Fyrby Runestone

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The Fyrby Runestone, which is designated as Sö 56 in the Rundata catalog, is a Viking Age memorial runestone located in Fyrby, which is about 15 kilometers south of Flen, Södermanland County, Sweden, and in the historic province of Södermanland.

Description

The runic inscription on the Fyrby Runestone consists of runic text within a band that curves along the face of the north side of a granite boulder that is two meters in height. The runic inscription is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK. RAK is the classification for the oldest style where the ends of the runic bands are straight and there are no animal designs. The inscription is considered somewhat enigmatic due to its use of the pronoun "I" at the beginning of the runic text, which might even refer to the stone itself speaking to the reader.^[1] This runestone is notable for its reference to Midgard ("Middle Earth"), which was one of the nine worlds of Norse cosmology and the home of humans. The period that Anne-Sofie Gräslund [sv] proposed ^[2] for the RAK style was 990-1010 AD.

The runic text indicates that the inscription is a memorial to a father from his two sons which also boasts of the skills of the sons in rune-making,^[1] claiming that the brothers were the most skilled in runes in Miðgarði or "Middle Earth". One personal name in the inscription contains the name of the Norse pagan god Freyr as a theophoric name element. The father's name, Freysteinn, means "Freyr's Stone."^[3] In addition, the Hár or "High" in the name Hásteinn, which means "High Stone", may refer to the byname Hár of the god Odin.^[4] The names in the Fyrby Runestone inscription also reflect a common practice of that time in Scandinavia of repeating an element in a parent's name in the names of the children.^[5] Here the steinn from the father's name, Freystein, is repeated in the names of the two sons, Hásteinn and Holmsteinn, to show the family relationship. The statement that the sons placed stafa marga or "many staffs" in memory of their father may refer to the staves of the runes in the text.^[6] Two other inscriptions, DR 40 in Randbøl and Sm 16 in Nöbbele, make explicit use of the word "staff" to refer to runes.^[6] Other inscriptions which use the word in reference to the raising of a staff as a monument include Sö 196 in Kolsundet, Vs 1 in Stora Ryttern, U 226 in Bällsta, the now-lost U 332 in Vreta, and the now-lost U 849 in Balingsta.^[6]

Inscription

Old East Norse reading

A reading of the Fyrby runestone's text in Old East Norse.

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The first line is the runes, the second a transliteration of the runes into Latin characters. Next are two transcriptions: the first in Old West Norse, the second in Old East Norse.

ᛁᛅᚴ

iak

Ek

Iak

᛫

·

ᚢᛅᛁᛏ

uait

veit

væit

᛬

:

ᚼᛅᛋᛏᛅᛁᚾ

hastain

Hástein

Hastæin

᛬

:

ᚦᛅ

þa

þá

þa

᛬

:

ᚼᚢᛚᛘᛋᛏᛅᛁᚾ

hulmstain

Holmstein

Holmstæin

᛬

:

ᛒᚱᚢᚦᚱ

bryþr

brœðr

brøðr

᛫

·

ᛘᛂᚾᚱ

menr

menn

mænnr

᛬

:

ᚱᚢᚾᛅᛋᛏᛅ

rynasta

rýnasta

rynasta

᛬

:

ᛅ

a

á

a

᛬

:

ᛘᛁᚦᚴᛅᚱᚦᛁ

miþkarþi

Miðgarði,

᛬

:

ᛋᛂᛏᚢ

setu

settu

sattu

᛬

:

ᛋᛏᛅᛁᚾ

stain

stein

stæin

᛬

:

ᛅᚢᚴ

auk

ok

᛬

:

ᛋᛏᛅᚠᛅ

stafa

᛬

:

ᛘᛅᚱᚵᛅ

marga

¶

ᛂᚠᛐᛁᛦ

eftiʀ

eptir

æftiʀ

᛫

·

ᚠᚱᛅᚤᛋᛏᛅᛁᚾ

fraystain

Freystein,

Frøystæin,

᛬

·

ᚠᛅᚦᚢᚱ

faþur

fǫður

faður

᛫

·

ᛋᛁᚾ

sin

sinn.

