Foreign relations of Tunisia

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Former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali has maintained Tunisia's long-time policy of seeking good relations with the West, while playing an active role in Arab and African regional bodies. President Habib Bourguiba took a nonaligned stance but emphasized close relations with Europe, Pakistan, and the United States.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Tunisia maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[1]
1  France 20 March 1956[2]
2  Syria 2 June 1956[3]
3  United States 6 June 1956[4]
4  Russia 11 June 1956[5]
5  United Kingdom 19 June 1956[6]
6  Italy 20 June 1956[7]
7  Libya 22 June 1956[8]
8  Japan 26 June 1956[9]
9  Saudi Arabia June 1956
10  Bulgaria 30 August 1956[10]
11  Hungary 31 August 1956[11]
12  Germany 7 December 1956[12]
13  Egypt 1956
14  Greece 1956
15  Jordan 1956[13]
16  Morocco 1956
17   Switzerland 1956[14]
18  Turkey 1956
19  Portugal 21 May 1957[15]
20  Spain 8 July 1957[16]
21  Pakistan 19 August 1957[17]
22  Canada 9 September 1957[18]
23  Serbia December 1957[19]
24  Lebanon 1957
25  Liberia 1957
26  Malaysia 1957
27  Netherlands 1957[20]
28  Sweden 1956[21]
29  India 2 April 1958[22]
30  Ghana 11 June 1958[23]
31  Norway 29 August 1958[24]
32  Sudan 1958
33  Finland 17 July 1959[25]
34  Czech Republic 29 July 1959[26]
35  Cuba 23 September 1959[27]
36  Brazil 7 October 1959[28]
37  Poland 15 November 1959[29]
38  Austria 1959
39  Denmark 1959
40  Iraq 1959
41  Indonesia 12 November 1960[30]
42  Cameroon 18 February 1961[31]
43  Ivory Coast 22 March 1961[32]
44  Argentina 11 October 1961[33]
45  Mexico 16 November 1961[34]
46  Chile 1961[35]
47  Republic of the Congo 1961
48  Kuwait 24 June 1962[36]
49  Guinea 30 June 1962[37]
50  Ethiopia 31 July 1962[38]
51  Algeria 13 November 1962[39]
52  Belgium 1962
53  Democratic Republic of the Congo 1962[40]
54  Senegal 1962
55  Romania 16 December 1963[41]
56  Mali 1963
57  China 10 January 1964[42]
58  Luxembourg 28 April 1964[43]
59  Burkina Faso 1964
60  Venezuela 26 March 1965[44]
61  Uruguay 16 September 1965[45]
62  Iran 1965
63  Togo 1965
64  Benin 18 January 1967[46]
65  Thailand 2 February 1967[47]
66  Peru 30 May 1967[48]
67  Malta 21 December 1967[49]
68  Chad 25 January 1968[50]
69  Kenya 26 November 1968[51]
70  Tanzania 2 December 1968[52]
71  Uganda 9 December 1968[52]
72  Madagascar 12 March 1969[53]
73  South Korea March 1969[54]
74  Nigeria 15 January 1970[55]
75  Iceland 14 May 1970[56]
76  Gabon 10 July 1971[57]
77  Oman December 1971[58]
78  Central African Republic 1971
79  Rwanda 1971
—  Holy See 22 March 1972[59]
80  Qatar 20 June 1972[60]
81  Bahrain 25 June 1972[61]
82  Vietnam 15 December 1972[62]
83  Gambia 28 December 1972[63]
84  Equatorial Guinea 1972
85  Zambia 1972
86  Bangladesh 17 July 1973[64]
87  Albania 8 October 1973[65]
88  Costa Rica 15 October 1973[66]
89  Ireland 16 January 1975[67]
90  North Korea 3 August 1975[68]
91  Philippines 15 December 1975[69]
92  Mozambique 1975
93  Mauritius 9 February 1976[70]
94  Comoros 1976[71]
95  Mongolia 15 February 1977[72]
96  Australia 17 February 1977[73]
97  Djibouti 1977
98  Ecuador 29 January 1980[74]
99  Burundi 1 March 1980[75]
100  Guinea-Bissau 1980
101  Zimbabwe 1980
102  Colombia 20 January 1981[76]
103  Sri Lanka 7 December 1981[77]
104  Cape Verde 1981
105  Maldives 10 September 1983[78]
106  Angola 1983
107    Nepal 14 April 1984[79]
108  Singapore 30 November 1984[80]
109  Seychelles 25 August 1986[81]
110  São Tomé and Príncipe 1986
111  Vanuatu 1 November 1988[82]
112  Laos 30 November 1989[83]
113  Namibia 23 March 1990[84]
114  Brunei 1 May 1990[85]
115  Ukraine 24 June 1992[86]
116  Latvia 26 June 1992[87]
117  Estonia 29 June 1992[88]
118  Lithuania 30 June 1992[89]
119  Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 October 1992[82]
120  Botswana 11 November 1992[82]
121  Kazakhstan 23 November 1992[90]
122  Kyrgyzstan 25 November 1992[91]
123  Uzbekistan 26 November 1992[92]
124  Turkmenistan 30 November 1992[93]
125  Slovakia 1 January 1993[94]
126  Croatia 18 January 1993[95]
127  Slovenia 20 May 1993[96]
128  Eritrea 25 October 1993[97]
129  South Africa May 1994[98]
130  Cambodia 12 April 1995[99]
—  State of Palestine 19 April 1995[100]
131  Georgia 7 March 1996[101]
132  Belarus 29 January 1997[102]
133  Azerbaijan 1 July 1998[103]
134  Lesotho 1 December 2000[82]
135  Armenia 15 July 2002[82]
136  Moldova 27 September 2004[82]
137  San Marino 17 December 2005[104]
138  Tajikistan 19 June 2006[105]
139  Andorra 20 November 2006[82]
140  Montenegro 7 March 2007[106]
141  El Salvador 14 March 2007[82]
142  Guatemala 19 March 2007[82]
143  Panama 15 June 2007[82]
144  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2 July 2007[107]
145  New Zealand 11 July 2012[108]
146  Bolivia 24 July 2012[109]
147  South Sudan 26 June 2015[110][111]
148  Malawi 3 May 2017[112]
149  Liechtenstein 12 May 2017[113]
150  Monaco 19 September 2018[114]
151  Dominican Republic 27 September 2018[82]
152  Paraguay 1 November 2018[82]
153  Nicaragua 2 July 2019[82]
154  North Macedonia 27 September 2019[82]
155  Afghanistan Unknown
156  Cyprus Unknown
157  Eswatini Unknown
158  Mauritania Unknown
159  Niger Unknown
160  Sierra Leone Unknown
161  Somalia Unknown
162  Trinidad and Tobago Unknown
163  United Arab Emirates Unknown
164  Yemen Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria See Algeria–Tunisia relations

