation (Gazeteciler ve Yazarlar Vakfi) receives "general consultative status" as a Non-Governmental Organization of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations.[158]

Further information

  • M Hakan Yavuz & Bayram Balci (2018). Turkey's July 15th Coup: What Happened and Why. Utah Series in Middle East Studies. University of Utah Press. ISBN 9781607816065.
  • What Went Wrong with Turkey? (bi-monthly journal of interfaith dialogue, intercultural studies, art, and history). Engl. lang. Clifton, New Jersey: Blue Dome Press (affiliated with the Hizmet movement). 2017. ASIN B0032FPQKE.
  • Faruk Mercan (2017). No Return from Democracy: A Survey of Interviews with Fethullah Gulen. Blue Dome Press. ISBN 978-1682060179.
  • M. Hakan Yavuz (2013). Toward an Islamic Enlightenment: The Gülen Movement. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199927999.
  • Asli Aydıntaşbaş (September 2016). "The good, the bad and the Gülenists: The Role of the Gulen Movement in Turkey's Coup Attempt". European Council on Foreign Relations. ecfr.eu. ISBN 978-1-910118-88-7.
  • David Tittensor (2014). The House of Service: The Gülen Movement and Islam's Third Way. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199336418.
  • Timur Tinçurl (26 November 2017). "Gülen movement: Creating an elite to lead the state". D+C Development and Cooperation.
  • Timur Tinç (27 December 2017). "Creating an elite to lead the state: The Gulen movement in Turkey". Qantara.de.
  • Mustafa Akyol (7 December 2017). "Gulenists Speak Out at Last". Al-Monitor. - a review of former Hizmet participants' scholarly commentary about the movement
  • Nick Ashdown (28 February 2018). "Loathed, hunted down, Gülen Movement finished in Turkey". Ahval.
  • Ali Moore (31 October 2019). "The rise, fall and future of Turkey's Gülen movement" (audio of roundtable discussion with academics David Tittensor & Tezcan Gümüş at University of Melbourne's Asia Institute). Jakarta Post.

References

  1. ^ "Country Policy and Information Note Turkey: Gülenism" (PDF).
  2. ^ Adam Taylor (18 December 2013). "Fethullah Gülen's Pennsylvania Home - Business Insider". Business Insider.
  3. ^ "What is FETO?". What is FETO?.
  4. ^ a b "Turkey officially designates Gulen religious group as terrorists". Reuters. 31 May 2016 – via www.reuters.com.
  5. ^ a b "'FETÖ, KKTC'de de terör örgütleri listesine eklendi'". dunya.com (in Turkish). 17 August 2016.
  6. ^ a b "GCC declare Gulen group a 'terrorist organisation'". 14 October 2016.
  7. ^ "Turkey Sentences 24 Journalists to Prison, Claiming Terrorism Ties". The New York Times. 9 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  8. ^ "Over half a million suspected Gülenists investigated since coup | Ahval". Ahval. Ahvalnews.com. 16 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  9. ^ Kenneth Rapoza. "In Sunni 'Cult' Fight, Turkey Guns For America's Richest And Most Politically Connected Cleric". Forbes.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  10. ^ a b "The Turkish exception: Gallipoli, Gülen, and capitalism". Australia's ABC. Radio National. 31 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  11. ^ a b White, Jenny Barbara (1 January 2002). Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: A Study in Vernacular Politics. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295982236 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ "The Gulenists fight back". The Economist. 18 May 2013.
  13. ^ Akyol, Mustafa (22 July 2016). "Who Was Behind the Coup Attempt in Turkey?". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  14. ^ "Most Turks believe a secretive Muslim sect was behind the failed coup". The Economist. 28 July 2016.
  15. ^ "Altruistic Society or Sect? The Shadowy World of the Islamic Gülen Movement". Spiegel Online. 8 August 2012.
  16. ^ "Turkey to add Gülen movement to list of terror groups: President". Hurriyet Daily News. 27 May 2016.
  17. ^ "EU expresses concern over declaration of Gülen movement as terrorist without due process". Turkish Minute. 3 June 2016.
