Foreign relations of Serbia

Foreign relations of Serbia are accomplished by efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia has inherited the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, along with all of its holdings, after the dissolution of the previous state union with Montenegro. Serbian foreign ministries continue to serve citizens of Montenegro in countries that do not have Montenegrin diplomatic presence. The governments of Serbia and Montenegro expressed an interest in pursuing a common foreign policy. Former President of Serbia Boris Tadić referred to relations with the European Union (EU), Russia, United States and China as the four pillars of foreign policy.[1] Serbia joined the United Nations on 1 November 2000.

History

Medieval Serbia

In the centuries prior to Ottoman rule in the country, medieval Serbian states established diplomatic relations with a number of states in Europe and the Mediterranean, particularly under the Nemanjić dynasty, during which time the Serbian Empire reached its greatest extent. Serbian envoys regularly embarked on missions to states near and far, typically in large entourages bearing gifts for the foreign courts. One such embassy to the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt arrived in Cairo bearing gifts including five hawks, five falcons, four silver cups, and an extravagantly ornamental sword. Serbian diplomats of the time were mostly drawn from two groups; those sent to the Catholic West primarily hailed from noble families from the coastal cities of the Adriatic Sea, such as Kotor, Dubrovnik, and Bar, and those sent to the Orthodox East were frequently members of the clergy, like Saint Sava. Typically the rulers of these states would provide dwellings for the envoys and their entourages, as well as transportation.[2]

Serbian Revolution and Autonomous Principality (1804–1878)

Serbia gained its partial independence from the Ottoman Empire in two uprisings in 1804 (led by Đorđe Petrović – Karađorđe) and 1815 (led by Miloš Obrenović), although Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade, until 1867. In 1817 the Principality of Serbia was granted de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire.[3] High officials in the Austro-Hungarian Empire lobbied for Ottoman approval of the liberal 1869 constitution for Serbia, which depended on the Porte for final approval. Vienna's strategy was that a liberal political system in Serbia would divert its impulse to foment nationalist unrest within its neighbors, and also delay its efforts to gain territory at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.[4]

Principality/Kingdom of Serbia (1878–1918)

The Autonomous Principality became an internationally recognized independent country following the Russo-Turkish War in 1878. Serbia remained a principality or kneževina (knjaževina), until 1882 when it became a Kingdom, during which the internal politics revolved largely around dynastic rivalry between the Obrenović and Karađorđević families.

Southern and Northern Serbia (Vojvodina) in 1848

In 1885, Serbia protested against the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The Serbian king, Milan Obrenovic´ (1854–1901), who needed to divert attention away from his domestic problems, demanded that Bulgaria cede some of its territory to Serbia. The Great Powers discouraged him, but he declared war on Bulgaria on November 13, 1885. The Serbo-Bulgarian War ended on March 3, 1886. The Serbian army crossed the lightly defended northwest border of Bulgaria aiming to seize Sofia, the Bulgarian capital. The Bulgarian defenders defeated the invaders and then invaded Serbia. Vienna brokered a peace that restored the old status quo. Serbian casualties totaled 6,800, about triple the 2,300 Bulgarian total. The defeat forced Obrenovic to abdicate in March 1889, and the Serbian crown passed to a regency in the name of his son Alexander (1876–1903).[5]

Serbian strategic goals

Serbia had multiple national goals.[6][7][8] Serbian intellectuals dreamed of a South Slavic state—which in the 1920s became Yugoslavia. The large number of Serbs living in Bosnia looked to Serbia as the focus of their nationalism, but they were ruled by the Germans of the Austrian Empire. Austria's annexation of Bosnia in 1908 deeply alienated the Serbian peoples. Plotters swore revenge, which they achieved in 1914 by assassination of the Austrian heir.[9] Serbia was landlocked, and strongly felt the need for access to the Mediterranean, preferably through the Adriatic Sea. Austria worked hard to block Serbian access to the sea, for example by helping with the creation of Albania in 1912. Montenegro, Serbia's main ally, did have a small port, but Austrian territory intervened, blocking access until Serbia acquired Novi Pazar and part of Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire in 1913. To the south, Bulgaria blocked Serbian access to the Aegean Sea.[10] Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria formed the Balkan League and went to war with the Ottomans in 1912–1913. They won decisively and expelled that Empire from almost all of the Balkans.[11] The main remaining foe was Austria, which strongly rejected Pan-Slavism and Serbian nationalism and was ready to make war to end those threats.[12] Ethnic nationalism would doom the multicultural Austro-Hungarian Empire. Expansion of Serbia would block Austrian and German aspirations for direct rail connections to Constantinople and the Middle East. Serbia relied primarily on Russia for Great Power support but Russia was very hesitant at first to support Pan-Slavism, and counselled caution. However, in 1914 it reversed positions and promised military support to Serbia.[13]

World War I

The 28 June 1914 assassination of Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, a pro-Serbian member of Young Bosnia served as the basis for the Austrian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. Vienna acted despite Serbia's acceptance three days earlier of nearly all of Vienna's demands. Vienna was convinced that Serbia was behind the plot in an effort to destabilize the multi-nation empire.[14] The Austro-Hungarian army invaded Serbia capturing Belgrade on 2 December 1914, however the Serbian Army successfully defended the country, won several victories, and on 15 December 1914 recaptured Belgrade.[15]

On 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Within days, long-standing mobilization plans went into effect to initiate invasions or guard against them and Russia, France and Britain stood arrayed against Austria and Germany in what at the time was called the "Great War", and was later named "World War I" or "First World War." Austria thought in terms of one small limited war involving just the two countries. It did not plan a wider war such as exploded in a matter of days.