^[7]

I know Hásteinn and Holmsteinn, the most rune-skilled brothers in Middle Earth, placed many a stone and staff in memory of Freysteinn, their father. ^[7]

Alliterative verse

It has been noted that the inscription on the Fyrby Runestone can be read as an alliterative verse, specifically in fornyrðislag metre:^[1]

Iak væit Hāstæin
þā Holmstæin brø̄ðr
mænnr rȳnasta
ā Miðgarði,
sattu stæin
ok stafa marga
æftiʀ Frøystæin,
faður sinn.^[7]

I know the brothers, Hásteinn
and Holmsteinn,
the most rune-skilled men
in Middle Earth,
placed the stone
and many rune-staves
in memory of Freysteinn
their father

References

^ a b c Jesch, Judith (1998). "Still Standing in Ågersta: Textuality and Literacy in Late Viking-Age Rune Stone Inscriptions". In Hoops, Johannes; et al. (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 462–475. ISBN 3-11-015455-2. p. 471-472.
^ Gräslund, Anne-Sofie (2006), "Dating the Swedish Viking-Age Rune Stones on Stylistic Grounds", Runes and Their Secrets: Studies in Runology, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, pp. 117–140, ISBN 87-635-0428-6
^ Grimm, Jacob (1888). Teutonic Mythology. Vol. 4. Translated by Stallybrass, James Steven. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 1355.
^ Cleasby, Richard; Vigfússon, Guðbrandur (1878). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. pp. 243–244.
^ Peterson, Lena (2002). "Developments of Personal Names from Ancient Nordic to Old Nordic". In Bandle, Oskar; Elmevik, Lennart; et al. (eds.). The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 745–753. ISBN 3-11-014876-5. p. 750.
^ a b c Zilmer, Kristel (2005). "He Drowned in Holmr's Sea - His Cargo-Ship Drfted to the Sea-Bottom, Only Three Came Out Alive": Records and Representations of Baltic Traffic in the Viking Age and Early Middle Ages in Early Nordic Sources (PDF). Tartu University Press (Diss.). p. 156. ISBN 9949-11-090-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20.
^ a b c d e "Runic inscription Sö 56". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages. Retrieved Feb 25, 2024.

External links

Photograph of Sö 56 in 1985 - Swedish National Heritage Board

58°57′12″N 16°40′08″E / 58.9533°N 16.6689°E / 58.9533; 16.6689

[Jesch-1] Jesch, Judith (1998). "Still Standing in Ågersta: Textuality and Literacy in Late Viking-Age Rune Stone Inscriptions". In Hoops, Johannes; et al. (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 462–475. ISBN 3-11-015455-2. p. 471-472.

[2] Gräslund, Anne-Sofie (2006), "Dating the Swedish Viking-Age Rune Stones on Stylistic Grounds", Runes and Their Secrets: Studies in Runology, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, pp. 117–140, ISBN 87-635-0428-6

[3] Grimm, Jacob (1888). Teutonic Mythology. Vol. 4. Translated by Stallybrass, James Steven. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 1355.

[4] Cleasby, Richard; Vigfússon, Guðbrandur (1878). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. pp. 243–244.

[Peterson-5] Peterson, Lena (2002). "Developments of Personal Names from Ancient Nordic to Old Nordic". In Bandle, Oskar; Elmevik, Lennart; et al. (eds.). The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 745–753. ISBN 3-11-014876-5. p. 750.

[Zilmer-6] Zilmer, Kristel (2005). "He Drowned in Holmr's Sea - His Cargo-Ship Drfted to the Sea-Bottom, Only Three Came Out Alive": Records and Representations of Baltic Traffic in the Viking Age and Early Middle Ages in Early Nordic Sources (PDF). Tartu University Press (Diss.). p. 156. ISBN 9949-11-090-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20.

[Rundata-7] "Runic inscription Sö 56". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages. Retrieved Feb 25, 2024.