Tunisia and Algeria resolved a longstanding border dispute in 1993 and have cooperated in the construction of the Trans-Mediterranean natural gas pipeline through Tunisia that connects Algeria to Italy. In 2003 Tunisia and Algeria formed Numhyd, a petroleum company to develop oil resources. It is jointly owned (each 50%) by government corporations, Algeria's Sonatrach and Tunisia's Entreprise Tunisienne d'Activités Pétrolières (ETAP). Recently Tunisia signed an agreement with Algeria in order to demarcate more exactly the maritime frontier between the two countries.

 Comoros

Both countries have established diplomatic relations.[115]

 Egypt 1956[1] See Egypt–Tunisia relations

In the 1950s the President of Tunisia, Habib Bourguiba, criticized on pragmatic grounds the type of Arab nationalism then promoted by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, which was a widely popular ideology at the time in the Arabic-speaking countries. Their disagreement also concerned the policies of the Arab League. Bourguiba and Nassar eventually came to find some common ground.[116] Although ties were broken under Nasser, and again under Anwar Sadat, on the whole relations between Egypt and Tunisia have remained mutually beneficial.

After the Tunisian revolution in 2011, the Tunisian-Egyptian relations were very good, especially after the 2011 elections in Tunisia, where won the Ennahda Movement Islamic-oriented the elections, as well as the Muslim Brotherhood movement in Egypt won the elections, and also the convergence between the two presidents Moncef Marzouki and Mohamed Morsi. But since the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, relations became increasingly strained, and between the two and considered Tunisia that what is happening in Egypt is a military coup d'État bloody and protested against it in the United Nations, which led to a diplomatic crisis in relations severed in an indirect way and there is a lack of official visits at all levels. After the 2014 elections in Tunisia and the win of Nidaa Tounes's secular movement, improved relations and exchanged visits between officials and ministers.