British historian John Zametica argued that Austria-Hungary was primarily responsible for starting the war, as its leaders believed that a successful war against Serbia was the only way it could remain a Great Power, solve deep internal disputes caused by Hungarian demands, and regain influence in the Balkan states.[16] Others, most notably Prof. Christopher Clark, have argued that Austria-Hungary, confronted with a Serbia that seemed determined to incite continual unrest and ultimately acquire all of the "Serb" inhabited lands of the Monarchy (which, according to the Pan-Serb point of view included all of Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Hercegovina and some of the southern counties of the Hungary(roughly corresponding to today's Vojvodina), and whose military and government was intertwined with the irredentist terrorist group known as "The Black Hand," saw no practical alternative to the use of force in ending what amounted to subversion from Serbia directed at a large chunk of its territories. In this perspective, Austria had little choice but to credibly threaten war and force Serbian submission if it wished to remain a Great Power.[17]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Serbia maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[18]
1  United Kingdom 30 January 1837[19]
2  Russia 23 February 1838
3  France 18 January 1839[20]
4  Austria 1874
5  Bulgaria 18 January 1879
6  Greece 18 January 1879
7  Italy 18 January 1879
8  Romania 26 April 1879[21]
9  Turkey 1879
10  United States 14 October 1881
11  Portugal 14 November 1882[22]
12  Japan 1882
13  Paraguay 17 February 1883
14  Belgium 15 March 1886[23]
15  Netherlands 26 April 1899[24]
16  Cuba 4 November 1902
17  Uruguay 19 February 1904
18  Nicaragua 23 February 1904
19  Honduras 1904
20  Egypt 1 February 1908[25]
21  Dominican Republic 1 March 1912
22  Albania 25 April 1914
23  Spain 14 October 1916[26][27]
24   Switzerland 1916
25  Norway 9 March 1917[28]
26  Denmark 19 October 1917[29]
27  Sweden 1 November 1917[30]
28  Czech Republic 9 January 1919[31]
29  Poland 19 September 1919[32]
 Holy See 13 March 1920
30  Hungary June 1921
31  Argentina 29 February 1928
32  Finland 7 August 1929[33]
33  Iran 30 April 1937
34  Brazil 15 June 1938
35  Canada 30 May 1941
36  Lebanon 18 May 1946[34]
37  Mexico 28 May 1946
38  Syria 1946
39  Pakistan 15 May 1948
40  Israel 25 November 1948[35]
41  India 5 December 1948
42  North Korea 30 October 1950
43  Chile 2 November 1950
44  Myanmar 29 December 1950
45  Germany 8 December 1951[36]
46  Jordan 1951
47  New Zealand 1951
48  Venezuela 1 June 1951[37]
49  Ethiopia 4 March 1952[38]
50  Bolivia 1952
51  Costa Rica 1952[39]
52  Iceland 27 February 1953[40]
53  Panama 26 March 1953[41]
54  Indonesia 4 November 1954
55  Thailand 12 November 1954[42]
56  Afghanistan 30 December 1954
57  China 2 January 1955
58  Libya 2 October 1955[43]
59  Ecuador 10 January 1956[44]
60  Cambodia 15 July 1956
61  Sudan 13 September 1956[45]
62  Mongolia 20 November 1956
63  Luxembourg 1956
64  Vietnam 10 March 1957
65  Morocco 1 May 1957
66  Sri Lanka 14 October 1957
67  Yemen 28 December 1957[46]
68  Tunisia December 1957[47]
69  Iraq 23 July 1958[48]
70  Ghana 10 January 1959[49]
71  Liberia 15 September 1959[50]
72    Nepal 7 October 1959
73  Guinea 10 November 1959[51]
74  Central African Republic 1960[52]
75  Gabon 1960
76  Cyprus 7 October 1960
77  Somalia 8 September 1960[53]
78  Mali 4 November 1960[54]
79  Togo 7 November 1960[55]
