Fourpence (British coin)

Fourpence
United Kingdom
Value	4d sterling
Mass	1.9 g
Diameter	16 mm
Thickness	1 mm
Edge	Milled
Composition	92.5% Ag
Years of minting	1836–1855, 1888
Obverse
Design	Profile of the monarch (William IV design shown)
Designer	William Wyon
Design date	1836
Reverse
Design	Britannia
Designer	William Wyon
Design date	1836

The British fourpence coin, sometimes known as a groat (from Dutch grootpennig = "big penny") or fourpenny bit, was a denomination of sterling coinage worth 1/60 of one pound or 1/3 of one shilling. The coin was also known as a joey after the MP Joseph Hume, who spoke in favour of its introduction.^[1]^[2] It was a revival of the pre-Union coin.

Before Decimal Day in 1971, sterling used the Carolingian monetary system, under which the largest unit was a pound divided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence.

History

The prospect of the introduction of a general circulation fourpence coin was raised in 1835, when the MP Joseph Hume spoke in Parliament in favour of its introduction. His reasoning was that the coin was convenient for paying cab fares.^[2]^[3]^[4] The coin was first introduced in 1836, but proved unpopular with cab drivers as they now simply received a fourpence as payment, whereas previously they would often receive a sixpence without the demand for change.^[5]

The coin weighed 2⁄33 troy ounce (1.9 g).^[6]

The threepence was introduced in 1845 to "afford additional convenience for the purpose of change".^[7] This new coin proved much more popular than the fourpence, and by the early 1850s it was decided there was no need for both coins. The final regular issue of groats was made in 1855, although proofs were minted in 1857 and 1862. In 1888 a special request was made for a colonial variety to be minted for use in British Guiana and the British West Indies. The groat remained in circulation in British Guiana until that territory adopted the decimal system in 1955.^[8]

Design

The original reverse of the 1836 version of the coin, designed by William Wyon, is a seated Britannia, holding a trident, with the words FOUR PENCE to each side. Two different obverses were used during the mintage of this coin. Wyon's likeness of William IV appeared in 1836 and 1837, surrounded by the inscription GULIELMUS IIII D G BRITANNIAR REX F D.^[9] Groats bearing the likeness of Victoria were issued from late 1837 onwards, also designed by Wyon, with the inscription VICTORIA D G BRITANNIAR REGINA F D. Those fourpences minted in 1888 bear the "jubilee head" of Victoria, designed by Joseph Boehm – the reverse is unchanged.^[10]

There also exists a pattern coin, dated 1836, which bears the same obverse as the William IV issue coins, but has a different reverse, designed by William Wyon, which has the inscription 4p instead of the words FOUR PENCE.^[5]

Mintages

William IV^[9]
1836 ~ 4,253,040 1837 ~ 962,280

Victoria^[10]
1837 ~ 962,280 1838 ~ 2,150,280 1839 ~ 1,461,240 1840 ~ 1,496,880 1841 ~ 344,520 1842 ~ 742,680 1843 ~ 1,817,640 1844 ~ 855,360 1845 ~ 914,760 1846 ~ 1,366,200 1847 ~ 225,720 1848 ~ 712,800 1849 ~ 380,160 1851 ~ 31,300 1853 ~ 11,880 1854 ~ 1,096,613 1855 ~ 646,051 1888 ~ 120,000

References

^ David L. Gold (2009). Studies in Etymology and Etiology: With Emphasis on Germanic, Jewish, Romance and Slavic Languages. Universidad de Alicante. p. 177. ISBN 978-84-7908-517-9.
^ a b C.G. Leland (1897). A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant. Рипол Классик. p. 121. ISBN 978-5-87681-228-5.
^ Ebenezer Cobham Brewer (1 January 2001). Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Wordsworth Editions. p. 613. ISBN 978-1-84022-310-1.
^ Adrian Room (2001). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35873-1.
^ a b Nicholas Carlisle; William Wyon (1837). A memoir of the life and works of William Wyon. W. Nichol. p. 111.
^ Kindleberger, Charles P. (2005). A Financial History of Western Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 60. ISBN 9780415378673.
^ Christopher Edgar Challis (1992). A New History of the Royal Mint. Cambridge University Press. p. 487. ISBN 978-0-521-24026-0.
^ George S. Cuhaj (29 November 2012). Standard Catalog of World Coins – 1801–1900. Krause Publications. p. 542. ISBN 978-1-4402-3085-1.
^ a b "William IV coins". Coin database. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ a b "Victoria coins". Coin database. Retrieved 20 May 2014.

External links

Fourpence, Coin Type from United Kingdom - Online Coin Club

[Gold2009-1] David L. Gold (2009). Studies in Etymology and Etiology: With Emphasis on Germanic, Jewish, Romance and Slavic Languages. Universidad de Alicante. p. 177. ISBN 978-84-7908-517-9.

[Leland-2] C.G. Leland (1897). A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant. Рипол Классик. p. 121. ISBN 978-5-87681-228-5.

[Brewer2001-3] Ebenezer Cobham Brewer (1 January 2001). Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Wordsworth Editions. p. 613. ISBN 978-1-84022-310-1.

[Room2001-4] Adrian Room (2001). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35873-1.

[CarlisleWyon1837-5] Nicholas Carlisle; William Wyon (1837). A memoir of the life and works of William Wyon. W. Nichol. p. 111.

[6] Kindleberger, Charles P. (2005). A Financial History of Western Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 60. ISBN 9780415378673.

[Challis1992-7] Christopher Edgar Challis (1992). A New History of the Royal Mint. Cambridge University Press. p. 487. ISBN 978-0-521-24026-0.

[Cuhaj2012-8] George S. Cuhaj (29 November 2012). Standard Catalog of World Coins – 1801–1900. Krause Publications. p. 542. ISBN 978-1-4402-3085-1.

[W4-9] "William IV coins". Coin database. Retrieved 20 May 2014.

[V-10] "Victoria coins". Coin database. Retrieved 20 May 2014.