  • Egypt has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Cairo.
 Libya 22 June 1956 See Libya–Tunisia relations

Tunisia's relations with Libya have been erratic since Tunisia annulled a brief agreement to form a union in 1974. Diplomatic relations were broken in 1976, restored in 1977, and deteriorated again in 1980, when Libyan-trained rebels attempted to seize the town of Gafsa. In 1982, the International Court of Justice ruled in Libya's favor in the partition of the oil-rich continental shelf it shares with Tunisia. Libya's 1985 expulsion of Tunisian workers and military threats led Tunisia to sever relations. Relations were normalized again in 1987. While supporting the United Nations sanctions imposed following airline bombings, Tunisia has been careful to maintain positive relations with its neighbor. Tunisia supported the lifting of UN sanctions against Libya in 2003, and Libya is again becoming a major trading partner. Currently, Tunisia has a maritime dispute with Libya.

  • Libya has an embassy in Tunis and a consulate-general in Sfax.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Tripoli and a consulate-general in Benghazi.
 Morocco 1956[1]

Trade is increasing between Tunisia and Morocco. Direct maritime shipping commenced between the two countries in 2008 to supplement rail connections that remained uncertain. Also, the stock exchanges of Tunis and Casablanca this year began to jointly list the stock of a Maghriban company, this initial case involving an IPO.[117]

  • Morocco has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Rabat.

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 11 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1961.
 Belize

Both countries have passed a number of bilateral agreements.[118]

 Brazil 1956
  • Brazil has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Brasília.
 Canada 9 September 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1957.
  • Canada has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Montreal.
 Mexico 16 November 1961 See Mexico–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1961.

  • Mexico is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria and maintains an honorary consulate in Tunis.[119]
  • Tunisia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[120]
 United States 6 June 1956 See Tunisia–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1956[121]

The Embassy of Tunisia in Washington, D.C.

The United States has very good relations with Tunisia, which date back more than 200 years. The United States has maintained official representation in Tunis almost continuously since 1795, and the American Friendship Treaty with Tunisia was signed in 1799. The two governments are not linked by security treaties, but relations have been close since Tunisia's independence. The United States and Tunisia have an active schedule of joint military exercises. U.S. security assistance historically has played an important role in cementing relations. The U.S.-Tunisian Joint Military Commission meets annually to discuss military cooperation, Tunisia's defense modernization program, and other security matters. Since 2015, Tunisia and the United States are partners under the Major non-NATO partnership agreement.

  • Tunisia has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Tunis.

Asia

Tunisia has long been a voice for moderation and realism in the Middle East. Tunisia served as the headquarters of the Arab League from 1979 to 1990 and hosted the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) headquarters from 1982 to 1993, when the PLO Executive Committee relocated to Jericho and the Palestinian Authority was established after the signing of the Oslo Accords. The PLO Political Department remains in Tunis.

Tunisia consistently has played a moderating role in the negotiations for a comprehensive Middle East peace. In 1993, Tunisia was the first Arab country to host an official Israeli delegation as part of the Middle East peace process and maintained an Interests Section until the outbreak in 2000 of the Intifada. Israeli citizens of Tunisian descent may travel to Tunisia on their Israeli passports.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Azerbaijan 1 July 1998 See Azerbaijan-Tunisia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Tunisia were established on July 1, 1998.[103]
  • Relations between Azerbaijan and Tunisia have been developed within the framework of international organizations, including the UN and OIC.[103]
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to the Republic of Tunisia through its ambassador in the Kingdom of Morocco.[103]
 China 10 January 1964 See China–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1964[122]

  • China has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Beijing.
 India See India–Tunisia relations
  • India has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in New Delhi.
 Iran See Iran–Tunisia relations

In May, 2005, Tunisia signed with Iran an agreement for cooperation in air, sea, and road transportation. It was signed on the visit of Tunisian minister Abderrahim Zouari to Iran.[123]

  • Iran has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Tehran.
 Israel See Israel–Tunisia relations
  • Israel had an interest office in Tunis between 1996 and 2000.
  • Tunisia had an interest office in Tel Aviv between 1996 and 2000.
 Japan

Tunisia and Japan have a visa agreement, Tunisian people traveling to Japan and Japanese people traveling to Tunisia do not need a visa, as long as their stay do not exceed 3 months. Japan also supports Tunisia, with equipment and money donations. Both countries had friendly relations since Tunisia's independence in 1956. Since 2015, Tunisia and Japan are allies under the Major non-NATO ally agreement.