80  Nigeria March 1961[56]
81  Senegal 31 May 1961[57]
82  Democratic Republic of the Congo 1961
83  Tanzania 9 December 1961[58]
84  Burundi 1962[59]
85  Algeria 2 July 1962[25]
86  Benin 3 July 1962[60]
87  Laos 25 November 1962
88  Kuwait 7 May 1963
89  Uganda 31 July 1963[61]
90  Sierra Leone 25 September 1963[62]
91  Kenya 12 December 1963[63]
92  Mauritania 12 June 1964[64]
93  Zambia 23 October 1964[65]
94  Republic of the Congo 1964
95  Cameroon 1965
96  Gambia 1965
97  Chad 1966[66]
98  Australia 25 April 1966
99  Colombia 20 December 1966
100  Malaysia 4 May 1967[67]
101  Singapore 22 August 1967
102  Jamaica 13 October 1968[68]
103  Ivory Coast 15 June 1968[69]
104  Burkina Faso 8 July 1968[70]
105  Guyana 5 November 1968
106  Malta 6 January 1969
107  Peru 12 December 1969[71]
108  Equatorial Guinea 18 May 1970
109  Botswana 5 September 1970[72]
110  Mauritius 6 October 1970[73]
111  Madagascar 4 June 1971[74]
112  Rwanda 15 June 1971[75]
113  Bangladesh 22 January 1972[76]
114  Philippines 10 March 1972[77]
115  Niger 17 March 1972[78]
116  Lesotho 1972
117  Trinidad and Tobago 25 March 1974[79]
118  Oman 4 May 1974[80]
119  Guinea-Bissau 10 May 1974[81]
120  Maldives 1 March 1975
121  Mozambique 10 June 1975[82]
122  Angola 12 November 1975
123  Fiji 1976[83]
124  Papua New Guinea 21 May 1976
125  Suriname 9 July 1976
126  Seychelles 1 August 1976[84]
127  Comoros 24 November 1976
128  Cape Verde 1976
129  Barbados 15 November 1977[85]
130  Ireland 1977
131  Grenada 29 June 1978
132  Djibouti 11 July 1978
133  São Tomé and Príncipe 4 February 1979[86]
134  El Salvador 16 December 1979
135  Zimbabwe 1980
136  Haiti 20 January 1984[68]
137  Guatemala 4 February 1987[87]
138  Bahamas July 1988[88]
 State of Palestine 5 April 1989[89]
139  Bahrain 18 August 1989[90]
140  Qatar 25 August 1989[91]
141  South Korea 27 December 1989
142  Namibia 21 March 1990[92]
143  Eswatini 1 June 1990
144  South Africa 2 April 1992[93]
145  Slovakia 1 January 1993[94]
146  Ukraine 15 April 1994
147  Armenia 8 July 1994
148  Belarus 15 November 1994
149  Uzbekistan 18 January 1995
150  Moldova 15 March 1995
151  Georgia 26 June 1995
152  Tajikistan 9 September 1995
153  North Macedonia 8 April 1996
154  Turkmenistan 26 August 1996
155  Croatia 9 September 1996
156  Kazakhstan 10 December 1996
157  Azerbaijan 21 August 1997
158  Malawi 13 February 1998
159  Kyrgyzstan 25 June 1998
160  Bosnia and Herzegovina 15 December 2000
161  Lithuania 22 December 2000[95]
162  Latvia 19 January 2001[39]
163  Estonia 9 February 2001[96]
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta 11 May 2001
164  Slovenia 9 December 2001[39]
165  San Marino 14 February 2002
166  Liechtenstein 4 April 2003
167  Montenegro 22 June 2006
168  United Arab Emirates 21 March 2007[39]
169  Andorra 1 June 2007
170  Monaco 12 June 2007[97]
171  Dominica 22 April 2010[39]
172  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 26 May 2011[39]
173  Brunei 5 December 2011[39]
174  Bhutan 9 December 2011[39]
175  South Sudan 3 January 2012
176  Eritrea 19 October 2012
177  Tonga 22 February 2013[98]
178  Saudi Arabia 17 April 2013[39]
179  Vanuatu 27 August 2018
180  Antigua and Barbuda 28 September 2018[39]
181  Saint Kitts and Nevis 6 November 2018
182  Palau 7 December 2018
183  Tuvalu 4 April 2019[39]
184  Belize 24 September 2019[39]
185  Nauru 25 September 2019
186  Saint Lucia 13 November 2019
187  Solomon Islands 20 December 2021
188  East Timor 20 December 2021[39]

