File:Ancient Roman time keeping hora vigilia equinox solstice.svg

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English: Duration and distribution of horae and vigiliae on equinoxes and solstices of the year AD 8.

The surise and sunset times for this diagram are calculated for Forum Romanum 41°53′33″N 12°29′07″E / 41.892426°N 12.485167°E / 41.892426; 12.485167 AD 8 (the Julian calendar). Sunrise and sunset times are used as boundaries of day and night. Many sources however are ambiguous because of confusing terms sunrise with dusk and sunset with dawn. This is important, because times of dusk and dawn differ significantly from times of sunrise and sunset. The parallax and atmospheric refraction are taken into account. Equinoxes and solstices are computed too, not set by Romans.

Sunrise and sunset times, dates and times of equinoxes and solstices were calculated using algorithms from:
Jean Meeus, Astronomical algorithms, Second English Edition, Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, Virginia, 1998, With corrections as of August 10, 2009, ISBN 0-943396-61-1.
There is an online calculator also based on Astronomical Algorithms, by Jean Meeus, computing sunrise and sunset times, sun azimuths and elevations:
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/ NOAA Solar Calculator
(Gregorian calendar)

however calculations for this image are based directly on this Meeus's book.
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File:Ancient Roman time keeping hora vigilia equinox solstice.png

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