  18. ^ "Turkey as a model of democracy and Islam". 30 May 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  19. ^ Halil M. Karaveli: The Coalition Crumbles: Erdogan, the Gülenists, and Turkish Democracy, The Turkey Analyst, vol. 5, no. 4, Feb. 20, 2012
  20. ^ Sebnem Arsu: Intelligence Chief Must Testify, nytimes.com, Feb. 10, 2012
  21. ^ Turkey Feels Sway of Reclusive Cleric in the U.S., nytimes.com, April 24, 2012
  22. ^ a b c "Turkey: Erdogan faces new protests over corruption scandal". Digital Journal. 28 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  23. ^ a b "İstanbul'da yolsuzluk ve rüşvet operasyonu" [Corruption and bribery operation in Istanbul]. 17 December 2013.
  24. ^ a b "Profile: Fethullah Gulen's Hizmet movement". BBC News. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  25. ^ a b "The Gulen movement: a self-exiled imam challenges Turkey's Erdoğan". The Christian Science Monitor. 29 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  26. ^ "BPA Audit Figures Reveal Turkish Newspaper As Having One of the Largest Subscriber Bases in Europe". ClickPress. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  27. ^ "Turkey officially designates Gulen religious group as terrorists". Reuters. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  28. ^ "Turkey: Mass arrests after coup bid quashed, says PM – BBC News". BBC News. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  29. ^ "Turkey's top judicial board HSYK orders detention of 2,745 Gülen-linked judges over coup attempt". Daily Sabah. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  30. ^ Sheena McKenzie; Ray Sanchez. "Turkey coup attempt: Erdogan rounds up suspected plotters". CNN.
  31. ^ "Turkey coup: Purge widens to education sector". BBC News. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  32. ^ "US to help Turkey investigate failed coup attempt by FETÖ". DailySabah. 16 July 2016.
  33. ^ "194 killed in quashed Gülenist coup attempt: Military". Hürriyet Daily News. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  34. ^ Saul, Stephanie (16 July 2016). "An exiled cleric denies playing a leading role in coup attempt". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  35. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (4 May 2008). "Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam". The New York Times.
  36. ^ "Interview with Sabrina Tavernise, World View Podcasts, New York Times, May 4, 2008".
  37. ^ a b Masood, Ehsan (July 2008). "A modern Ottoman". Prospect. No. 148.
  38. ^ Henry, Clement M.; Wilson, Rodney (2004). The politics of Islamic Finance. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0748618378.
  39. ^ "How far they have travelled". The Economist. 6 March 2008.
  40. ^ "Turkish schools World's most global movement, says sociologist". Archived from the original on 19 December 2013.
  41. ^ Helen Rose Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam (Springer, 2009), p. 46.
  42. ^ Aras, Bulent; Caha, Omer (December 2000). "Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement". Middle East Review of International Affairs. 4 (4).
  43. ^ a b Morris, Chris (1 September 2000). "Turkey accuses popular Islamist of plot against state". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  44. ^ Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist
  45. ^ Miller, Kevin Jr. "Islam in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (The Nurcu Movement and the Hizb ut Tahrir)". Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  46. ^ "Sufism in Turkey | Religious Literacy Project". Rlp.hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  47. ^ Atlas, Jonas (8 December 2016). "Media and Mysticism: Erdoğan vs. Gülen – Re-visioning Religion". Medium. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  48. ^ Arakon, Maya (11 April 2018). "The 'ally' to 'enemy # 1': Gülen Movement (1) | Ahval". Ahval. Ahvalnews.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  49. ^ Bacık, Gökhan (18 May 2018). "The Intellectual Crisis of the Gülen Movement | Ahval". Ahval.
  50. ^ Gülen, Fethullah. "Is the Gülen Movement a Sufi tariqa? - Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site". fgulen.com.
  51. ^ "Gulen Inspires Muslims Worldwide". Forbes. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  52. ^ fgulen.com. "An Ottoman Empire of the Mind - Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site".
  53. ^ David Tittensor, The House of Service: The Gulen Movement and Islam's Third Way (Oxford University Press, 2014) p. 172.
  54. ^ Infra note, Berlinski 2012
  55. ^ Bulent Temel, Candidacy versus Membership: Is Turkey the Greatest Beneficiary of the European Union" in The Great Catalyst: European Union Project and Lessons from Greece and Turkey (ed. Bülent Temel: Lexington, 2014), p. 375.
  56. ^ "Turkey: up from the depths". The Guardian. 27 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  57. ^ Simon Robinson, "Building Bridges: Gulen Pontifex" in Hizmet Means Service: Perspectives on an Alternative Path within Islam (ed. Martin E. Marty: University of California Press, 2015), p. 78.