Serbia has not established diplomatic relations with Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, and Samoa.

Multilateral

Organization Formal Relations Began Notes
 European Union See Accession of Serbia to the European Union
 NATO See Serbia–NATO relations

Africa

Ever since the times of Josip Broz Tito and the Non-Aligned Movement, Serbia has enjoyed excellent relations with African nations. Angola, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and South Africa are Serbia's closest allies in Sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa and Serbia have had excellent relations since the signing of diplomatic relations in 1992 following the end of the Apartheid system. Many ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe resistance fighters received training in Serbia during Apartheid. South Africa is also home to around 20,000 Serbs, mainly living in the Johannesburg area.[99] South Africa is also voicing support for Serbia over the Kosovo issue.[100] Nelson Mandela was also made an honorary citizen of Belgrade.[101] Serbia is also actively involved in many investments in Angola with whom it has excellent political and economic relations.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Algeria 1962[102] See Algeria-Serbia relations
  • Formal relations started in 1962
  • Algeria has an embassy in Belgrade.[103]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Algiers since 1962.[104]
 Angola 1975[105]

See Angola–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Luanda and Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1961[106]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kinshasa and DR Congo has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • The Foreign Ministry of DR Congo visited Belgrade in 2011 and the Foreign Ministry of Serbia visited Kinshasa in 2009.
 Republic of the Congo 1964[107]

Diplomatic relations between Republic of the Congo and Serbia were established in 1964. Diplomatic relations between Côte d'Ivoire and Serbia were established in 1968.

 Egypt 1908[108] See Egypt-Serbia relations
  • Egypt has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Cairo.[109]
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Egypt
 Eswatini 1990[110]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1990.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[111]
 Guinea 1958[112]
  • Guinea has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Guinea-Bissau 1975[113]

Diplomatic relations between Guinea-Bissau and Serbia were established in 1975. Guinea-Bissau supports Serbia's position regarding Kosovo, and prime minister Umaro Sissoco Embaló visited Belgrade in November 2017 to expand trade relations.[114]

 Kenya 1963[115]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Nairobi, Kenya has an honorary consulate in Belgrade.
 Libya 1955[116] See Libya–Serbia relations
  • Libya has an embassy in Belgrade.[117]
  • Since 1963, Serbia has an embassy in Tripoli.[118]
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Libya
 Madagascar 1960[119]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1960.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[111]
 Mauritania 1966[120]

Serbia is represented in Mauritania by its embassy in Rabat.[121]

 Nigeria 1960[122]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Abuja and honorary consulates in Kano and Lagos. Nigeria has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Seychelles 1977[123]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1977.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[124]
 Somalia 1960[125]

See Somalia–Serbia relations

 South Africa 1992[126]

See South Africa–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Pretoria.[127]
  • South Africa is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with South Africa Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • South African Department of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia
 Zambia 1964[128]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Lusaka
 Zimbabwe 1980[129]

See Zimbabwe–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Harare
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Belgrade
  • Robert Mugabe described Serbia as Zimbabwe's only foreign ally in 2014[130]
  • Zimbabwe also sided with Serbia during the breakup of Yugoslavia. This was solidified in Mugabe's visit to Belgrade in 1996.[131]
  • Bilateral trade between Serbia and Zimbabwe amounted to 1 million euros in 2011, exclusively imports from Zimbabwe.

Relations frozen

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1984

Yugoslavia recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic on 28 November 1984.[132] Yugoslavia was the first country in Europe which formally recognized the independence of Sahrawi Republic after some of its allies from the Non-Aligned Movement pressured Belgrade to follow on its earlier policy when Yugoslavia was the first European country to recognize neighboring Algeria as well.[133] While formal relations were limited Yugoslavia extended certain development aid by providing education both for civilians and Polisario members.[134] Recognition was withdrawn on 26 October 2004.

Americas

Serbia has strong but strained relations with the United States and a bit more relaxed relations with Canada, because of their hostile recognition of Kosovo's independence and NATO bombing from 1999, which aimed to help this secession. On 25 February 2008, Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica demanded that the United States rescind its recognition of Kosovo, warning that "there will be no stability until the fake state" is annulled.[135]

Serbia has very good relations with Latin America, except Colombia and Panama[citation needed], which recognized Kosovo's independence.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina 1928[136] See Argentina–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia and Argentina existed before the Second World War and were restored in 1946.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Buenos Aires
  • Argentina has an embassy in Belgrade.[137]
 Bahamas 1988[138]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in July 1988.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[139]
 Brazil 1938[140] See Brazil–Serbia relations
 Canada 1941[141] See Canada–Serbia relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Belgrade.[142]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Toronto and honorary consuls (in Montreal and Vancouver).[143][144]
  • There are around 150,000 people of Serbian descent living in Canada.
  • Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Serbia
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
 Chile 1935[145]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations 1935. They were renewed in 1946. Diplomatic relations were broken off on two occasions, in 1947 and 1973, and the last renewal was in March 1990.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[146]
 Colombia 1966[147]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in December 1966.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[148]
 Costa Rica 1952[149]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1952.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[150]
 Cuba 1943 See Cuba–Serbia relations

Cuba and Serbia have a long history of diplomatic relations from the period of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia when both countries were members of Non-Aligned Movement. Cuba supports Serbia in its stance towards Kosovo considering Kosovo's independence an illegitimate act and a violation of international law and principles of the United Nations Charter.[151] Serbia supports Cuba at the United Nations in condemning the United States embargo.[152]