  • Japan has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Lebanon

Tunisia and Lebanon share historical and civilizational ties. In June, 2010, the Tunisian Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi and his Lebanese counterpart Mr. Saad Hariri chaired a Tunisian-Lebanese working session. Both countries want to energize the process for the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. In addition, Tunisia reaffirmed its support of Lebanon.[124]

  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Beirut.
 Pakistan 19 August 1957 See Pakistan–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 August 1957[125]

  • Pakistan has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Islamabad.
 Qatar See Qatar–Tunisia relations

Qatar is among the largest Arab investors in Tunisia.[126] Relations between Qatar and Tunisia improved immensely between 2011 and 2013, when Ennahda Movement-affiliated candidate Hamadi Jebali was declared Prime Minister of Tunisia in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly elections. Cooperation in all fields gradually started picking up traction; for instance, the two governments signed ten bilateral agreements in 2012.[127]

  • Qatar has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Doha.
 Saudi Arabia See Saudi Arabia–Tunisia relations

In July 2010, a Tunisian-Saudi non-double taxation agreement was signed in Tunis, by Finance Minister Ridha Chalghoum and his Saudi counterpart Ibrahim Bin Abdulaziz Al-Assaf. The two ministers said this convention will certainly help boost trade exchanges between Tunisia and Saudi Arabia, stimulate investments, and favour exchange of expertise between the two countries.

In particular, it will further the Tunisian-Saudi Investment and Development Bank "STUSID Bank" in developing financial co-operation and the contribution of the Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) to boost the development process in Tunisia. The minister highlighted the importance of drawing on the two countries' expertise in the tax and customs field and set up a joint action plan to strengthen co-operation.[128]

  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
 Syria 2 June 1956

The 11th session of the Tunisian-Syrian High Joint Committee met in Tunis in May 2010. The two countries share experience and information on such issues as housing, shipping, and tourism.[129]

  • Syria has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Tunisia ceased to recognise the government of Syria on 4 February 2012. During his tenure, Hamadi Jebali, the Prime Minister, called on fellow Arab states to follow its lead: "We have to expel the Syrian ambassadors from Arab countries."[130]
  • In 2019, France24 speculated that new president Kais Saied could renew his country's diplomatic relations with Syria.[131]
  • Following the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, President Saied decided to strengthen diplomatic ties with Syria.[132]
 Turkey 1956[133] See Tunisia–Turkey relations
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tunis.[134]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$1.09 billion in 2018 (Tunisian exports/imports: 182/904 million USD).[135]
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Tunis.

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Bulgaria 1956
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Tunis.[136]
  • Tunisia is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • Tunisian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria (in French only)[permanent dead link]
 Croatia 1993-01-30
  • Croatia is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco and maintains an honorary consulate in Tunis.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria and maintains an honorary consulate in Zagreb.
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
 Cyprus 1999
  • Cyprus is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Paris, France
  • Tunisia is accredited to Cyprus through its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consulate in Larnaca.
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • Tunisian Foreign Affairs Ministry about relations with Cyprus (in French only)[permanent dead link]
 Denmark
  • Denmark is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria and maintains an honorary consulate in Tunis.[137]
  • Tunisia is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands and maintains an honorary consulate in Copenhagen.
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • Tunisian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Denmark (in French only)[permanent dead link]
 Finland 17 July 1959
  • Diplomatic relations between them were established on 17 July 1959.[138]
  • Finland has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Helsinki.
  • Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about relations with Tunisia Archived 2011-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
 France See France–Tunisia relations

Tunisia and France retain a special relationship due to their history, geographic location, and economic relationship. In France there is a sizeable Tunisian diaspora, and the French language is widely used in Tunisia. Business and government connections are extensive and mutually maintained. Ranked by country, France receives the largest amount of Tunisian exports, and France is number-one regarding Tunisian imports also. In recent years many French companies have re-localized production to Tunisia.