  58. ^ Zeki Saritoprak, "Muslim Perception of Fethullah Gulen and the Hizmet Movement: Accommodating or Hindering Modern Turkey?" in Alternative Islamic Discourses and Religious (eds. Carool Kersten & Susanne Olsson: Ashgate, 2013), p. 70.
  59. ^ Bahara, Hassan (21 March 2014). "Vormt de Gülen-beweging een bedreiging voor de integratie?". De Groene Amsterdammer. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  60. ^ Rapoza, Kenneth (20 December 2015). "In Sunni 'Cult' Fight, Turkey Guns For America's Richest And Most Politically Connected Cleric". Forbes. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  61. ^ "Inside the secretive religious movement that is being blamed for Turkey's attempted coup". The Los Angeles Times. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  62. ^ "Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt". Newsweek. 16 May 2009.
  63. ^ "Turkish Islamic preacher – threat or benefactor?", Reuters, 14 May 2008
  64. ^ Turkish Schools, Turko kullari, archived from the original on 6 October 2014, retrieved 15 June 2009
  65. ^ a b "Interfaith Voices: Fethullah Gülen".
  66. ^ a b "Kyrgyz Officials Deny Role In Kidnapping Of Educator By Turkish Intelligence". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  67. ^ "Erdogan boasts of abduction of Turkish-born Kyrgyz educator Orhon Inandi". www.intellinews.com. 6 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  68. ^ Stephanie Saul (6 June 2011). "Charter Schools Tied to Turkey's Gulen Movement Grow in Texas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  69. ^ a b c d e "U.S. charter-school network with Turkish link draws federal attention". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 20 March 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  70. ^ a b c d Stahl, Lesley (13 May 2012). "U.S. charter schools tied to powerful Turkish imam". 60 Minutes. CBS News. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  71. ^ a b c d e Strum, Beckie (19 July 2016). "Gulen Movement's Charter Schools May Be Caught Up in Turkey-U.S. Standoff". The Wall Street Journal.
  72. ^ Unal, Ali (1 October 2000). Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen. Fountain Pub. ISBN 978-0970437013.
  73. ^ Günter Seufert (January 2014). "Is the Fethullah Gülen Movement Overstretching Itself?" (Research Paper). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  74. ^ "Çağlayan Dergisi". Çağlayan Dergisi. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  75. ^ "The Fountain Magazine". Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  76. ^ "Embrace Relief". Embrace Relief. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  77. ^ "Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Contributions of the Gülen Movement". En.fgulen.com. 27 October 2007. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  78. ^ "The International Conference on The Gulen Movement, Chicago 2010". Niagara Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  79. ^ a b "Spiegel, sonunda FETÖ'yü çözdü" [Spiegel finally solved FETO]. Sabah. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  80. ^ Zeitung, Süddeutsche. "Augsburg: Das Gülen-Netzwerk weitet sich aus" [Augsburg: The Gülen network is expanding]. Süddeutsche.de (in German). Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  81. ^ "Gülenist prosecutor's confession a sigh of relief for former top Turkish soldier - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 3 August 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  82. ^ "Semdinli Bombers are Acquitted". Artı Gerçek. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  83. ^ Duran, Aram Ekin (19 January 2017). "Clues pointing to the Gulen network in the Hrant Dink murder case?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  84. ^ Günday, Selahattin (9 December 2015). "Hrant Dink iddianamesi 5: Yol verilen cinayet..." [Hrant Dink indictment 5: Murder on the way...]. Al Jazeera Turk. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  85. ^ Paksoy, Yunus (6 August 2016). "Journalist Nedim Şener framed by FETÖ: Used by CIA as intelligence agency, FETÖ surely behind coup attempt". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  86. ^ "Fetullah Gülen and FETÖ" (PDF). Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  87. ^ "Turkey: ten writers and journalists arrested". Human Rights House Foundation. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  88. ^ Şener, Nedim (6 November 2019). "Nedim Şener'den Ahmet Altan'a balyoz tepkisi: Bildiğin ne varsa anlat" [Sledgehammer reaction from Nedim Şener to Ahmet Altan: Tell me everything you know]. Gazeteciler (Interview). Interviewed by Cuma Obuz. Istanbul, Turkey: Gazeteciler. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  89. ^ Osborne, Samuel. "Vladimir Putin says killing of Russian ambassador designed to spoil Russian-Turkish ties Putin orders security at Russian embassies around the world to be stepped up". The Independent. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  90. ^ Osborn, Andrew (19 December 2016). "Putin says Turkey ambassador murder is ploy to wreck Syrian peace process". Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  91. ^ "Five sentenced to life in Turkey for Russian envoy's murder". France 24. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  92. ^ "Trial Begins Over Alleged Plot Behind Assassination Of Russian Envoy In Turkey". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  93. ^ "Prosecutors seek life sentence for defendants in Russian ambassador's killing". Hürriyet Daily News. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  94. ^ Borger, Julian (19 December 2016). "Why killing of Russian diplomat may well bring Turkey and Russia closer". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  95. ^ "Gulen condemns the killing". Reuters. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  96. ^ "Öcalan, Gülen'e selam söyledi" [Öcalan said hello to Gülen]. Hürriyet. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  97. ^ Şimşek, Abdurrahman; Ünlü, Ferhat (29 October 2015). "PKK-Paralel Yapı arası ihanet ortaklığı" [Betrayal partnership between PKK and Parallel Structure]. Sabah. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  98. ^ "Muhbir ihaneti: 329 jandarma muhbiri deşifre oldu" [Informant betrayal: 329 gendarmerie informants deciphered]. Haber 7. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  99. ^ "FETÖ'cü hain askerleri bile bile ölüme göndermiş" [(S)he deliberately sent FETO's treacherous soldiers to their deaths.]. Sabah. 19 September 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  100. ^ "Sözde 'yurtta sulh konseyi' üyesi Ali Osman Gürcan'ın cezası belli oldu" [The sentence of Ali Osman Gürcan, a member of the so-called 'Peace at Home Council', has been announced.]. Aksam. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  101. ^ "Organization of Islamic Cooperation declares FETÖ a terrorist group". DailySabah. 19 October 2016.
  102. ^ "OIC lists Gulen network as 'terror group'". 19 October 2016.
  103. ^ Repression or recovery? UK's relations with Turkey, Parliament.uk, 25 March 2017
  104. ^ EU says needs concrete evidence from Turkey to deem Gulen network as terrorist, Tulay Karadeniz, Tuvan Gumrukcu, November 30th 2017, Reuters
  105. ^ Germany needs more evidence to declare Gulen movement illegal: Merkel, Reuters
  106. ^ Eşiyok, Dicle (13 July 2019). "Secret Diyanet report gauges threat posed by Turkey's Islamists". Ahval. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  107. ^ Cornell, Svante E. "The Naqshbandi-Khalidi Order and Political Islam in Turkey - by Svante E. Cornell". hudson.org. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  108. ^ "AKP's problematic relations with Gülen". Hurriyet Daily News. 17 July 2017.
  109. ^ a b "Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program". Silkroadstudies.org. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  110. ^ Cagaptay, Soner. "Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt".
  111. ^ Turkish authorities launch raids to censor book before publication in the Guardian of 5 April 2011; accessed on 11 April 2011
  112. ^ Arsu, Şebnem (3 March 2011). "7 More Journalists Detained in Turkey". The New York Times.
  113. ^ Details can be found in English on the site of the Democratic Turkey Forum; accessed on 5 April 2001. In the footnotes to translated passages of the book you can find other works on the subject.
  114. ^ The alleged terrorist network is the Ergenekon organization; see Article of 29 March 2011 Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 5 April 2011
  115. ^ Arango, Tim (26 February 2014). "Turkish Leader Disowns Trials That Helped Him Tame Military". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2014. In 2005, years before the trials, a man affiliated with the Gulen movement approached Eric S. Edelman, then the American ambassador, at a party in Istanbul and handed him an envelope containing a handwritten document that supposedly laid out a plan for an imminent coup. But as Edelman recounted, he gave the documents to his colleagues and they were determined to be forgeries.
  116. ^ "Erdogan's new sultanate". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  117. ^ "Under Erdogan, Turkey is moving away from democracy". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  118. ^ Akkoc, Raziye (17 March 2016). "Where did it all go wrong for Turkey?". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  119. ^ "In Turkey, police arrest journalists and executives". CNN. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  120. ^ "Court rules for release of Zaman chief editor, Samanyolu manager arrested". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  121. ^ "Turkey media arrests: Mogherini leads EU criticism". BBC. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  122. ^ "Turkey arrests dozens suspected of eavesdropping on president". Aljazeera. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  123. ^ "Turkey: Zaman newspaper taken over as government steamrolls press freedom". amnesty.org. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  124. ^ Timur, Safak; Arango, Tim (4 March 2016). "Turkey Seizes Newspaper, Zaman, as Press Crackdown Continues". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  125. ^ "Turkey challenged by terror in 2015". TRT World (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  126. ^ Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi (26 February 2019). "An alternative reading of religion and authoritarianism: the new logic between religion and state in the AKP's New Turkey" (PDF). Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 19: 79–98. doi:10.1080/14683857.2019.1576370. ISSN 1468-3857. S2CID 159047564.