 Guyana 1968[153]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1968.
  • Serbia is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Washington, D.C.[154]
 Mexico 1946[155] See Mexico–Serbia relations
  • Mexico has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Mexico City.
 Panama 1953[156]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1953.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[157]
 Peru 1967[158]
  • Diplomatic relations between then Yugoslavia and Peru existed before the Second World War. They were renewed in 1967.
  • Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about the relation with Serbia (in Spanish only)
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Peru
 Trinidad and Tobago 1974[159]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1974.
  • Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.[160]
 United States 1881[161] See Serbia–United States relations

Prior to World War I and creation of Yugoslavia, Serbia and the US enjoyed excellent relations. Bilateral relations between Serbia and the United States were established in 1881. At the outset of hostilities between NATO and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999, the United States and Yugoslavia severed diplomatic relations. After the overthrow of the Milosevic government in October 2000, the following month the United States reestablished a diplomatic presence. The U.S. Embassy formally reopened in May 2001. The Serbian Embassy in Washington and the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade have reestablished bilateral relations and provide a full range of consular services. In February 2008 Serbia recalled its ambassador from the United States, following the U.S. recognition of the unilaterally declared independence of Kosovo.[162]

 Uruguay 1950[163]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in September 1950.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[164]
 Venezuela 1951[165] See Serbia–Venezuela relations
  • Serbia is represented in Venezuela through its embassy in Brasília (Brazil).
  • Venezuela is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Belgrade.
  • In 2007, Serbia exported goods worth €33,000 to Venezuela, while Venezuelan exports totaled €158,000.
  • After the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela does not recognise Kosovo's independence on the grounds that it has been achieved through U.S. pressure and criticised a recent political movement calling out for a more autonomous Zulia state. He said "This cannot be accepted. It's a very dangerous precedent for the entire world.".[166]
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Venezuela Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine

Asia

Serbia has excellent relations with countries such as China, Indonesia, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, South Korea, Vietnam, and the United Arab Emirates. These countries are important economic partners for Serbia in Asia.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Afghanistan 1954[167]
  • Afghan foreign minister Zalmai Rassoul visited Belgrade in September 2011.
  • Bilateral trade between Serbia and Afghanistan reached 7.3 million euros during 2011.
 Armenia 1994[168] See Armenia–Serbia relations
  • Armenia and Serbia established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1994.
 Azerbaijan 1997[169] See Azerbaijan–Serbia relations
  • Azerbaijan and Serbia established diplomatic relations in 1997.
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Baku.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 Brunei 2011[170]
  • Pengiran Muda Mohamed Bolkiah paid a visit to Belgrade in September 2011.
 Cambodia 1956[171]

See Cambodia–Serbia relations

 China 1955[172] See China–Serbia relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Beijing and a general consulate in Shanghai.
  • China has an embassy in Belgrade and also maintains an office in Priština based on consent of the Government of Serbia from November 2006.

China has always traditionally had very warm and close relations with Belgrade since the establishing of diplomatic relations in 1955.[173]

 East Timor 2012[174]

Serbia is represented in Timor by its embassy in Jakarta.[175]

 Georgia 1995[176] [177]
  • Serbia is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Moscow
  • Georgia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens
  • Georgia strongly supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo[178]
  • Serbia supports Georgia's stance on South Ossetia[179]
 India 1948[180] See India–Serbia relations
  • India has an embassy in Belgrade.[181]
  • Serbia has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in Chennai.[182]
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India
 Indonesia 1954[183] See Indonesia–Serbia relations

Indonesia has very close relations with Serbia, especially within the fields of trade, culture and tourism. Indonesia has also voiced support for Serbia's territorial integrity over the Kosovo issue.[184]

 Iran 1937[185]

See Iran–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Tehran and Iran has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has strong relations with Iran.
  • Serbia and Iran maintained a visa free regime from 2 September 2017 until 17 October 2018. This led to an increase in travel of Iranians to Serbia. The visa regime was reinstated by Serbia following complaints from European Union after a large number of Iranian visitors used visa free regime to come to Serbia and cross over to European Union countries illegally. Serbian citizens can still enter Iran obtaining a visa on arrival.
 Iraq 1958[186]

See Iraq–Serbia relations

  • Iraq has an embassy in Belgrade.[187]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Baghdad.[188]
 Israel 1948[189]

See Israel–Serbia relations

  • The bilateral relations between Yugoslavia and Israel were severed for 25 years, from 1967 until 9 October 1991, when they were officially renewed.
  • In 2021, relations soured following Israel's recognition of Kosovo and subsequent establishment of diplomatic relations.
  • Israel has an embassy in Belgrade.[190]
  • Serbia has embassy in Tel Aviv.[191]
  • History of the Jews in Serbia
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Israel Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
 Japan 1882[192] See Japan–Serbia relations
  • Japan has an embassy in Belgrade.[193]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Tokyo and an honorary consulate in Osaka.[194]
  • Both countries are strong trading partners.[195][196]
  • There are about 92 Japanese living in Serbia.[197]
  • Ministry of foreign affairs of Japan: Japan-Serbia relations
 Kazakhstan 1996[198]