 Germany
  • Germany has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Berlin.
 Greece See Greece–Tunisia relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Athens.
 Italy 20 June 1956 See Italy–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1956.[139]

  • Italy has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Rome, a consulate-general in Palermo and consulates in Genoa, Milan and Naples.
 Malta 21 December 1967
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 December 1967.
  • Malta has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Valletta.
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • Maltese and Tunisian Arabic are very similar languages. The two countries share very rich historical links.
 Poland See Poland–Tunisia relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Romania 1963
  • Romania has an embassy in Tunis.[140]
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Bucharest and an honorary consulate in Timișoara.
  • Tunisian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Romania (in French only)[permanent dead link]
 Russia 1956 See Russia–Tunisia relations
  • Russia has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Moscow.
 United Kingdom
  • Tunisia has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Tunis.

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 17 February 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1977[141]
  • Australia is accredited to Tunisia from its high commission in Valletta, Malta.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
 New Zealand 11 July 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 2012[142]

Foreign Ambassadors

Memberships

Tunisia has been a member of The Forum of Small States (FOSS) since the group's founding in 1992.[144]

See also

Notes

Footnotes

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  2. ^ "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  3. ^ The Middle East Journal - Volumes 10-11. Middle East Institute. 1956. p. 423.
  4. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Tunisia". history.state.gov. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  5. ^ Soviet Foreign Policy: 1945-1980. Progress Publishers. 1981. pp. 642–681.
  6. ^ Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. (1970). The Diplomatic Service List. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 136–149.
  7. ^ Chronologie Internationale (in French). France. Direction de la documentation. 1956. p. 43.
  8. ^ Libya from Foreign Office files 1951-1956. The National Archives (Kew, United Kingdom). 1951. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  9. ^ "Press Releases". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  10. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
  11. ^ Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 100.
  12. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  13. ^ "العلاقات الأردنية - التونسية". mfa.gov.jo (in Arabic). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  14. ^ "Bilateral relations Switzerland–Tunisia". eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  15. ^ "Países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  17. ^ Pakistan Quarterly - Volume 7. Pakistan Publications. 1957. p. 63.
  18. ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  19. ^ Summary of the Yugoslav Press. Joint Translation Service. 1957. p. 31.
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  31. ^ Chronologie Internationale (in French). France. Direction de la documentation. 1961. p. 190.
  32. ^ "C'est arrivé un 16 novembre: Décès de Mamadou Coulibaly, le président du Conseil Économique et Sociale". Lebanco.net (in French). 16 November 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  33. ^ "Establecmiento de relaciones diplomáticas estableciendo relaciones diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y Túnez". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  34. ^ "Hoy conmemoramos el 61 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Túnez". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  35. ^ "Perfil de las relaciones bilaterales entre Chile y la Republica de Tunez" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  36. ^ "حدث في مثل هذا اليوم في الكويت". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) (in Arabic). 24 June 2002. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  37. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 130-131. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 9. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  38. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 148-149. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 13. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  39. ^ "CHRONOLOGIE INTERNATIONALE: Etablissement des relations diplomatiques par l'Algérie" (in French). p. 39. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
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  41. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
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  43. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1964_5" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 35. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  44. ^ "En el 56° aniversario del establecimiento de las relaciones diplomáticas entre Venezuela y Túnez". Cancillería Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  45. ^ "La Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia los países africanos durante los gobiernos del Frente Amplio (2005-2017): ¿construcción de nuevas relaciones Sur-Sur?" (PDF). Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish): 225. 2019.
  46. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1967. p. 696.
  47. ^ "ตูนิเซีย (MFA Thailand in Thai)".
  48. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1967. p. 788. Tunisia - Peru . M. Adhemar Montagne , the Peruvian Ambassador to Tunisia , presented his credentials on May 30th .
  49. ^ "PRESS RELEASE BY THE OFFICE OF THE SPEAKER:Speaker Farrugia receives new Tunisian Ambassador". 14 December 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  50. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 2659-2700. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1968. p. 4.
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