  127. ^ "Who was the Ankara assassin?". ABC News. 20 December 2016.
  128. ^ "Erdoğan resmen açıkladı: Suikastçı FETÖ mensubu" [Erdoğan officially announces: Assassin is FETÖ member]. Milliyet Haber. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  129. ^ "2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey". United States Department of State.
  130. ^ Dartford, Katy (22 November 2019). "Greece: A safe haven for Turks threatened over Gülen movement links". euronews.
  131. ^ Adely, Hannan (17 October 2019). "Labeled terrorists in their homeland, hundreds of Turks seek asylum in New Jersey". USA Today.
  132. ^ "Turkey poised to rescind Fethullah Gülen's citizenship". Ahval. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  133. ^ Strobel, Warren P. (13 November 2019). "Turkey Gathered Information in the U.S. Against Its Critics". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  134. ^ Lepeska, David (15 February 2020). "Broken Gülen movement faces existential crisis". Ahval. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  135. ^ "2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  136. ^ "Abductions of Gulenists by Turkish state". Hurriyet. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  137. ^ "Turkish officials abducted a Gulenist from Azerbaijan". AA. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  138. ^ "Ozdemir vs. Azerbaijan". LawEuro. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  139. ^ "Gabon handed over 3 detained educators to Turkey". Stockholm Center for Freedom. 8 April 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  140. ^ "Nephew of Gulen seized". BBC. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  141. ^ "Turkey abducts Erdogan opponents in Kosovo". Deutsche Welle. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  142. ^ "Orhan Inandi abducted from Kyrgistan". BBC. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  143. ^ "Moldova deported 7 Gulenists". Amnesty International. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  144. ^ "Abductions in Turkey Today" (PDF). Turkey Tribunal. July 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  145. ^ "In Turkey, Twitter is the enemy of the people". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  146. ^ Unal & Williams, Ali & Alphonse, ed. (2000). Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen. Fairfax, VA: The Fountain. p. 15.
  147. ^ Ian Markham, Engaging with Bediuzzaman Said Nursi: A Model of Interfaith Dialogue, p 4. ISBN 0754669319
  148. ^ "Son Karakol" [The Last Outpost]. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010.
  149. ^ ""100 soruda Fethullah Gülen ve Hareketi"" [Gulen and its movement in 100 questions]. HaberTurk. 16 April 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  150. ^ "Tiraj" [circulation]. Medyatava. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  151. ^ Fuchs Ebaugh, Helen Rose (2009). The Gulen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam. Springer. p. 89.
  152. ^ Salih, Yucel (December 2013). "Muslim-Christian Dialogue: Nostra Aetated and Fethullah Gulen's Philosophy of Dialogue". Australian eJournal of Theology: 200.
  153. ^ Michel S.J., Thomas (October–December 2007). ""Fethullah Gulen and Pope John Paul II: "Two Frontrunners for Peace"". Dialogue Asia-Pacific (14): 6–8.
  154. ^ Niagara Foundation. "History Niagara Foundation". Niagara Foundation. The Niagara Foundation was created in 2004 by a group of Turkish-American businessmen and educators in order to realize the vision of their spiritual leader, Fethullah Gulen, himself a Turkish Muslim scholar and poet, as well as an educational and humanitarian activist. Today the Niagara Foundation is active in nine Midwestern states with 22 branches.
  155. ^ Michel, S.J., Thomas. "Fighting Poverty with Kimse Yok Mu". Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site.
  156. ^ "United Nations Search results for CSos". esango.un.org.
  157. ^ "Hakkında" [About]. TUSKON. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  158. ^ "List of non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council as of 1 September 2013" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Council. 3 October 2013. p. 3.

External links

  • "Expulsions, pushbacks and extraditions: Turkey's war on dissent extends to Europe: The Gülenists, dubbed by Turkey as FETO, the Fethullahist Terror Organization, are being purged on a massive scale. Those who have been accused include scientists, schoolteachers, policemen and journalists" (broadcast with transcript). The World. Public Radio International. 23 July 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gülen_movement&oldid=1215898458"