See Kazakhstan–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Astana
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Belgrade[199]
 Kuwait 1963[200]
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Serbian companies have long had a presence in Kuwait. The iconic Kuwait Towers were commissioned by Energoprojekt, based in Belgrade.
  • Kuwait recently approved a 25 million Euro loan to Serbia to fund the construction of the Prokop railway station.[201]
  • Kuwait also received support from Serbia, under the former Yugoslavia, during the Iraqi invasion in 1990.
 Kyrgyzstan 1998[202]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1998.
  • In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 3,5 million.[203]
 Malaysia 1967[204]
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia is represented in Malaysia by the embassy in Jakarta.
  • During the period January 2012 – September 2012, bilateral trade reached 27.5 million euros.
  • Dato' Sri Anifah Hj. Aman paid a visit to Belgrade in September 2011
  • According to the Embassy of Malaysia in Belgrade, there are 25 Malaysians living in Serbia.[205]
 Myanmar 1950[206] See Myanmar-Serbia relations
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1950.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[207]
   Nepal 1959[208]

See Nepal–Serbia relations

  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1959.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[209]
 North Korea 1948[210] See North Korea–Serbia relations

Serbia maintains friendly relations with North Korea. Relations between the two countries started in 1948 under the Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito. Relations between the two countries are still strong in both political and military terms. The North Korean embassy to Serbia is accredited to Sofia, Bulgaria.

 Oman 1974[211]
  • Serbian foreign minister Vuk Jeremic paid a visit to Muscat in 2010.
 Pakistan 1948[212] See Pakistan–Serbia relations

Pakistan considers Serbia to be a very important country and that the relations between the two states are warm and friendly.[213]

 Palestine 1989[214] See Palestine–Serbia relations

Relations between Serbia and the State of Palestine have been very close and friendly. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was one of the first countries to recognize the State of Palestine on November 16, 1988, and its successor Serbia maintained close relations, favoring a Two-State solution. The Palestinian Authority for its part, has refused to recognize the independence of Kosovo.[215][216]

  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Palestine Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
 Philippines 1972[217]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1972.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[218]
  • Philippines has a consulate in Belgrade[219]
 Qatar 1989[220]
  • Qatar has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Doha.
 Saudi Arabia 2013[221]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Riyadh.
 Singapore 1967[222]

Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1967.

 South Korea 1989[223] See Serbia–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between Република Србија Serbia and the Republic of Korea began on 27 December 1989.

  • Serbian embassy in Seoul.[224]
  • South Korean embassy in Belgrade.[225]
 Sri Lanka 1957[226]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1957.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[227]
 Syria 1946[228]

See Serbia–Syria relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Damascus.[229]
  • Syria has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Also Syria is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and Serbia is an observer.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Syria Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
 Tajikistan 1995[230]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1995.
  • In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 5,64 million.[231]
 Thailand 1954[232]
  • Serbia is represented in Thailand through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia).
  • Thailand is represented in Serbia through its honorary consulate in Belgrade.
  • Exequatur presented to the Honorary Consul of the Kingdom of Thailand to R. Serbia[233]
 Turkey 1879[234] See Serbia–Turkey relations
 United Arab Emirates 2007[235]

See Serbia–United Arab Emirates relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and the UAE has one in Belgrade.[236]
  • Economic relations between Serbia and the UAE have increased dramatically during 2012–2013.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the UAE
 Vietnam 1957[237]
  • Serbia is represented in Vietnam through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia).
  • Vietnam is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania).
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Vietnam
  • Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia

Europe

Serbia has signed the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the European Union on 29 April 2008 and is in the process of the Republic of being admitted into the framework of the European Union as a full-fledged member state. Serbia officially applied for European Union membership on 22 December 2009,[238] and the European Commission recommended making it an official candidate on 12 October 2011. After the vote of the 27 EU foreign ministers on 28 February 2012, where with 26 votes for and 1 vote against, a candidate status recommendation was issued, and Serbia received full candidate status on 1 March. On 28 June 2013 the European Council endorsed the Council of Ministers conclusions and recommendations to open accession negotiations with Serbia.[239][240] In December 2013 the Council of the European Union approved opening negotiations on Serbia's accession in January 2014,[241] and the first Intergovernmental Conference was held on 21 January at the European Council in Brussels.[242]

Former Yugoslavia

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2000[243] See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations

Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Sarajevo and a consulate-general in Banja Luka. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Serbia is an official candidate and Bosnia-Herzegovina is recognized as potential candidate country by the European Union.

 Croatia 1996[244] See Croatia–Serbia relations

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996. Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica. Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and two general consulates (in Rijeka and Vukovar). There are around 200,000 people of Serbian descent living in Croatia and around 70,000 people of Croatian descent living in Serbia.

Kosovo No diplomatic relations or recognition. See Kosovo–Serbia relations and International recognition of Kosovo

On 17 February 2008, representatives of the Assembly of Kosovo unilaterally declared Kosovo independence. Serbia, Russia, China, India, Greece, Mexico, Romania, Spain, Brazil, South Africa, and many others do not recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Serbia considers the declaration of Kosovo's independence illegal and has vowed to fight Kosovo's admission to international organizations. The Republic of Kosovo does not have membership status in the United Nations. As of 4 September 2020, 114 United Nations member states and some non UN members like the Republic of China, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Niue and the Cook Islands recognize Kosovo as an independent state, while the rest do not.

Serbia, in response to nations which have recognized Kosovo as an independent nation, has consistently recalled its ambassadors to these nations.[245]

 North Macedonia 1996[246] See North Macedonia–Serbia relations

The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that was formed in 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics Montenegro and Serbia established diplomatic relations with the Republic of North Macedonia on 8 April 1996.[247] The establishment of bilateral relations has been done under North Macedonia's former constitutional name – Republic of Macedonia.[248] Serbia therefore was one of 125 countries in the world recognizing Macedonia under the former constitutional name.[249] North Macedonia has an embassy in Belgrade, while Serbia's embassy is located in Skopje.

 Montenegro 2006[250] See Montenegro–Serbia relations

Montenegro has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Podgorica and a Consulate-General in Herceg Novi.

 Slovenia 2000[251] See Serbia–Slovenia relations

Other European countries

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Albania 1914[254] See Albania–Serbia relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Belgrade.[255]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Tirana.[256]
 Austria 1874[257] See Austria–Serbia relations
  • Austria has an embassy in Belgrade.[258]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Vienna[259] and a general consulate in Salzburg.[260]
  • There are around 300,000 people of Serbian descent living in Austria.[261] The Serbs are the largest foreign population in Austria.
  • Austrian Foreign Ministry: list of bilateral treaties with Serbia (in German only)
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Austria
 Belarus 1994[262] See Belarus–Serbia relations
  • Serbia recognised Belarus in December 1991 and both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1994 and at the ambassadorial level in 1996.
  • Belarus has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Minsk.
 Belgium 1886[263]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Belgrade.[264]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belgium Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
 Bulgaria 1879[265] See Bulgaria–Serbia relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Sofia.
 Cyprus 1960[266] See Cyprus–Serbia relations
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Nicosia
  • The two countries share common cultural and religious ascpects as both have major orthodox-Christian populations.[267]
  • Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Serbia
 Czech Republic 1918[268] See Czech Republic – Serbia relations
  • The Czech Republic has an embassy in Belgrade.[269]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Prague.
  • Czech relations with Serbia were usually positive, just like relations between Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (prewar). However, Czech government under administration of Mirek Topolánek decided to recognize Kosovo.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the Czech Republic Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
 Denmark 1917[270] See Denmark–Serbia relations
 Estonia 2001[271]
  • Estonia is represented in Serbia through a non-resident ambassador based in Tallinn (in the Foreign Ministry).
  • Serbia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland).
  • Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Serbia
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Estonia Archived 21 December 2012 at archive.today
 Finland 1929[272] See Finland–Serbia relations
  • Finland has an embassy in Belgrade.[273]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Helsinki.[274]
  • Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Serbia
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
 France 1839[275] See France–Serbia relations
  • France has an embassy in Belgrade.[276]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Paris and 2 consulates (in Lyon and Strasbourg).[277]
  • Since 2006, Serbia is an observer on the Francophonie.
  • There are between 70,000 and 100,000 people of Serbian descent living in France.
  • French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Serbia Archived 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with France
 Germany 1951[278] See Germany–Serbia relations
 Greece 1879[281] See Greece–Serbia relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Athens.

Friendly relations have played an important role in bilateral relations between the two nations, especially during the wars of the 1990s and the Balkans Campaign[282] in World War I. Due to the strong historical friendship and the deep cultural and religious ties between the two nations, Greece and Serbia enjoy historically, religiously and culturally close ties which are confirmed by a regular political dialogue. Greece is the top investor in Serbian economy[283] and during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Greece openly expressed its disapproval and polls revealed that 94% of the Greek population were completely opposed to the bombing.[284] The more dramatic event was a People's Tribunal of over a 10.000 people in Athens, Greece, where the Greek Supreme Court declared president Clinton and NATO leaders guilty of war crimes.[285]

 Holy See 1920[286] See Holy See–Serbia relations
 Hungary 1921[287] See Hungary–Serbia relations
  • Hungary has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica.[288][289]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Szeged.[290]
  • Both countries share 151 km of common border.
  • There are around 290,000 people of Hungarian descent living in Serbia.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Hungary Archived 4 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
 Iceland 2000[291]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[292]
 Ireland 1977[293]
  • Diplomatic relations between Ireland and Yugoslavia were established in 1977.
  • Relations continued with Serbia since 2006.
 Italy 1879[294] See Italy–Serbia relations and Italy-Yugoslavia relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Belgrade.[295]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Rome and 2 general consulates (in Milan and Trieste).
  • There are around 55,000 people of Serbian descent living in Italy.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Italy Archived 19 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
 Latvia 1917[296]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1917.
  • Both countries have agreements on International Transport by Road and on Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital.[297]
 Lithuania 2000[298]
  • Lithuania is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Budapest, Hungary and the diplomatic office in Belgrade.[299]
  • Serbia is represented in Lithuania through its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
  • Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Serbia (in Lithuanian only) Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Lithuania
 Malta 1969[300] See Malta–Serbia relations
  • Malta is represented in Serbia through a non-resident ambassador based in Valletta (in the Foreign Ministry).[301]
  • Serbia is represented in Malta through its embassy in Rome (Italy) ad through an honorary consulate in Valletta.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Malta
 Moldova 1995[302]
  • Moldova is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria).
  • Serbia is represented in Moldova through its embassy in Kyiv (Ukraine).
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Moldova Archived 14 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
 Netherlands 1891[303] See Netherlands–Serbia relations
  • Netherlands have an embassy in Belgrade.[304]
  • Serbia has an embassy in The Hague.[305]
  • There are 40,000 people of Serbian descent living in the Netherlands.
  • Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia (in Dutch only)[permanent dead link]
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with the Netherlands
 Norway 1917[306] See Norway–Serbia relations
 Poland 1919[310] See Poland–Serbia relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Poland Archived 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
 Portugal 1882[311] See Portugal–Serbia relations
  • Portugal has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Portugal Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
 Romania 1879[312] See Romania–Serbia relations
  • Romania has an embassy in Belgrade, a general consulate in Vršac.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Bucharest, a general consulate in Timișoara.
 Russia 1838[313] See Russia–Serbia relations

Diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union were established on 24 June 1940, and Serbia and the Russian Federation recognize the continuity of all inter-State documents signed between the two countries. There are about 70 bilateral treaties, agreements and protocols signed in the past. Serbia and the Russian Federation have signed and ratified 43 bilateral agreements and treaties in diverse areas of mutual cooperation so far.[314]

 San Marino 2002[315] See San Marino–Serbia relations
  • Serbia covers San Marino from an embassy in Rome.
  • Bilateral Relations with San Marino, Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 Slovakia 1918[316] See Serbia–Slovakia relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Bratislava.[317]
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Belgrade.[318]
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign affairs about the relation with Slovakia Archived 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
 Spain 1916[319] See Serbia–Spain relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Madrid.[320]
  • Spain has an embassy in Belgrade.[321]
  • There are around 4,400 people of Serbian descent living in Spain.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain
  • Spanish Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Serbia (in Spanish only)
 Sweden 1917[322] See Serbia–Sweden relations
  Switzerland 1916[324] See Serbia–Switzerland relations
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Belgrade.[325]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Bern and two general consulates (in Geneva and Zürich).[326][327]
  • There are around 186,000 people of Serbian descent living in Switzerland.[328] (See Serbs in Switzerland)
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Switzerland Archived 11 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  • Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia
 Ukraine 1994[329] See Serbia–Ukraine relations
  • Serbia recognized Ukraine in December 1991 by the decision on the recognition of the former republics of the Soviet Union.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kyiv.
 United Kingdom 1837[330] See Serbia–United Kingdom relations
  • The UK has an embassy in Belgrade.[331]
  • Serbia has an embassy in London.[332]
  • There are around 70,000 people of Serbian descent living in the United Kingdom. (See Serbs in the United Kingdom)
  • British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Serbia
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the United Kingdom Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine

Oceania

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Australia 1966[333] See Australia–Serbia relations
  • Australia has an embassy in Belgrade.[334]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney.
  • The European office of the Australian Federal Police is located in Belgrade as of 2003.
  • Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Serbia
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia
  • Increasing Australian Business Activities with Serbia[permanent dead link]
 New Zealand 1951[335]
  • New Zealand is represented in Serbia through its embassy in The Hague (Netherlands).
  • Serbia is represented in New Zealand through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).
  • New Zealand and Serbia have four bilateral treaties in force including the most favoured nation treaty from 1960. Trade between the two countries was based on a very modest exchange totaling US$2.3 million in 2006 but it rose significantly in 2007 to EUR 805 million.[336]
  • In the 2006 census, over 1,000 New Zealand residents claimed to be of Serbian ethnicity.[337]
 Palau 2018[338]

Formal bilateral relations between the two states were established in 2018. January 2019 marked the first visit of President of Palau Thomas Remengesau Jr. to Belgrade.[339][340][341]

See also

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Further reading

  • Schevill, Ferdinand. History of the Balkans (1922) online
  • Stavrianos, L. S. The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), a comprehensive scholarly history
  • Trivanovitch, Vaso. "Serbia, Russia, and Austria during the Rule of Milan Obrenovich, 1868-78" Journal of Modern History (1931) 3#3 pp. 414–440 online

External links

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia
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